Ego ideal

In Freudian psychoanalysis, the ego ideal (German: Ideal-Ich) is the inner image of oneself as one wants to become.[1] Alternatively, "the Freudian notion of a perfect or ideal self housed in the superego,"[2] consisting of "the individual's conscious and unconscious images of what he would like to be, patterned after certain people whom ... he regards as ideal."[3]

In the French strand of Freudian psychology, the ego ideal (or ideal ego, German: Ich-Ideal) has been defined as "an image of the perfect self towards which the ego should aspire."[4]

Freud and superego

In Freud's "On Narcissism: an Introduction" [1914], among other innovations — "most important of all perhaps — it introduces the concepts of the 'ego ideal' and of the self-observing agency related to it, which were the basis of what was ultimately to be described as the 'super-ego' in The Ego and the Id (1923b)."[5] Freud considered that the ego ideal was the heir to the narcissism of childhood: the "ideal ego is now the target of the self-love which was enjoyed in childhood by the actual ego ... is the substitute for the lost narcissism of his childhood."[6]

The decade that followed would see the concept playing an ever more important and fruitful part in his thinking. In "Mourning and Melancholia" [1917], Freud stressed how "one part of the ego sets itself over against the other, judges it critically, and, as it were, takes it as its object."[7] A few years later, in Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1921), he examined further how "some such agency develops in our ego which may cut itself off from the rest of the ego and come into conflict with it. We have called it the 'ego ideal'... heir to the original narcissism in which the childish ego enjoyed self-sufficiency."[8] Freud reiterated how "in many forms of love-choice ... the object serves as a substitute for some unattained ego ideal of our own," and further suggested that in group formation "the group ideal ... governs the ego in the place of the ego ideal."[9]

With "The Ego and the Id" [1923], however, Freud's nomenclature began to change. He still emphasised the importance of "the existence of a grade in the ego, a differentiation in the ego, which may be called the 'ego ideal' or 'super-ego',"[10] but it was the latter term which now came to the forefront of his thinking. "Indeed, after The Ego and the Id and the two or three shorter works immediately following it, the 'ego ideal' disappears almost completely as a technical term"[11] for Freud. When it briefly reappears in the "New Introductory Lectures"[1933], it was as part of "this super-ego ... the vehicle of the ego ideal by which the ego measures itself ... precipitate of the old picture of the parents, the expression of admiration for the perfection which the child then attributed to them."[12]

Stekel's ego-ideal

Ernest Jones records that "I once asked Freud if he regarded an 'ego-ideal' as a universal attribute, and he replied with a puzzled expression: 'Do you think Stekel has an ego-ideal?'."[13]

Further developments

Freud's followers would continue to exploit the potential tension between the concepts of superego and ego ideal. "Hermann Nunberg defined the ideal ego as the combination of the ego and the id. This agency is the outcome of omnipotent narcissism and is manifested as pathology."[14] Otto Fenichel, building on Sandor Rado's "differentiation of the 'good' (i.e., protecting) and the 'bad' (i.e., punishing) aspects of the superego"[15] explored attempts to "distinguish ego ideals, the patterns of what one would like to be, from the superego, which is characterized as a threatening, prohibiting, and punishing power":[16] while acknowledging the linkages between the two agencies, he suggested for example that "in humor the overcathected superego is the friendly and protective ego-ideal; in depression, it is the negative, hostile, punishing conscience."[17]

In narcissism

Kleinians like Herbert Rosenfeld "re-invoked Freud's earlier emphasis on the importance of the ego ideal in narcissism, and conceived of a characteristic internal object — a chimerical montage or monster, one might say — that was constructed of the ego, the ego ideal, and the 'mad omnipotent self'."[18] In their wake, Otto Kernberg highlighted the destructive qualities of the "infantile, grandiose ego ideal" - of "identification with an overidealized self- and object-representation, with the primitive form of ego-ideal."[19]

Harold Bloom has since explored in a literary context how "in the narcissist, the ego-ideal becomes inflated and destructive, because it is filled with images of 'perfection and omnipotence'."[20] Escape from such "intense, excessive, and sometimes fatal devotion to the ego-ideal" — "to the narcissist, the only reality is the ego-ideal" — is only possible when one "gives up his corrupt ego-ideal and affirms the innocence of humility."[21]

Ideal ego

The ideal ego is a concept that has been particularly exploited in French psychoanalysis. Whereas Freud "seemed to use the terms indiscriminately ... ideal ego or ego ideal,"[22] in the thirties 'Hermann Nunberg, following Freud, had introduced a split into this concept, making the Ideal-Ich genetically prior to the surmoi (superego).[23] Thereafter Daniel Lagache developed the distinction, asserting with particular reference to adolescence that "the adolescent identifies him- or herself anew with the ideal ego and strives by this means to separate from the superego and the ego ideal."[24]

Lacan for his part explored the concept in terms of the subject's "narcissistic identification ... his ideal ego, that point at which he desires to gratify himself in himself."[25] For Lacan, "the subject has to regulate the completion of what comes as ... ideal ego — which is not the ego ideal — that is to say, to constitute himself in his imaginary reality."[26]

"Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel (1985) identified various possible outcomes for the ego ideal, perverse as well as creative."[27]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Salman Akhtar, Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (2009) p. 89
  2. ↑ Howard Rosenthal, Human Services Dictionary (2003) p. 102
  3. ↑ Eric Berne, A Layman's Guide to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis (Penguin 1976) p. 96
  4. ↑ Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel, The Ego Ideal: A Psychoanalytic Essay on the Malady of the Ideal, 1st American ed., trans. Paul Barrows, introduction by Christopher Lasch (1984; New York: W.W. Norton, 1985), originally published as Idéal du moi ([Paris]: Tchou, 1975). ISBN 0-393-01971-3.
  5. ↑ Angela Richards, "Editor's Note", in Sigmund Freud, On Metapsychology (PFL 11) p. 62
  6. ↑ Freud, On Metapsychology p. 88
  7. ↑ Freud, On Metapsychology p. 256
  8. ↑ Sigmund Freud, Civilization, Society and Religion (PFL 12) p. 139
  9. ↑ Freud, Civilization p. 143 and p. 160
  10. ↑ Freud, On Metapsychology p. 367
  11. ↑ Richards, p. 348
  12. ↑ Sigmund Freud, New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis(PFL 2) p. 96
  13. ↑ Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (Penguin 1964) p. 403
  14. ↑ Sophie de Mijolla-Mellor "Ego Ideal/Ideal Ego"
  15. ↑ Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (London 1946) p. 412
  16. ↑ Fenichel, p. 106
  17. ↑ Fenichel, p. 399
  18. ↑ James S. Grotstein, "Foreword", Neville Symington, Narcissism: A New Theory (London 1993) p. xiii-xiv
  19. ↑ Otto Kernberg, Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism (London 1990) p. 239 and p. 102
  20. ↑ Harold Bloom, Jay Gatsby (2004) p. 92
  21. ↑ Harold Bloom, Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov (2004) p. 120–1 and p. 133
  22. ↑ Richards, p. 347
  23. ↑ Elisabeth Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan (Oxford 1997) p. 284
  24. ↑ Quoted in Mijolla-Mellor
  25. ↑ Jacques Lacan, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (London 1994) p. 257
  26. ↑ Lacan, p. 144
  27. ↑ Mijolla-Mellor

Further reading

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