Ellis Wainwright
| Ellis Wainwright | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born |
August 3, 1850 Godfrey, Illinois[1] |
| Died |
November 6, 1924 (aged 74) St. Louis, Missouri |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Capitalist |
Ellis Wainwright (August 3, 1850 – November 6, 1924) was an American capitalist, brewer, art collector and socialite from St. Louis, Missouri. He was President of the St. Louis Brewing Company and Director of the St. Louis and Suburban Company.[2] He is best known for the Wainwright Building in Downtown St. Louis which was one of the first skyscrapers in the world and one of the most important office buildings of the period.
Biography
Wainwright was born on August 3, 1850, and although the family hailed from Godfrey, Illinois, he grew up in nearby St Louis, where he also spent much of his adult life.[1][3] The son of a prominent brewer and building contractor, an English immigrant named Samuel and Catherine Dorothy, Wainwright was an important figure in railway development in the region.[4] In 1889, he consolidated his father's Wainwright Brewery Company (in which Samuel Wainwright had successfully doubled the profits)[3] with a brewing syndicate and established the St. Louis Brewing Association.[5]
Wainwright visited Europe in the summer of 1890. Meanwhile his plans for the Wainwright Building, named in his honor,[6] and designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan were put into effect. It was to be built on the corner of Seventh Street and Chestnut Street in Downtown St. Louis on a plot of land which had been purchased by his mother Catherine.[3] On November 7, 1890, a drawing by Charles K. Ramsey of how the building would look appeared in the Globe-Democrat.[1] It was a nine or ten storey red-terracotta cuboid structure, being 114 feet by 127 feet, and held 225 offices when completed in 1892.[1][5] On November 11, 1890, Sullivan received planning permission to build the office building which would cost over £500,000 (US$13,190,741 in 2016 dollars[7]).[1] The building was among the first skyscrapers in the world and is described as "a highly influential prototype of the modern office building" by the National Register of Historic Places.[8] Architect Frank Lloyd Wright called the Wainwright Building "the very first human expression of a tall steel office-building as Architecture."[9]
Before the building was completed, his wife Charlotte died of peritonitis, aged just 34.[3] Wainwright commissioned Louis Sullivan to erect the great Wainwright Tomb for her within the Bellefontaine Cemetery, in which his parents and he would also later be buried.
In 1902, Wainwright was indicted for conspiracy to bribe members of the state legislature in the Suburban Railway boodle scandal and subsequently became a fugitive in Paris.[10][11] He was said to have co-signed a $75,000 bank loan for the bribe money.[4]
In 1904, his name appeared in The Shame of the Cities, a muckraking exposé by Lincoln Steffens which gave details of Wainwright's shady dealings and other public corruption within the United States.[3]
Death
After over 20 years in Paris, with health failing, Wainwright returned to St Louis and died on November 6, 1924 in his suite in the Buckingham Hotel in St. Louis of a stroke, caused by the deterioration (hardening) of his arteries.[12] He is buried in the Louis Sullivan-designed Wainwright Tomb in Bellefontaine Cemetery, commissioned by Wainwright after the death of his wife;[13] it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 15, 1970 and became a St. Louis Landmark in 1971.[12][14] Like several other grand tombs within the cemetery, the tomb has been described as "over-the-top" and either "reflecting the atmosphere of the times", or revealing that "ego prevails regardless of the time frame" and that "wealthy businessmen and families attempted to remain as large in death as they were in life".[15] The tomb is a domed cubic building with walls of concrete covered in limestone on the exterior. On the northeast (front) side of the tomb is the entrance with a double-leafed bronze grill and double-doors. The sides of the tomb each have windows, also covered in bronze grills. The interior of the tomb has two burial slabs and a mosaic floor and ceiling. The Wainwright Tomb has been described as "the most sensitive and the most graceful of Sullivan's tombs" and as "one of Sullivan's masterpieces."[14] After Wainwright's death, an endowment was established that provided for the reconstruction or renovation of the tomb in case of earthquake or vandalism.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Hoffmann, Donald (12 January 1998). Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan, and the skyscraper. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 22–28. ISBN 978-0-486-40209-3. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ↑ "Warrant for E. Wainwright". The New York Times. January 30, 1902. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Shepley, Carol Ferring (November 2008). Movers and Shakers, Scalawags and Suffragettes: Tales from Bellefontaine Cemetery. Missouri History Museum. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-883982-65-2. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- 1 2 Gateway heritage: quarterly journal of the Missouri Historical Society. Missouri Historical Society. 2000. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- 1 2 Korom, Joseph J. (August 2008). The American skyscraper, 1850–1940: a celebration of height. Branden Books. pp. 167–. ISBN 978-0-8283-2188-4. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ↑ "Name: Wainwright Building". missouri.org. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ↑ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
- ↑ National Park Service (2007-01-23). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
- ↑ Wright, Frank Lloyd (1931). "The Tyranny of the Skyscraper". Modern Architecture. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 85.
- ↑ "Exiled Nine Years, Returns for Trial". The New York Times. April 8, 1911. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ↑ Trampe, Stephen L. (December 2003). The Queen of Lace: The Story of the Continental-Life Building. Virginia Publishing. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-891442-24-7. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- 1 2 "Ellis Wainwright". findagrave.com. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ↑ "Wainwright Tomb". St. Louis Public Library. 2005. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- 1 2 National Register of Historic Places Registration Form.
- ↑ Strait, James; Moran, Mark; Sceurman, Mark (4 November 2008). Weird Missouri: Your Travel Guide to Missouri's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-4027-4555-3. Retrieved 25 March 2011.