AN/DRC-8 Emergency Rocket Communications System
| Emergency Rocket Communications System | |
|---|---|
|
Emergency Rocket Communications System payload | |
| Type | Intercontinental ballistic missile/Communications System |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| In service |
1963-1968 (Blue Scout) 1968-1991 (Minuteman II) |
| Used by |
United States 510th Missile Squadron |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Boeing |
| Unit cost | $7,000,000 |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 78,000 lb (35,300 kg) |
| Length | 59 ft 9.5 in (18.2 m) |
| Diameter | 5 ft 6 in (1.7 m) (1st stage) |
| Warhead | 1KW UHF Transmitter |
|
| |
| Engine | Three solid-propellant rocket motors; first stage - Thiokol TU-122 (M-55); second stage - Aerojet-General SR-19-AJ-1; third stage - Aerojet/Thiokol SR73-AJ/TC-1 |
Operational range | 8,100 miles (13,000 km) |
| Flight altitude | 700 miles (1,120 kilometers) |
| Speed | Approximately 15,000 mph (Mach 23, or 24,100 km/h, or 7 km/s) (terminal phase) |
Guidance system | Inertial |
Launch platform | Silo |
The Emergency Rocket Communications System (ERCS) was designed to provide a reliable and survivable emergency communications method for the United States National Command Authority, using a UHF repeater placed atop a Blue Scout rocket or Minuteman II intercontinental ballistic missile.[1] ERCS was deactivated as a communication means when President George H.W. Bush issued a message to stand down SIOP-committed bombers and Minuteman IIs on 27 Sep 91. Headquarters SAC was given approval by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to deactivate the 494L payloads beginning 1 Oct 1992.[2] However, Headquarters SAC believed it was inefficient and unnecessary to support ERCS past fiscal year 1991, and kept the accelerated deactivation schedule.
Mission
The mission of the Emergency Rocket Communications System was to provide assured communication to United States strategic forces in the event of a nuclear attack. ERCS was basically a rocket or missile that carried a UHF transmitter as a payload instead of a nuclear warhead. In the event of a nuclear attack, ERCS would launch the UHF transmitter into low space to transmit an Emergency Action Message (EAM) to Strategic Air Command units.[3][4][5][6]
The ERCS sorties had two possible trajectories, East and West, to inform SAC alert forces in the northern tier bases (i.e. Minot AFB, Fairchild AFB, Grand Forks AFB).[7]
ERCS was deactivated and taken out of the inventory as other means of emergency communication (i.e. ISST and Milstar) came online.[8]
Nomenclature
ERCS was also known as Project 279 (Blue Scout version) and Project 494L (Minuteman version). Sources report that the Project 279 was also known as Project Beanstalk;[9][10] while the Minuteman system may have been designated LEM-70A.[11]
Operations
The Blue Scout version of ERCS (Program 279) was deployed to three sites near Wisner, West Point, and Tekamah, Nebraska. The Program 494L Minuteman version of ERCS was only deployed to Whiteman AFB, Missouri's 351st Strategic Missile Wing, under the direct control of the 510th Strategic Missile Squadron (later the 510th Missile Squadron).
ERCS was a three part communications system composed of the following elements:
- The five 510th Strategic Missile Squadron Launch Control Centers, which exercised primary control over the ERCS
- The Minuteman missiles configured with ERCS payloads that were capable of accepting a voice recorded message of up to 90 seconds in length
- The SAC airborne command post (ABNCP) ALCC-equipped aircraft which served as an alternate ERCS control agency.[12]
Interface with ERCS hardware was provided by three modes:
- A land line through ground grouping points (North Bend, Nebraska and Red Oak, Iowa) allowed the airborne command post interface with 494L equipment[13]
- A UHF radio link through the Launch Control Center to the Launch Facility[13]
- A direct radio interface to the Launch Facility, through the Airborne Launch Control System[13]
Headquarters Strategic Air Command had the ability to make inputs directly into the missile. The Numbered Air Forces could direct the missile crew to make the inputs. In the case of the airborne command post, inputs could be made directly into the missile and missile launch could be made from the aircraft.[13]
Testing
Operational tests of the 494L Minuteman II ERCS were conducted by Air Force Systems Command and Strategic Air Command under the code name GIANT MOON. Launch Control Facility Oscar-1A (LCF O-1A) and Launch Facility Zero Four (LF-04) at Vandenberg AFB, California were modified in 1977 to perform ERCS-related test functions.
| Blue Scout Jr ERCS Test Launches[14] | |||||
| Date | Launch Vehicle | Location | Apogee | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31 May 1962 | Blue Scout Jr SLV-1C | Vandenberg AFB, LC-A | 1,000 km (600 mi) | ||
| 24 Jul 1962 | Blue Scout Jr SLV-1C | Vandenberg AFB, LC-A | 1,000 km (600 mi) | ||
| 21 Nov 1962 | Blue Scout Jr SLV-1C | Vandenberg AFB, LC-A | 1,000 km (600 mi) | ||
| 2 Feb 1963 | Blue Scout Jr SLV-1C | Vandenberg AFB, LC-A | 1,000 km (600 mi) | ||
| 14 Mar 1963 | Blue Scout Jr SLV-1C | Vandenberg AFB, LC-A | 1,000 km (600 mi) | ||
| 17 May 1963 | Blue Scout Jr SLV-1C | Vandenberg AFB, LC-A | 1,000 km (600 mi) | ||
| 17 Dec 1963 | Blue Scout Jr SLV-1C | Vandenberg AFB, 4300C | 1,000 km (600 mi) | ||
| Minuteman II ERCS Test Launches[15] | |||||
| Date | Launch Vehicle | Location | Apogee | Notes | |
| 1966 December 13 | Minuteman II | Vandenberg AFB, LF-05 | 1,300 km (800 mi) | First Minuteman ERCS test | |
| 1967 February 2 | Minuteman II | Vandenberg AFB, LF-05 | 1,300 km (800 mi) | Second Minuteman ERCS test | |
| 1970 August 4 | Minuteman II | Vandenberg AFB, LF-05 | 1,300 km (800 mi) | GIANT MOON 1, GLORY TRIP 16L | |
| 1971 October 22 | Minuteman II | Vandenberg AFB, LF-05 | 1,300 km (800 mi) | GIANT MOON 2, GLORY TRIP 40L | |
| 1972 March 22 | Minuteman II | Vandenberg AFB, LF-05 | 1,300 km (800 mi) | GIANT MOON 3, GLORY TRIP 200L | |
| 1973 July 26 | Minuteman II | Vandenberg AFB, LF-05 | 1,300 km (800 mi) | GIANT MOON 4 | |
| 1974 March 12 | Minuteman II | Vandenberg AFB, LF-05 | 1,300 km (800 mi) | GIANT MOON 5 | |
| 1974 October 22 | Minuteman II | Vandenberg AFB, LF-05 | 1,300 km (800 mi) | GIANT MOON 6 | |
| 1975 September 5 | Minuteman II | Vandenberg AFB, LF-05 | 1,300 km (800 mi) | GIANT MOON 7 | |
| 1976 October 26 | Minuteman II | Vandenberg AFB, LF-05 | 1,300 km (800 mi) | GIANT MOON 8 | |
ERCS Sortie Location
After the system was declassified, the ten ERCS sorties were powered down and removed from their launch facilities. During these power down operations, the location of the sorties were:
| ERCS Sortie Locations | |||||
| Launch Facility | Power Down Date | Payload Removal Date | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F06 | 2 Oct 1991 | 15 Oct 1991 | |||
| F07 | 2 Oct 1991 | 17 Oct 1991 | |||
| I06 | 2 Oct 1991 | 22 Oct 1991 | |||
| I11 | 2 Oct 1991 | 28 Oct 1991 | |||
| M03 | 28 Sep 1991 | 03 Oct 1991 | Missile Guidance System failed; was not replaced | ||
| M07 | 2 Oct 1991 | 08 Oct 1991 | |||
| N04 | 2 Oct 1991 | 29 Oct 1991 | |||
| N08 | 2 Oct 1991 | 31 Oct 1991 | |||
| O05 | 2 Oct 1991 | 29 Oct 1991 | |||
| O06 | 2 Oct 1991 | 31 Oct 1991 | |||
Material and Support
The Ogden Air Materiel Area at Hill AFB, Utah was made the Systems Support Manager in August 1963.[16]
Chronology[5]
- 1961, 29 September - HQ USAF issues Specific Operational Requirement (SOR) 192, for ERCS (designated Program 279)
- 1961, 27 December - Interim configuration finalized of three rockets with 1 KW transmitters, stationed around Omaha, Nebraska; four sites with three rockets each
- 1962, 5 April - Amendment to SOR 192 to include two east coast ERCS complexes, based on CHROME DOME routes and SAC elements in Europe
- 1962, 21 September - SAC study recommends use of Minuteman missile, to eliminate Program 279 and its proposed expansion
- 1962, 7 June - SAC proposes changes to SOR 192, such as using six Minuteman missiles selected from among the flights of an operational wing; this was envisioned not to impair the alternative capability of substituting nuclear warheads should future circumstances warrant.
- 1962, 11 July - Program 279 attains Initial Operating Capability (IOC); UHF transmitter payloads attached to three MER-6A Blue Scout rockets at three sites near Wisner, West Point, and Tekamah, Nebraska
- 1966, 13 December - A Minuteman II launched from Vandenberg AFB, Calif. carried the first Minuteman ERCS payload into space for testing and evaluation[17]
- 1967, 17 April - Third, and last, test of the ERCS using a Minuteman booster; Emergency Action Message was inserted into the transmitter from an ALCS aircraft.
- 1967, 15 August - First Program 494L payload arrives at Whiteman AFB, Missouri[18]
- 1967, 10 October - First two Program 494L ERCS payloads put on alert at Whiteman AFB, Missouri; IOC obtained for Program 494L ERCS[17]
- 1968, 1 January - Full Operational Capability (FOC) obtained for Program 494L ERCS; Program 279 ERCS inactivated by SAC[18]
- 1974, 23 October - ERCS test, designated GIANT MOON 6, launched from Vandenberg AFB. Test was monitored on two frequencies by ground facilities. PACOM at Hickam AFB maintained valid reception of the JCS WHITE DOT ONE message for 22 minutes and another message for 14 minutes[19]
- 1991, 27 September - President George H. W. Bush terminated SAC's alert force operations, which included taking Minuteman II ICBMs (including ERCS sorties) off-alert.
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In popular culture
ERCS is mentioned in The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and its Dangerous Legacy by David Hoffman.[20]
See also
- Dead Hand - Russia's quasi-version of ERCS, relaying launch codes instead of messages
- Post Attack Command and Control System (PACCS)
- Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS)
- Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN)
- Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network (MEECN)
- Survivable Low Frequency Communications System (SLFCS)
- Primary Alerting System (PAS)
- SAC Automated Command and Control System (SACCS)
References
- ↑ LtC Phillip K. Heacock: "The Viability of Centralized Command and Control (C2)", Air University Review , January-February 1979
- ↑ "RE: Emergency Rocket Communications System Deactivation". Strategic Air Command History, 1 Jan - 31 Dec 1991. 30 Apr 1991. Retrieved 8 Dec 2012.
- ↑ Monitoring Times: "What is an EAM?", 4 Apr 2005
- ↑ National Museum of the United States Air Force: Emergency Rocket Communications System factsheet
- 1 2 Department of the Air Force: "Strategic Air Command Weapon Systems Acquisition 1964-1979", 28 April 1980
- ↑ Federation of American Scientists: Emergency Rocket Communications System
- ↑ SAC Regulation 55-45, Vol X
- ↑ "ERCS Deactivation Plan Input". Strategic Air Command History, 1 Jan - 31 Dec 1991. Department of the Air Force. 11 Mar 1991. Retrieved 8 Dec 2012.
- ↑ Jonathan's Space Report, No. 533, 27 Aug 2004
- ↑ Dr. Howard Tamashiro: "The Danger of Nuclear Diplomatic Decapitation", Air University Review, September-October 1984
- ↑ Parsch, Andreas (2002). "Boeing LEM-70 Minuteman ERCS". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. designation-systems.net. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-10.
- ↑ Department of the Air Force: SAC Regulation 55-45, Vol 10, 28 Jun 1982
- 1 2 3 4 IRIS #010808041 - Post Attack Command and Control System overview
- ↑ Encyclopedia Astronautica: Scout Space Launch Vehicle
- ↑ Encyclopedia Astronautica: Vandenberg AFB Launch Facility 05
- ↑ Hill AFB: Allied Signal Emergency Rocket Communications System (ASERC) Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
- 1 2 U.S. Air Force: History Milestones
- 1 2 Space and Missile Center: Space and Missile Systems Organization History (Volume 2), 1 Jul 1967-30 Jun 1969
- ↑ Nautilus Institute Nuclear Policy Project: CINCPAC Command History, 1974, Volume I
- ↑ Amazon.com: "The Dead Hand" by David Hoffman