Empress Michiko

Empress Michiko 皇后美智子 The Empress during Barack Obama's visit to the Imperial Palace, 24 April 2014 Empress consort of Japan Tenure 7 January 1989 – present Enthronement 12 November 1990 Born 20 October 1934 Tokyo Imperial University, Tokyo City, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan (now The University of Tokyo Hospital, Hongō, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan) Spouse Emperor Akihito (m. 1959) Issue Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan Fumihito, Prince Akishino Sayako, Princess Nori Full name Michiko (美智子) House Imperial House of Japan Father Hidesaburō Shōda Mother Fumiko Soejima Religion Shinto prev. Roman Catholicism

Japanese Imperial Family HM The Emperor HM The Empress HIH The Crown Prince HIH The Crown Princess HIH The Princess Toshi HIH The Prince Akishino HIH The Princess Akishino HIH Princess Mako of Akishino HIH Princess Kako of Akishino HIH Prince Hisahito of Akishino HIH The Prince Hitachi HIH The Princess Hitachi HIH The Princess Mikasa HIH Princess Tomohito of Mikasa HIH Princess Akiko of Mikasa HIH Princess Yōko of Mikasa HIH The Princess Takamado HIH Princess Tsuguko of Takamado HIH Princess Ayako of Takamado

Empress Michiko (皇后美智子 Kōgō Michiko), born Michiko Shōda (正田 美智子 Shōda Michiko) on 20 October 1934, is the Empress consort of Japan as the wife of Emperor Akihito, the current Emperor of Japan reigning from 7 January 1989. She succeeded her mother-in-law, Empress Nagako (Kōjun), consort of the late Emperor Hirohito (Shōwa).

Michiko married Crown Prince Akihito and became the Crown Princess of Japan until the death of Emperor Hirohito. She was the first commoner to marry into the Japanese Imperial Family. She has three children with her husband. Her elder son, Naruhito, is the current heir to the Chrysanthemum Throne. As crown princess and later as empress, she has become the most visible and widely travelled imperial consort in Japanese history.

Early life and education

The future Empress in 1940

Michiko Shōda was born in Tokyo, the second of four children to Hidesaburō Shōda (正田 英三郎 Shōda Hidesaburō), president and later honorary chairman of Nisshin Flour Milling Company, and his wife, Fumiko Soejima Soejima Fumiko (副島 富美子). Raised in Tokyo and in a cultured family, she received a careful education, both traditional and "Western", learning to speak English and to play piano and being initiated into the arts such as painting, cooking and Kōdō. She has an older brother Iwao, a younger brother Usamu and a younger sister Emiko.^[1] She is the niece of several academics, including Kenjirō Shōda, a mathematician who was the president of the University of Osaka from 1954 until 1960.^[2]

Shōda attended Futaba Elementary School in Kōjimachi, a neighborhood in Chiyoda, Tokyo, but was required to leave in her fourth grade year because of the American bombings during World War II. She was then successively educated in the prefectures of Kanagawa (in the town of Katase, now part of the city of Fujisawa), Gunma (in Tatebayashi, home town of the Shōda family), and Nagano (in the town of Karuizawa, where Shōda had a second resort home). She returned to Tokyo in 1946 and completed her elementary education in Futaba and then attended the Seishin (Sacred Heart) Junior High School and High School in Minato, Tokyo. She graduated from high school in 1953.

After attending college, she became known by her family as "Mitchi" (ミッチ), but admitted to have also been named in her childhood as "Temple-chan", because of her curly hair and reddish hues unusual for a Japanese girl which made her look like the American child actress Shirley Temple.

In 1957, she graduated summa cum laude from the Faculty of Literature at the University of the Sacred Heart (a Catholic university in Tokyo) with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Literature. She also took courses at Harvard and Oxford.^[3]

Since she came from a particularly wealthy family, her parents were very selective about her suitors. In fact, there had been several contenders for her hand in marriage in the 1950s.^[4] Biographers of the famous writer Yukio Mishima including Henry Scott Stokes report that Mishima had considered marrying Michiko Shōda, and that he was introduced to her for that purpose some time in the 1950s.^[5][6]

Engagement and marriage

Wedding portrait with Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun, 10 April 1959

The newly married Crown Prince and Crown Princess in traditional Japanese attire, with the Prince wearing a sokutai, the Princess a jūnihitoe

Michiko and her family in 1969

In August 1957, she met then-Crown Prince Akihito on a tennis court at Karuizawa near Nagano. The Imperial Household Council (a body composed of the Prime Minister of Japan; the presiding officers of the two houses of the Diet of Japan; the Chief Justice of Japan; and two members of the Imperial Family) formally approved the engagement of the Crown Prince to Michiko Shōda on 27 November 1958. At that time, the media presented their encounter as a real "fairy tale",^[4] or the "romance of the tennis court". The engagement ceremony took place on 14 January 1959.

Although the future Crown Princess was the daughter of a wealthy industrialist, she was still regarded as a commoner. During the 1950s, the media and most persons familiar with the Japanese monarchy had assumed that the powerful Imperial Household Agency would select a bride for the Crown Prince from the daughters of the former court nobility, or from one of the former branches of the Imperial Family. Some traditionalists opposed the engagement, as Shōda came from a Roman Catholic family,^[7] and although she was never baptized, she was educated at Catholic institutions and seemed to share the faith of her parents. It was also widely rumored that Empress Kōjun had opposed the engagement. After the death of Empress Kōjun in 2000, Reuters announced that the former Empress was one of the strongest opponents of the marriage, and that in the 1960s, she had driven her daughter-in-law to depression by persistently accusing her of not being suitable for her son.^[8] Death threats alerted the authorities to ensure the security of the Shōda family.^[4] Yukio Mishima, known for his traditionalist position, said at the time: "The imperial system becomes "tabloïdesque" (sic) in its move toward democratization. It's all wrong--the idea (of the Imperial Family) losing its dignity by connecting with the people."^[9]

However, the young couple had by then gained wide public support. That support also came from the ruling political class. Additionally, everyone showed affection for the young "Mitchi" who had become the symbol of Japan's modernization and democratization (the media at the time hinted at the phenomenon of a "Mitchi boom"). The wedding finally took place as a traditional Shinto ceremony on 10 April 1959. The wedding procession was followed in the streets of Tokyo by more than 500,000 people spread over a 8.8 km route, while parts of the wedding were televised, thus making it the first imperial wedding to be made available for public viewership in Japan, drawing approximately 15 million viewers.^[9] In accordance with tradition, Shōda received a personal emblem (o-shirushi (お印)): the white birch of Japan (Shirakaba (白樺)) upon admission to the imperial family.

Crown Princess

Crown Princess Michiko with First Lady Nancy Reagan during an official visit to the United States in November 1987

The young couple then moved to Tōgū Palace (東宮御所 Tōgū-gosho), or "the East Palace of the Imperial House", the traditional name of the official residence of the crown prince installed since 1952, located within the grounds of the Akasaka Estate in Motoakasaka, Minato, Tokyo. They left Tōgū Palace after her husband acceded to the throne in 1989.

The couple have three children:

1. Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan (皇太子徳仁親王 Kōtaishi Naruhito Shinnō, born 23 February 1960)
2. Fumihito, Prince Akishino (秋篠宮文仁親王 Akishino-no-miya Fumihito Shinnō, born 30 November 1965)
3. Sayako, Princess Nori (紀宮清子内親王 Nori-no-miya Sayako Naishinnō, born 18 April 1969), following her marriage to urban designer Yoshiki Kuroda on 15 November 2005, Princess Nori gave up her imperial title and left the Imperial Family as required by 1947 Imperial Household Law, took the surname of her husband and became known as "Sayako Kuroda" (黒田清子 Kuroda Sayako).

In 1963, Associated Press reported that the Crown Princess, then approximately three months pregnant, underwent an abortion on 22 March, in Tokyo.^[10] As the article stated, "The operation was advised by her physician, Prof. Takashi Kobayashi, who delivered Michiko's first child, three-year-old Prince Hiro, a spokesman said. The spokesman said it is believed the 28-year-old princess' health has been impaired by a continuous round of official and social functions before pregnancy".^[10]

Crown Princess Michiko with her husband on a state visit to the Netherlands on 5 October 1979. Also in the photograph are Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands and Prince Claus of the Netherlands

Contrary to the tradition that the children of the imperial family should be separated from their parents and placed with private tutors, Crown Prince Akihito and his wife Crown Princess Michiko again broke precedent from the start by preferring to raise their children instead of entrusting them to the care of court chamberlains; the Crown Princess even breastfed.^[11] She and her husband have also built up a strong position among the general public, by their frequent trips in the 47 prefectures in the country to go to meet people but also for the liberties taken by the imperial couple vis-a-vis the protocol. At a more formal level, the Crown Prince and Princess visited 37 foreign countries between 1959 and 1989.

She suffered from several nervous breakdowns because of the pressure of the media and, according to Reuters, the attitude of her mother-in-law, that have resulted in particular to make her lose her voice for seven months in the 1960s and again in the fall of 1993. More recently, Empress Michiko had to cancel many of her official duties in the spring of 2007, while suffering from mouth ulcers, nosebleeds and intestinal bleeding due to "psychological stress", according to her doctors.^[12] This would be similar to the situation of her daughter-in-law, Crown Princess Masako, who also underwent several depressions due to pressures of her position.^[13]

Empress Consort

United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton meets Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko at the Imperial Palace during her visit to Tokyo in 2011

Upon the death of Emperor Shōwa on 7 January 1989, Crown Princess Michiko's husband became the 125th Emperor of Japan, and she became "Empress Consort". The new Emperor and Empress were enthroned (Sokui Rei Seiden no Gi) at the Tokyo Imperial Palace on 12 November 1990.

Since their enthronement, the imperial couple have visited 19 countries, and have done much to make the Imperial Family more visible and approachable in contemporary Japan. They also tried to be close to the people, visiting the 47 prefectures of Japan.

Her official duties, apart from visits to other countries, are to assist her husband at events and ceremonies, both within and outside the Imperial Palace (she has been at the Emperor's side everywhere, for example during the opening ceremony of the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano), receiving official guests including state guests and also to visit the social, cultural and charitable institutions and facilities. For example, in 2007, the Empress performed duties in her official capacity on more than 300 occasions.^[14] For many years the Emperor and Empress have visited facilities for children on Children's Day and facilities for the elderly on Respect for the Aged Day. The Imperial Household Agency announced that after 2014 they will pass on these duties to the younger generation. Their health has had no bearing on this decision.^[15] Following the death of her mother-in-law, Empress Dowager Nagako, on 16 June 2000, she succeeded her as Honorary President of the Japanese Red Cross Society.^[16]

The Empress on the occasion of the Emperor's Birthday at the Tokyo Imperial Palace, 23 December 2005

As empress, she is particularly responsible for Momijiyama Imperial Cocoonery, a sericulture farm on the grounds of the imperial palace. She participates in the annual ceremony of harvesting silk, personally feeds silkworms with blackberries and is responsible to take care of them, the frames, and the harvesting. The production and harvesting of silk are part of her ceremonial duties, linked to Shintoism, Japanese culture, and tradition. Since 1994, the Empress offers a part of the harvested silk of the koishimaru variety (the oldest species now kept in Japan) to the Shōsōin Treasure-house in the Buddhist temple Tōdai-ji in Nara to be used for the restoration of its treasures.^[14]

The Empress is expected to be the embodiment of traditional values such as modesty and purity. She has demonstrated a strong sense of duty throughout her life, which makes her quite popular amongst the Japanese. She takes part in religious ceremonies with the Emperor, such as visits to Ise Grand Shrine, other Shinto shrines and Imperial mausoleums to pray to the Imperial Family's ancestral spirits. In addition, she is an accomplished classical pianist.

The Empress was elevated into the Hall of Fame of International Best Dressed List in 1990.^[17][18]

Hobbies, passions and literary works

Michiko Shōda while playing piano in October 1958

The Empress particularly enjoys reading, music and plays the piano.^[19] Moreover, the imperial family has been known for several decades to form, occasionally, a small family band, with Crown Prince Akihito playing the cello, Crown Princess Michiko playing the piano, and Prince Naruhito playing the violin. Empress Michiko is also known to be particularly keen on gagaku, a kind of traditional Japanese court music.

Book by Michiko

She is also a fan of poetry, including the works of Michio Mado that she has selected, compiled and translated several of his poems in a series of collection under the titles Dobutsu-tachi (Animals) in 1992 and Fushigina Poketto (The Magic Pocket) in 1998.^[11] In June 2013, two collections of the poetry of Michio Mado, which the Empress had been asked to translate into English in the early Heisei era, Rainbow: Niji and Eraser: Keshigomu, were published.^[19] Together with her previously published translations of Michio Mado's poetry, including The Animals: Dobutsu-tachi, the publication of these new books means almost all the translations by the Empress of Mado's poems, which earned him the Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1994 are now published.^[19]

She herself has composed several poems, including waka.^[20][21] Some of them have been published: a series of compounds wakas by Akihito and Michiko, Crown Prince and Princess, were published in 1987 and then republished in 1991 under the title Tomoshibi: Light. Finally, a collection of 367 waka by the Empress was published in 1997 under the title Seoto (瀬音 The Sound Current), and 53 of them have been translated into French and published in France by Signatura under the title Sé-oto, song of the ford.^[22]

In 1991, she wrote a children's book, illustrated by Wako Takeda: Hajimete no Yamanobori ("My First Mountain Climb").^[11]

Titles, styles and honours

Styles of Empress Michiko
Reference style	Her Imperial Majesty
Spoken style	Your Imperial Majesty
Alternative style	Ma'am

Imperial Standard

Titles

• 20 October 1934 – 10 April 1959: Miss Michiko Shōda
• 10 April 1959 – 7 January 1989: Her Imperial Highness The Crown Princess
• 7 January 1989 – present: Her Imperial Majesty The Empress

Honours

See also List of honours of the Japanese Imperial Family by country

National honours

•  Japan: Grand Mistress Paulownia Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown^{[23][24][25][26][27]}
•  Japan: Knight of the Decoration of the Red Cross^[28][29]
•  Japan: Recipient of the Red Cross Medal^[28][29]

Foreign honours

•  Austria: Grand Cross Of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria, Grand Star^[30]
•  Belgium: Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold^[31][32]
•  Denmark: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Elephant^[33][34]
• Ethiopian Imperial Family: Dame Grand Cordon with Collar of the Imperial Order of the Queen of Sheba^[35][36]
•  Germany: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Special Class
•  Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer
•  Lithuania: Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great
•  Luxembourg: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau^[37]
•  Malaysia: Dame Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
•  Morocco: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite^[38][39]
• Nepalese Royal Family: Member Grand Cross of the Order of Ojaswi Rajanya^[40]
• Nepalese Royal Family: Recipient of the King Birendra Coronation Medal^[41]
•  Netherlands: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion^[42][43][44]
•  Norway: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav^[45]
•  Philippines: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Gabriela Silang^[46]
•  Poland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle
•  Portugal: Grand Cross with Collar of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword^[47]
•  Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry^[47]
•  Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III^[48][49][50]
•  Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic^[51][52][53]
•  Sweden: Member Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Seraphim^[54][55][56]
•  Thailand: Dame Grand Cordon with Chain of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri^{[57][58][59][60]}

Honorary positions

• Honorary President of the Japanese Red Cross Society

Issue

The Emperor and Empress with their family on the occasion of the New Year Greeting at the Tokyo Imperial Palace in 2016

Name	Birth	Marriage		Issue
Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan	23 February 1960	9 June 1993	Masako Owada	Aiko, Princess Toshi
Fumihito, Prince Akishino	30 November 1965	29 June 1990	Kiko Kawashima	Princess Mako of Akishino Princess Kako of Akishino Prince Hisahito of Akishino
Sayako, Princess Nori	18 April 1969	15 November 2005	Yoshiki Kuroda

See also

• Japanese empresses

References

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External links

• Kunaicho | Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress
• Kunaicho | Press Conference on the occasion of Her Majesty's Birthday (Written Answers) (2016)
• Hello! Magazine | Empress breaks her silence over Masako's illness
• Michiko at the Internet Movie Database