Epilepsy in animals

Seizures are caused by abnormal bursts of electrical activity in the brain. They can start and stop very abruptly and last any amount of time from a few seconds to a few minutes.[1] Epilepsy can occur in animals other than humans (see main article Epilepsy). Canine epilepsy is often genetic but epilepsy in cats and other pets is rarer, likely because there is no hereditary component to epilepsy in these animals.[1]

Characteristics

Epilepsy is most commonly recognised by involuntary movements of the head and limbs, however other characteristics include salivation, lack of bodily functions and anxiety. Animals often lose consciousness and are not aware of their surroundings.[2]

Handling seizures

Watching an animal or person have a seizure can be quite frightening. There is not much that can be done during a seizure except to ensure that you remain calm and do not leave the animal alone.[2] If your pet is having a seizure it is important to make sure they are laying down on the floor away from any water, stairs or other animals. When an animal has a seizure, do not try to grab their tongue or clear their mouth as there is a high chance you will be bitten; contrary to popular myth, neither humans nor animals can "swallow their tongue" during a seizure so it is safest to stay well away from their mouth during one.[3] Timing seizures is also crucial; if a seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes or your pet is having multiple seizures per day then a veterinary doctor should be contacted. Take notes of seizures - what time they occur, how often and any other specific information which can be passed onto the vet or emergency animal clinic.[2]

Canine epilepsy

A bottle of PRN Pharmaceutical Company (Pensacola, FL) K•BroVet veterinary pharmaceutical potassium bromide oral solution (250 mg / mL). The product is intended to be used in dogs, primarily as an antiepileptic (to stop seizures).

In dogs, epilepsy is often an inherited condition. The incidence of epilepsy/seizures in the general dog population is estimated to be between 0.5% and 5.7%.[4] In certain breeds, {{such as the Belgian Shepherd varieties}}, the incidence may be much higher.

Diagnosis

There are three types of epilepsy in dogs: reactive, secondary, and primary.[5] Reactive epileptic seizures are caused by metabolic issues, such as low blood sugar or kidney or liver failure. Epilepsy attributed to brain tumor, stroke or other trauma is known as secondary or symptomatic epilepsy.

There is no known cause for primary or idiopathic epilepsy, which is only diagnosed by eliminating other possible causes for the seizures. Dogs with idiopathic epilepsy experience their first seizure between the ages of one and three. However, the age at diagnosis is only one factor in diagnosing canine epilepsy, as one study found cause for seizures in one-third of dogs between the ages of one and three, indicating secondary or reactive rather than primary epilepsy.[6]

A veterinarian's initial work-up for a dog presenting with a history of seizures may include a physical and neurological exam, a complete blood count, serum chemistry profile, urinalysis, bile tests, and thyroid function tests.[7] These tests verify seizures and may determine cause for reactive or secondary epilepsy. Veterinarians may also request that dog owners keep a "seizure log" documenting the timing, length, severity, and recovery of each seizure, as well as dietary or environmental changes.

Treatment

Many antiepileptic drugs are used for the management of canine epilepsy. Oral phenobarbital, in particular, and imepitoin are considered to be the most effective antiepileptic drugs and usually used as ‘first line’ treatment.[8] Other anti-epileptics such as zonisamide, primidone, gabapentin, pregabalin, sodium valproate, felbamate and topiramate may also be effective and used in various combinations.[8][9] A crucial part of the treatment of pets with epilepsy is owner education to ensure compliance and successful management.[10]

Feline epilepsy

Seizures in Feline patients are caused by various onsets. As with dogs, Felines can have reactive, primary (idiopathic) or secondary seizures. Idiopathic seizures are not as common in cats as in dogs however a recent study conducted showed that of 91 feline seizures, 25% were suspected to have Idiopathic epilepsy.[11] In the same group of 91 cats, 50% were secondary seizures and 20% reactive.[11]

classifications

Idiopathic epilepsy does not have a classification due to the fact there are no known causes of these seizures, however both reactive and symptomatic secondary epilepsy can be placed into classifications.[11]

Symptomatic

Neoplasia

meningiomas, Lymphomas and glial cell brain tumours are the most common cancers in cats and are all common causes of seizures.[11]

Vascular disease

Vascular disease refers to any condition that effects the flow of blood to the brain and can potentially result in seizure disorders.[11] common vascular diseases in felines include, Feline Ischemic Encephalopathy, Polycythemia and Hypertension.[11]

Inflammatory/ infectious

Any inflammatory or infectious disease that reaches the brain can result in inducing seizures. the most common inflammatory or infectious diseases which cause seizures in cats include, Feline Infectious Peritonitis, Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.[11]

Reactive seizure disorders

Many diseases that occur as a result from illness in parts of the body other than the brain can cause felines to have seizures, especially in older cats. Some of the common metabolic causes of seizures in felines include, Hepatic Encephalopathy, Renal Encephalopathy, Hypoglycaemia and Hypothyroidism.[11]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Barlough (1995). "Epilepsy Study". Ney York: Harper Publishers. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 "Companion Animal Epilepsy". NC State University. 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  3. ↑ "Swallowing Your Tongue and Other Epilepsy Myths". Cleveland Clinic Foundation. 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  4. ↑ K9web.com, Wiersma-Aylward, A. 1995. Canine Epilepsy. Retrieved August 6, 2007
  5. ↑ Peterson, M., "Inherited epilepsy can be devastating in dogs". essfta.org
  6. ↑ Podell, M, Seizure classification in dogs from non-referral based population. JAVMA 6 pp 1721-1728 (1995).
  7. ↑ The Canine Epilepsy Network, canine-epilepsy.net
  8. 1 2 Charalambous, M, Brodbelt, D and Volk, HA, Treatment in canine epilepsy–a systematic review. BMC veterinary research 10(1) pp 257 (2014)
  9. ↑ Thomas, W, Idiopathic epilepsy in dogs and cats. Vet Clin Small Anim 40 pp 161-179 (2010).
  10. ↑ De Risio, L and Platt, S. 2014. Canine and feline epilepsy: diagnosis and management. CAB International: Wallingford, UK. ISBN 9781780641096.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sonius, Chelsea (2010). "Feline Seizure Disorders". Retrieved 16 May 2016.

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