Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki
| Count Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki | |
|---|---|
|
 | |
| Coat of arms | Piława |
| consort |
Gertruda Komorowska Józefina Amalia Mniszech Zofia Clavone |
| Noble family | Potocki |
| Father | Franciszek Salezy Potocki |
| Mother | Anna Elzbieta Potocka |
| Born |
1751 Krystynopol |
| Died |
14 March 1805 Tulczyn |
Count Stanisław Szczęsny Feliks Potocki (Polish pronunciation: [staˈɲiswaf ˈʂt͡ʂɛ̃snɨ pɔˈtɔt͡ski]; 1751–1805), of the Piława coat of arms, known as Szczęsny Potocki[1] was a member of the Polish szlachta and a military commander of the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and then Poland. Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, awarded in August 1775.
He was Great Chorąży of the Crown in 1774–1780, voivode of Ruthenian Voivodeship in 1782–1791, Great Lieutenant General of the Crown since 1784, General of Artillery of the Crown in 1789–1792, Marshal of the Targowica Confederation in 1792, starost bełski, hrubieszowski, sokalski, hajsyński, zwinogrodzki. His daughter Olga married Lev Naryshkin.
Biography
Early life
He was son of Franciszek Salezy Potocki, Voivode and Governor of Polish Kiev, of the Tulczyn line of the family. He entered the public service, and owing to the influence of his relations became grand standard-bearer of the Crown at the age of twenty-two. After the death of Prince August Aleksander Czartoryski in 1782 King Stanisław II Augustus appointed him the Voivode of Ruthenia. In 1784 he purchased the rank of a colonel from bankrupted Voivode of Kiev Stempkowski and became soon a lieutenant-general in the Royal Army.
A "Great Nobleman"
He was a great magnate, grandly ruling in his vast estates in the eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, known as the Kresy. His annual income was over 3 million zloties.[2] Elected deputy for Bracław at the famous Four-Year Sejm, he began that career of treachery which was to terminate in the ruin of his country. Yet his previous career had awakened many hopes in him. His popularity culminated in 1784 when he presented an infantry regiment of 400 men as a free gift to the Commonwealth. But he identified the public welfare with the welfare of the individual magnates, his goals in seeking reforms was to transform the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a magnate oligarchy.[2]
Time of the Partitions
His scheme was the division of Poland into an oligarchy of autonomous grandees exercising the supreme power in rotation (in fact a perpetual interregnum).[2] In 1788 he won over to his views two other great lords, Franciszek Ksawery Branicki and Severin Rzewuski, and joined he anti-royalist opposition. The election of Stanisław Małachowski and Kazimierz Lew Sapieha as marshals of the Four Years Sejm still further alienated him from the Liberals; and, after strenuously but vainly opposing every project of reform, he retired to Vienna whence he continued to carry on an active propaganda against the new ideas.
Protest against the Constitution
He protested against the Constitution of 3 May in 1791, and was one of the leaders of the Hetman Party. After attempting fruitlessly to induce the Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor to take up arms against the reformers, proceeded with his friends in March 1792 to St. Petersburg, and subsequently with the connivance of the Empress Catherine II of Russia formed the Targowica Confederation for the maintenance of the ancient institutions of Poland (14 May 1792), of which he was the marshal, or rather the dictator, directing its operations from his castle at Tulczyn. When the May Constitution was overthrown and the Prussians were already in occupation of Great Poland, Potocki (March 1793) went on a diplomatic mission to St. Petersburg; but, finding himself duped and set aside, retired to Vienna until 1797, when he settled down at Tulczyn and devoted himself for the remainder of his life to the improvement of his estates and large wealth.
He was sentenced to death in absentia by the Supreme Criminal Court during the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794. On 17 November 1797 he was made a general of the infantry for the Russian Empire, but was dismissed on 30 October 1798.
He was buried as a "traitor" general.
Quote
After the signing of the Targowica Confederation:"Each true Pole, not blinded by the Prussian and royalist cabal, is convinced, that our Fatherland can only be saved by Russia, otherwise our nation will be enslaved".
After Stanisław August Poniatowski's abdication and the destruction of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: "About past Poland and Poles [I don't want to talk anymore]. Gone is this country, and this name, as many others have perished in the world's history. I am now a Russian forever."
References
- ↑ E. Rostworowski, Potocki Stanisław Szczęsny (Feliks) herbu Pilawa, [in:] Polski Słownik Biograficzny, t. XXVIII, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków–Gdańsk–Łódź 1984–1985, p. 183.
- 1 2 3 Krzysztof Bauer (1991). Uchwalenie i obrona Konstytucji 3 Maja. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-83-02-04615-5. Retrieved 2 January 2012.