Fernand Lungren
Fernand Lungren (1857-1932) was an American painter and illustrator mostly known for his paintings of American South Western landscapes and scenes (California, New Mexico, Arizona) as well as for New York and European city street scenes. He was famous for his vibrantly colored paintings of the Southern California desert, especially in the Death Valley and Mojave Desert area.
Early years
Born in Hagerstown, Maryland, of Swedish descent, on November 13, 1857, Fernand Lungren was raised in Toledo, Ohio. He showed an early talent for drawing but his father induced him to pursue a professional career and in 1874 entered the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, to study mining engineering.
At the age of 19, Fernand Lungren was encouraged to pursue a career as an artist after he met the painter Kenyon Cox (1856-1919). After brief study in Cincinnati, he enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia, where he studied under Thomas Eakins (1844-1916).
Illustrator in New York City
In 1877, now twenty years old, and upon completion of his studies, Fernand Lungren moved to New York City. There he rented a studio with the prominent painter and pastellist Robert Frederick Blum. In New York City, he found work as an illustrator for Scribner’s Monthly (renamed Century in 1881) during the period known as ‘the Golden Age of American illustration’; his first illustration appeared in 1879 and he continued to contribute to the magazine until 1903.
He was also an illustrator for the children’s magazine Saint Nicholas from 1879 to 1904 and later for Harper’s Bazaar, McClure’s and The Outlook. For all these periodicals he produced landscapes, portraits and social scenes to illustrate articles and stories, being noted for his New York street scenes.
In 1878, he helped found The Tile Club, an association of young artists who gathered for the purpose of painting on decorative tiles. Among the members of the club were William Merritt Chase, J. Carroll Beckwith, John Twachtman, Winslow Homer, J. Alden Weir, and Robert Frederick Blum.
Visit to Europe, return to New York, Cincinnati
In 1882, Fernand Lungren traveled to Paris with Robert Frederick Blum. In Paris, Lungren enrolled briefly at the Académie Julian, a famous art school, and saw French Impressionist artists at work. Disappointed with the academic art that he observed, Lungren left his Paris studies and traveled to the town of Barbizon, South East of Paris, near Fontainebleau, and to the village of Grez-sur-Loing, where he became acquainted with artists who were practicing plein-air (outdoor) painting.
Returning to America in 1883, Lungren first settled in New York, then moved shortly thereafter to Cincinnati, Ohio. There, he was encouraged to explore Western subjects by fellow artists Frank Duveneck, Joseph Henry Sharp, and Henry Farny, who were teaching at the Art Academy of Cincinnati. Coincidentally, while teaching an illustration course in Cincinnati, he convinced Ernest Blumenschein to change his studies from music to art, leading Ernest Blumenschein to become also an artist famous for his paintings of Native Americans, New Mexico and the American Southwest.
Discovering Santa Fe, painting South Western and Indian themes
In 1892, the Santa Fe Railway hired Lungren to sketch scenes along its route. He spent eight months in Santa Fe, New Mexico, visiting the Indian pueblos and the next year spent several months with the Hopis in Arizona. He eventually was made a member of several Indian tribes and priesthoods. In 1895, Fernand Lungren created illustrations for Harper’s Magazine of the Moquis, Navajo, and Apache. His most famous illustration "Thirst", depicting a dying man and a dead horse, was published in 1896 in Harper’s Weekly and attracted much attention across the U.S.
From there on, the subjects of his work were mostly Indian ceremonies and folklore and Southwestern desert and Sierra landscapes. Lungren visited Santa Fe, New Mexico, where, like several other artists, he was impressed with Native American culture and the desert landscape. The following year, he traveled to Arizona, and again focused his attention on Native Americans and their culture.
He married Henrietta Whipple in 1898, then spent three years in London, England. During his stay, he exhibited some of his views of the American desert and produced a number of images of London street life. During their three-year stay, Lungren became highly skilled at the use of pastel, a chalk-like colored drawing medium, exhibiting the results with success. Lungren met many prominent artists in London, including James McNeill Whistler and exhibited at the Royal Academy. He also participated in shows at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool.
Late in 1900, he traveled to Egypt for seven months with the medical scientist Henry Solomon Wellcome. There he created pastels of the pyramids, but many of the pastels and sketches that resulted were lost when his baggage was damaged on the return journey.
California
In 1901, Lungren returned to the United States. After settling initially in New York, he moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1903. Three years later, he established his home in Santa Barbara, commenting in 1914 that "as a field for artistic endeavor, it would be impossible to find a spot more favored than Santa Barbara".
In 1909, Lungren made his first of many trips to the Death Valley and Mojave Desert region, North East of Los Angeles, California, where he focused on scenes of the desert in all conditions of weather, seasonal change and time of the day, producing several famous paintings of these landscapes, with often poetic rendition of the specific desert atmosphere.
In the same period, Fernand Lungren authored the illustrations of two books by the American nature writer Stewart Edward White, i.e. "The Mountains" (1904) and "Camp and Trail" (1907), based on the experience he had acquired when staying and painting in New Mexico and Arizona, while, in return, Stewart Edward White wrote the foreword for the first Fernand Lungren biography written by John A. Berger and published in 1936.
An important figure in the Southern California art scene in the early twentieth century, Fernand Lungren helped found the Santa Barbara School of the Arts in 1920 with the sponsorship of the Community Arts Association of Santa Barbara. He remained a resident of Santa Barbara until his death in 1932. Although not born and educated in California, Fernand Lungren can be associated to the California Plein-Air Painting school, by his outdoor subjects and his impressionist style during the last third of his life when he was living in California.
Fernand Lungren donated 320 of his paintings and drawings to the Santa Barbara State College, which ultimately became the University of California, Santa Barbara; his collection is kept at the University's Art, Design & Architecture Museum (formerly the University Art Museum).
In addition to the University of California, Santa Barbara, other public collections with works by Fernand Lungren include the Santa Barbara Museum of Art; the Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, California; the Hubbell Trading Post Museum, Ganado, Arizona; the Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois; the Terra Foundation for American Art, Chicago, Illinois; the Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio; the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; the Mead Art Museum, Amherst College, Massachusetts; the Wallace Collection, London.
Exhibitions
2010: "The Desert Speaks: The Art of Fernand Lungren" - Wildling Art Museum, Solvang, CA
2001: Afterglow in the Desert - The Art of Fernand Lungren - Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, CA, (January–March) and Palm Springs Desert Museum, Palm Springs, CA (April–June).
2000: Fernand Lungren - Sketches of the West - Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA
Afterglow in the Desert: The Art of Fernand Lungren - Art Museum at University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
1987: Fernand Lungren - Art Museum at University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
Paintings by Fernand Lungren were also featured in the following thematic exhibitions:
2007: The Urban Myth: Visions of the City - Sullivan Goss - An American Gallery - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
The Montecito Salon II - Sullivan Goss - An American Gallery - Montecito, Montecito, CA
2005: California Art from the Permanent Collection - Part I, The Beginning, 1832-1925 - Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, CA
2001: Homage to the Square - Berry-Hill Galleries, New York City, NY
1959: Two Centuries of American Art: 1750-1950 - The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL
References
- "Afterglow in the Desert: The Art of Fernand Lungren", by Elizabeth A. Brown, Ed.: University Art Museum, University of California, Santa Barbara, March 2001.
- "The Art of Fernand Lungren", by Elizabeth A. Brown, in American Art Review, Vol. XIII, No 2 2001.
- "Painters and the American West - The Anschutz collection", by Joan Carpenter Troccoli, Denver Art Museum and Yale University Press, 2000.
- "Artists in California, 1786-1940", by Edan Milton Hughes, ed.: Hughes Pub Co; 2 Sub edition, June 1989
- "The Arts in Santa Barbara", by Janet B. Dominik, in "Plein Air Painters of California", Westphal Publishing, Irvine, California, 1986.
- "Fernand Lungren: A Biography", by John A. Berger, Foreword By Stewart Edward White, ed.: The Schauer Press, Santa Barbara, 1936 (reprints available)