Filipinos in Alaska

People of Filipino descent represent the largest Asian American subgroup in the State of Alaska.[1] Filipino seamen are recorded as having contact with Alaska Natives as early as 1788, and Filipino immigrants continued to arrive as workers in Alaska's developing natural resource industries; as sailors on American whaling ships, as ore sorters for gold mines in Juneau and Douglas Island, and as salmon cannery workers (called Alaskeros).[2]:x Alaska's Filipino community has a long history of interaction and intermarriage with Alaska Native communities, and many Filipinos in Alaska also claim Alaska Native heritage.

In 2014, Filipinos made up 52% of Alaska’s Asian and Pacific Islander population.[1] In 2010, they represented 2.7% of Alaska’s total population.[3] Filipino Americans are the largest racial minority in the city of Anchorage, and also have large numbers in the Aleutians and Kodiak Island.[4]

History

Early contact

Due to Manila's location as a Pacific port under Spanish control, Filipino seamen found their way onto European ships crossing the Pacific beginning in the late 18th century. The first recorded instance of a Filipino arriving in Alaska is from 1788, and indicates that an unnamed "Manilla man" was a crew member on the Portuguese merchant ship Iphigenia Nubiana, which bartered for sea otter furs with Alaska Natives.[2]:5 In 1789, 29 Filipino seamen were present on the Eleonora and the Fair American, American fur trading ships that had stopped by Manila for repairs on their way to Alaska.[2]:10

The Malaspina Expedition of 1791 also brought Filipino seamen to Alaska, after deserters in the originally Spanish crew had been replaced by conscripted Filipino sailors when Spanish corvettes had stopped in Manila. These Filipinos were likely to have been part of shore parties, sent to scout the Alaskan shore for the Northwest Passage. While in Yakutat Bay, a Filipino man from the expedition caught the attention of several Tlingit, who believed that he was one of them for his physical resemblance and begged him to remain with the tribe, wondering if he had been bought or captured by the Spanish.[2]:18

Filipino sailors were part of American whaling crews during the Alaskan whaling boom, beginning in 1848. Crews wintered in Jabbertown alongside Iñupiat communities in the far northeast of Alaska. Oral history demonstrates linguistic crossover from this period of contact, with some words of "a Philippine dialect in the Iñupiaq vocabulary."[2]:21

In 1903, about 80 Filipinos formed a cableship crew that lay underwater communication cables connecting Southeastern Alaska with Seattle, thereby playing a vital role in the development of Alaska's modern communications system. Filipino cableship crews possessed unique technical expertise from their experience laying cables in the Philippines, which was being developed under the management of the U.S. Army.[2]:39

Gold mining

Starting in the late 1920s, the discovery of gold deposits in Douglas Island and Juneau represented an industrial development that drew many Filipino laborers to Alaska. Brought over by contractors, Filipinos worked as ore sorters in the Alaska-Juneau Gold Mining Company, or the A-J Mine, and settled in Alaska when the mine closed in 1944.[2]:61

Former Filipino mine workers went on to become significant fixtures in Filipino community organizations in Alaska. Gaspar Advincula and Benedicto Viloria, former ore sorters in the A-J Mine, were life members of the Filipino Community of Anchorage, while other mine employees who settled in Juneau married Tlingit women and became active members of the Filipino Community, Inc.[2]:64

Alaskeros

See also: Alaskeros

Between 1898 and 1934, Filipinos were able to freely migrate to the United States as U.S. nationals, due to the U.S. military government in the Philippines at the time. The salmon canning industry in Southeastern Alaska became the predominant source of employment for Filipino workers, who called themselves "Alaskeros" and were primarily hired through contractors in the Philippines.

Because the negligible pay of a cannery job was high compared to what a worker could earn in the Philippines, the limited-English population of Alaskeros was vulnerable to labor exploitation.[2]:50 Cannery crews traveled to Alaska in extremely poor conditions, with over 200 workers in ships only meant to hold 150, and insufficient provisions that consisted mostly of rice and fish. Once at the canneries, Filipino cannery workers were also subject to abuse and racism. They were forced to buy groceries out of their wages, and given subpar living conditions in the cannery bunkhouses, especially when compared to those of their white counterparts.[2]:53 As migrant workers, Alaskeros worked in salmon canneries during the summer, and lived in Washington, Oregon, or California during the rest of the year.[5] Many were students looking to make money over the summer, in order to pay their keep during the academic year.[6]

Major efforts to organize a union began in 1933, and eventually led to the creation of the Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union, which was the first Filipino-led union in the United States. The union faced significant opposition from labor contractors, including the assassination of first president Virgil Duyungan and secretary Aurelio Simon in 1936 by the nephew of a labor contractor. Duyungan and Simon went on to become martyr figures for the union movement in Alaska and Seattle.[5]

In 1982, a coalition of Filipino and Alaska Native cannery workers sued Wards Cove Packing Company, which owned several canneries in Alaska, on the basis of racial discrimination.[7] From the beginning of their involvement in the salmon canning industry, Filipino and Native workers had been channeled into "non-skilled" jobs, recruited through contractors in the Philippines and directly from Alaska Native villages, while white workers tended to be hired for "skilled" and higher-paying positions.[8] Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio eventually made it to the Supreme Court in 1989, where the suit was denied on the basis that statistical disparities in nonwhite representation within higher and lower paying jobs were insufficient to prove disparate impact.[8]

Demographics

Despite centuries of Filipino presence in Alaska, an Alaskero named Johnny Oleta may have been the first to establish year-round residency as late as 1910, when he settled in Ketchikan following the cannery season. There were 246 Filipinos in Alaska by July 1910, according to the 1910 U.S. Census. Following years showed 93 Filipinos in Alaska in 1920, 164 in 1930, and 403 by 1940.[2]:65 By the 1920s, Filipinos were the largest single immigrant group in Alaska. The first permanent communities began to develop in Ketchikan and Juneau in the Southeast, and on Kodiak Island in the Southwest. Later on, Anchoarage would become the location with the largest Filipino enclave, with smaller Filipino communities in Fairbanks, Valdez, and Kenai.[9]:26

As they settled in the 1930s and 1940s, many former seasonal workers became business owners, particularly in the restaurant business.[2]:66 Because industrial laborers like Alaskeros were primarily men, they married and started families with women who were African American, Tsimshian, Tlingit, Haida, Aleut, and Yupik. Some of these new generations of multiracial Filipino Americans became part of Tlingit family structures, where children of sisters are considered one's own children.[2]:72 A few Filipinos of this generation married white American women.[2]:87

A large wave of Filipino immigration in the 1940s arose from the wartime efforts of World War II. Many Filipinos settled in Anchorage as military family or spouses, as military employees, or as members of the armed services. The Filipino community in Anchorage took on a white-collar character, with a different profile from the Filipino communities in Ketchikan and Juneau, which were primarily concentrated around the fish industry.[9]:28

Today, Filipino Americans still hold a significant presence in Alaska. Despite modest economic growth since 1977 and slowing immigration from other demographic groups, Filipino migration to Alaska has proved to be a continuous flow, due to existing family ties and the history of the migration pathway, as well as the growth of the healthcare sector and the favorable economic climate.[10] Tagalog is the third most commonly spoken non-English language in 2010, after Spanish and Yupik.[9]:28

Culture

Several Filipino communities across Alaska have formed incorporated community organizations as spaces for communal gathering. The Filipino Community Club of Ketchikan, formed in 1938 from what was previously the Filipino Social Club, may have been the first of its kind in Alaska.[11] The organization gave Filipinos the chance to engage with local politics, speaking with public officials and discussing the grievances of the Filipino community in Ketchikan.[2]:87

The Filipino Community of Anchorage started with an informal Filipino group called the "Bachelor's Club" in 1953.[2] (147) Filipinos in Anchorage were gathering and celebrating community long before this, however, with Filipino boxers performing at the 1937 Independence Day celebration in Anchorage.[2]:78 The Bachelor's Club of Anchorage turned into the Filipino Community of Anchorage and Vicinity (FCAV) in 1957, becoming more family-oriented with the arrival of men's wives and children, and the community was incorporated in 1968.[2]:147

The Filipino Community Incorporated of Juneau originated with the many Filipino-Tlingit families in the area. Out of concern for their multiracial children, who were not fully accepted by other Filipinos or Tlingit, Tlingit wives of Filipinos in Juneau held box socials and bake sales to raise money for a community hall.[2]:106 The Filipino Community Inc., a social nonprofit, was organized in 1956, and a building purchased for the Filipino Community Hall in downtown Juneau. Many of the Tlingit women of the Filipino Community Inc. were also involved with the Alaska Native Sisterhood, an indigenous civil rights organization founded in 1915, and the shared history of the two organizations continues to be celebrated.[12]

Notable Filipinos from Alaska

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Alaska's Asians and Pacific Islanders" (PDF). Alaska Economic Trends. Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development. 34.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Buchholdt, Thelma (1996). Filipinos in Alaska: 1788-1958. Aboriginal Press. ISBN 0965541509.
  3. ↑ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data".
  4. ↑ "Filipinos now Alaska's largest Asian group". Balitang America. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
  5. 1 2 Fresco, Crystal (1999). "Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union 1933-39: Their Strength in Unity". depts.washington.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  6. ↑ Espiritu, Yen Le (1995). Filipino American Lives. Temple University Press. p. 12.
  7. ↑ Ringsmuth, Katherine (2013). "MUG-UP: The Role of the Mess Hall in Cannery Life | Alaska Historical Society". alaskahistoricalsociety.org. Alaska Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  8. 1 2 Priagula, Citadelle (2010). "Examining Race-Conscious Remediation Through the Pilipino/a American Experience". UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal. 15.
  9. 1 2 3 Arnold, Kathleen (2015). Contemporary Immigration in America: A State-by-State Encyclopedia. Greenwood.
  10. ↑ Advincula, Anthony (2010). "Cold? Yes. Isolated? Sure. But Alaska's Filipinos Thrive". newamericamedia.org. New America Media. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  11. ↑ Joeckel, Jeff; Bell, Shannon (2003-05-01). "Stedman--Thomas Historic District -- Featured in the National Register's Celebrate Asian-Pacific Heritage Month Feature - 2003". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  12. ↑ Miller, Clara (2015-09-08). "ANS and the Filipino Community: 'When we come together, we are strong.'". Juneau Empire - Alaska's Capital City Online Newspaper. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
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