Flexatone

Flexatone

Percussion
Classification	Percussion
Hornbostel–Sachs classification	112.12 (Frame rattles)
Developed	1922
Timbre	bright, metallic
Volume	medium
Attack	fast
Decay	slow
Related instruments
musical saw, water gong
Builders
Playatone

The flexatone or fleximetal is a modern percussion instrument (an indirectly struck idiophone) consisting of a small flexible metal sheet suspended in a wire frame ending in a handle.^[1] Used in classic cartoons for its glissando effect, its sound is comparable to the musical saw.^[2]

History, construction and technique

An invention for a flexatone occurs in the British Patent Records of 1922 and 1923. In 1924 the 'Flex-a-tone' was patented in the USA by the Playatone Company of New York.

The instrument was first used in 1920s jazz bands as an effect but is now mainly and rarely used in orchestral music.^[3]

Wooden knobs mounted on strips of spring steel lie on each side of the metal sheet. The player holds the flexatone in one hand with the palm around the wire frame and the thumb on the free end of the spring steel. The player then shakes the instrument with a trembling movement which causes the beaters to strike the sides of the metal sheet. While shaking the handle, the musician makes a high- or low-pitched sound depending on the curve given to the blade by the pressure from his thumb. A vibrato is thus produced. While the instrument has a very limited dynamic range, volume can be controlled by how vigorously or delicately the player shakes the Flexatone.^[4]

An alternate technique involves removing the two wooden knobs and their mounting springs, and then using a small metal rod (e.g., a triangle beater) held in the free hand striking the strip of spring steel. The pitch is altered in the same manner as the previous technique. This method of playing results in a different, more constrained sound.

Double meaning of the term "Flexatone"

In contemporary music of the 20th century between around 1920 and 1970 the term "Flexatone" has been used one hand hand for the instrument flexatone, on the other hand for the musical saw. Composers who used it for the musical saw were: Arthur Honegger (Short opera Antigone (Honegger), 1924/1927),^[5] Ernst Krenek (opera Jonny spielt auf, 1927),^[6] Dmitri Shostakovich (The Nose (opera), 1929),^[7][8][9] Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (opera) (1934) and film music for The New Babylon (1929), Aram Khachaturian (Piano Concerto (Khachaturian) 1936),^[10][11][12] Hans Werner Henze (opera Elegy for young lovers, 1961)^[13]

Uses

The flexatone is sometimes heard in funk music, and occasionally in pop music for special effect. It is occasionally used in the soundtracks of films or cartoons to represent "ghosts" or other paranormal phenomena.

The instrument is not often used in classical music, but it appears in the work of Arnold Schoenberg, Hans Werner Henze, Sofia Gubaidulina, György Ligeti and others.^[14] Schoenberg employed it in his Variations for Orchestra Op.31 and his unfinished opera Moses und Aron. It is also used in Erwin Schulhoff's Symphony No. 1, and John Corigliano's Symphony No. 1. The cellist in Sofia Gubaidulina's The Canticle of the Sun plays a flexatone in the middle of the piece. Alfred Schnittke used it in his Faust Cantata as well as in the Tuba Mirum movement of his Requiem and in his Viola Concerto. In Schnittke's score for the ballet Peer Gynt, the flexatone represents the sound of the moaning wind. György Ligeti used it in many of his works, such as the second movement of his concerto for piano and his opera Le Grand Macabre. Peter Maxwell Davies uses it in the third movement of his Symphony No. 1, as well as three of them at the climax of his opera The Lighthouse. Brian Ferneyhough calls for it in his 2011 orchestral piece Plötzlichkeit. The 1964 ballet The Display by Australian composer Malcolm Williamson also includes a part for the flexatone.

• Christophe Bertrand - Mana
• Michael Daugherty - Metropolis Symphony for Orchestra
• Jacob Druckman - Aureole for orchestra ^[15]
• Stephen Hartke - Meanwhile - Incidental Music to Imaginary Puppet Plays
• Steven Mackey - Eating Greens^[16]
• Peter Maxwell Davies - Caroline Mathilde: Suites from Act I & II, J. 297-8; Cross Lane Fair, J. 332; Stone Litany, Runes from a House of the Dead, J. 168; and Symphony No. 5, J. 331^[17]
• Krzysztof Penderecki - De Natura Sonoris No. 1^[18]
• Arnold Schoenberg - Variations for Orchestra, op. 31^[19]
• Edgard Varèse - Nocturnal^[20]

Recordings

• A flexatone is used on album Jaco Pastorius(1976) on the track Opus Pocus.
• Jimi Hendrix used a flexatone on 1983... (A Merman I Should Turn to Be)
• The flexatone is used almost as a lead instrument in "Sing Swan Song" on the album Ege Bamyasi by Can (band) (1972).
• It appears frequently on Weather Report's Sweetnighter (1973).
• It makes an appearance on the Magma album Ẁurdah Ïtah (on the tracks "Bradïa Da Zïmehn Iëgah" and "Manëh Für Da Zëss") (1974).
• Rick Wakeman uses it on his album Criminal Record (1977).
• Appears in a lot of Funkadelic's recordings, beginning with "Back In Our Minds" from the album Maggot Brain (1971), and like a lead eventual effect on the 1978 hit One Nation Under A Groove.
• A flexatone can be heard on a number of tracks on the London Calling album by The Clash, most noticeably on the track "Jimmy Jazz" (1979).
• It is featured in Rick James' "Super Freak" (1981).
• Its infrequent appearances, countering an insistent, funky bassline, form most of the hook in One Way's "Cutie Pie" (1982).
• "Weird Al" Yankovic used the flexatone during his performance of "Another One Rides the Bus" live on The Tomorrow Show with Tom Snyder (1982).
• "The Simpsons Theme" by Danny Elfman (1990).^[21]
• A flexatone is featured on Dr. Dre's "Been There, Done That" (1997).
• DJ Quik uses the flexatone in many of his songs, such as "Pitch in on a Party" (2000) and Tony! Toni! Toné!'s Let's Get Down.^[22]
• The BP Renegades Steel Orchestra uses it during a quiet passage in their rendition of the calypso "Sound of the Ghost" ().
• The instrument is also prominent in the intro to "Faith Healer" by Sensational Alex Harvey Band ().
• Ronnie Laws' funk/jazz hit "Always There," ().
• John Barry "Wednesday's Child" instrumental version.

Samples

	Sound of a flexatone Playing 1
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	Sound of a flexatone Playing 2
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	Sound of a flexatone Playing 3
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References

1. "Flexatone Sound Samples", CompositionToday.com.
2. Kalani (2008). All About Hand Percussion: Everything You Need to Know to Start Playing Now!, p.27. ISBN 9780739049648.
3. Holland, James (2005). Practical Percussion: A Guide to the Instruments and Their Sources, p.23-4. ISBN 9781461670636.
4. Karl Peinkofer and Fritz Tannigel, Handbook of Percussion Instruments, (Mainz, Germany: Schott, 1976), 75.
5. "Musical saw in Honegger's opera "Antigone" starting from minute 27'23"
6. "Excerpt of a recording of "Jonny spielt auf" with musical saw playing from 2'30, from 2'54 and from 3'48"
7. ""All things strings" by Jo Nardolillo, p. 90"
8. "report of a performance of "The nose" in St.Petersburg 2004 with reference of the duet for balalaika and musical saw"
9. "Article about the flexatone part (musical saw) in Shostakovich's opera "The nose""
10. ""All things strings" by Jo Nardolillo, p.90"
11. "Article about the flexaton part (musical saw) in Khachaturian's piano concerto"
12. "article from "The Guardian" with reference of the musical saw part in Khachaturian's piano concerto (2013)"
13. "Report of the premiere of "Elegy for young lovers" with mentioning the musical saw GE"
14. Holland, James (2005). Practical Percussion: A Guide to the Instruments and Their Sources, p.23-4. ISBN 9781461670636.
15. http://www.boosey.com/cr/music/Jacob-Druckman-Aureole/4850
16. Daniels (2005), p.227.
17. Daniels (2005), p.240-2.
18. Daniels, David (2005). Orchestral Music: A Handbook, p.286. ISBN 9781461664253.
19. Daniels (2005), p.335.
20. Daniels (2005), p.399.
21. Girsberger, Russ (2004). Percussion Assignments for Band & Wind Ensemble: A - K, p.88. ISBN 9781574630305.
22. Thorn, Jesse (14 October 2014). "DJ Quik". Bullseye with Jesse Thorn (Podcast). Maximum Fun. Event occurs at 47:01. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

Further reading

• Del Mar, Norman (1983). Anatomy of the Orchestra, p. 427-8. ISBN 9780520050624.
• Rossing, Thomas D. (2000). Science of Percussion Instruments, p. 105. ISBN 9789810241582.