Fragaria vesca

Woodland strawberry
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Fragaria
Species: F. vesca
Binomial name
Fragaria vesca
L.

Fragaria vesca, commonly called wild strawberry, woodland strawberry, Alpine strawberry, European strawberry, or fraise des bois, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the rose family that grows naturally throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, and that produces edible fruits.[1][2]

Description

Five to eleven soft-hairy white flowers are borne on a green, soft-hairy 3–15 centimetres (1.2–5.9 in) stalk that usually lifts them above the leaves. The light-green leaves are trifoliate (in threes) with toothed margins. The plant spreads by means of runners (stolons).[3][4][5]

Taxonomy

Vilmorin-Andrieux (1885) makes a distinction between Wild or Wood Strawberries (Fragaria vesca) and Alpine Strawberries (Fragaria alpina), a distinction which is not made by most seed companies or nurseries, which usually sell Fragaria vesca as “Alpine strawberry”.

Under "Wild or Wood Strawberry" he says:

It has seldom been seen in gardens since the introduction of the Red Alpine Strawberry. ... Wood Strawberry possesses a quite particular perfume and delicacy of flavour. 2,500 seeds to the gramme.

Under "Alpine Strawberry" he says:

A very different plant to the Wood Strawberry, and distinguished by the greater size of all its parts — the fruit in particular — and especially by the property (which is particular to it) of producing flowers and fruit continuously all through the summer. ... The fruit has nearly the same appearance and flavour as that of the Wood Strawberry, but is generally larger, longer, and more pointed in shape. The seed is also perceptibly larger and longer. A gramme contains only about 1,500 seeds.

Alpine strawberry has an undeserved reputation among home gardeners as hard to grow from seed, often with rumors of long and sporadic germination times, cold pre-chilling requirements, etc. In reality, with proper handling of the very small seeds (which can easily be washed away with rough watering), 80% germination rates at 70°F within 1–2 weeks are easily achievable.

Ecology

Fragaria vesca, fruiting plant
Wild strawberry in Estonia, Pakri peninsula.

Typical habitat is along trails and roadsides, embankments, hillsides, stone- and gravel-laid paths and roads, meadows, young woodlands, sparse forest, woodland edges, and clearings. Often plants can be found where they do not get sufficient light to form fruit. In the southern part of its range, it can only grow in shady areas; further north it tolerates more sun.[6] It is tolerant of a variety of moisture levels (except very wet or dry conditions).[6] It can survive mild fires and/or establish itself after fires.[6]

Although F. vesca primarily propagates via runners, viable seeds are also found in soil seed banks and seem to germinate when the soil is disturbed (away from existing populations of F. vesca).[6]

Its leaves serve as significant food source for a variety of ungulates, such as mule deer and elk, and the fruit are eaten by a variety of mammals and birds that also help to distribute the seeds in their droppings.[6]

Genomics

The alpine strawberry is used as an indicator plant for diseases that affect the garden strawberry. It is also used as a genetic model plant for garden strawberry and the Rosaceae family in general, due to its:

The genome of Fragaria vesca was sequenced in 2010.[7]

Ploidy

All strawberry (Fragaria) species have a base haploid count of seven chromosomes; Fragaria vesca is diploid, having two pairs of these chromosomes for a total of 14.

Flower close-up
Leaf close-up
Fruit close-up

Cultivation and uses

Evidence from archaeological excavations suggests that Fragaria vesca has been consumed by humans since the Stone Age.[8] The woodland strawberry was first cultivated in ancient Persia where farmers knew the fruit as Toot Farangi. Its seeds were later taken along the Silk Road towards the far East and to Europe where it was widely cultivated until the 18th century, when it began to be replaced by the garden strawberry, (Fragaria × ananassa), which has much larger fruit and showed greater variation, making them better suited for further breeding.

Woodland strawberry fruit is strongly flavored, and is still collected and grown for domestic use and on a small scale commercially for the use of gourmets and as an ingredient for commercial jam, sauces, liqueurs, cosmetics and alternative medicine.

In Turkey hundreds of tons of wild fruit are harvested annually, mainly for export.[9] The Ottoman strawberry was once cultivated in large quantities in the Arnavutköy neighbourhood of Istanbul, and the strawberry is also known as the Arnavutköy variety.[10] It is also grown extensively near the town of Karadeniz Ereğli in Zonguldak province, Turkey. A festival to celebrate the Ottoman strawberry is held at Karadeniz Ereğli in June each year.[11]

Most of the cultivated varieties have a long flowering period (and have been considered by botanists as belonging to Fragaria vesca var. vesca ssp. semperflorens). They are usually called alpine strawberries. They either form runners or multiple crowns in a cluster, fruit over a very long period with larger fruit than the common wood strawberry, and are usually propagated by seeds or division of the plants. The type in cultivation is usually everbearing and produces few runners. Large-fruiting forms are known since the 18th century and were called "Fressant" in France.[12] Some cultivars have fruit that are white or yellow when fully ripe, instead of the normal red.

Plants tend to lose vigour after a few years[13] due to their abundant fruiting and flowering with final decline caused by viral diseases. Cultivars that form stolons are often used as groundcover, while cultivars that do not may be used as border plants. Some cultivars are bred for their ornamental value. Hybrids, Fragaria × vescana, have been created from crosses between woodland strawberry and garden strawberry. Hybrids between the woodland strawberry and the European species Fragaria viridis were in cultivation until around 1850, but are now lost.[14]

Fragaria vesca is sometimes used as an herbal medicine; an herbal tea made from the leaves, stems, and flowers is believed to aid in the treatment of diarrhoea.

Garden varieties currently in cultivation

[15][16][17]

Seed-propagated
Cultivars

Forms with runners are still found in old gardens.

Curious mutations have arisen and are sometimes grown by plantsmen and other connoisseurs of the unusual:

Chemistry

F. vesca contains the ellagitannin agrimoniin which is an isomer of sanguiin H-6.[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). "Fragaria vesca". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  2. ↑ "Fragaria vesca". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  3. ↑ Klinkenberg, Brian (Editor) (2014). "Fragaria vesca". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  4. ↑ Giblin, David (Editor) (2015). "Fragaria vesca". WTU Herbarium Image Collection. Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  5. ↑ "Fragaria vesca". Jepson eFlora: Taxon page. Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley. 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Munger, Gregory T. (2006). "Fragaria vesca". Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  7. ↑ Shulaev, Vladimir; et al. (Dec 2010), "The genome of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca)", Nature Genetics, 43 (2): 109–116, doi:10.1038/ng.740, PMC 3326587Freely accessible, PMID 21186353.
  8. ↑ "Internet Archaeol 1. Tomlinson & Hall. 7". intarch.ac.uk.
  9. ↑ Ece Turhan and Sevgi Paydas Kargi (June 2007), "Strawberry Production in Turkey" (full text PDF), Chronica Horticulturae, 47 (2): 18–20, ISSN 0578-039X
  10. ↑ "Turkish Cultural Foundation".
  11. ↑ http://www.megarevma.net/strawberry.htm
  12. ↑ Staudt, Günter (2003), Les dessins d'A. N. Duchesne pour son Histoire naturelle des fraisiers., Muséum Nat. d'histoire Naturelle, Paris
  13. ↑ Plants for a Future database entry for Fragaria vesca 'Semperflorens' — L.
  14. ↑ Staudt, Günter; Dimeglio, Laura M.; Davis, Thomas M.; Gerstberger, Pedro (December 2003), "Fragaria × bifera Duch.: Origin and taxonomy", Botanische Jahrbücher, 125 (1): 53–72, doi:10.1127/0006-8152/2003/0125-0053
  15. ↑ Wachsmuth, Brigitte (April 2009), "Von Monats-, Wald- und Moschuserdbeeren", Gartenpraxis, 35 (4): 20–28
  16. ↑ Brigitte Wachsmuth Annotated List Alpine, Wild, and Musk Strawberry Varieties Currently in Cultivation
  17. ↑ Wachsmuth, Brigitte (December 2010), "Wild, alpine and musk strawberries", The Plantsman, 9 (part 4): 245–249
  18. ↑ Chest of Books: William Curtis, The Botanical Magazine, or, Flower-Garden Displayed, Vol. 1
  19. ↑ Clarifying the Identity of the Main Ellagitannin in the Fruit of the Strawberry, Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa Duch. Urska Vrhovsek, Graziano Guella, Mattia Gasperotti, Elisa Pojer, Mirella Zancato and Fulvio Mattivi, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2012, 60 (10), pages 2507–2516, doi:10.1021/jf2052256
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