List of Frankish synods

A list of church synods held in the Frankish kingdom and its immediate predecessors in the Frankish area, including the Visigothic Kingdom, the Ostrogothic Kingdom, and the Kingdom of Burgundy.

Background and importance

Regional synods had been held regularly in the Church of Gaul, more than thirty of them between 314 and 506.[1] The synods listed here (some of which are also referred to as "General synods of the German empire") mark a particularly Germanic development in the Western Church: to the usual regional or provincial councils, Germanic peoples added a traditional element from their systems of government, the idea of a national council, which was influenced by the Christian East.[2]

They also indicate a growing congruence between church and state. While Arian rulers kept their distance from the general councils, Visigoth rulers began influencing the councils only after the conversion of Reccared I. As soon as they had established themselves, Merovingian kings (and the Carolingians after them) exerted their influence on the councils.[2] According to Gregory Halfond, such congruence was a particular quality of the Gallo-Roman church, in which the Roman aristocracy made up an important part of the leadership of the Gallo-Roman (and later the Frankish) church; continuity in this power nexus is indicated also by the continued use of Roman procedures in the councils.[3]

An early important churchman is Caesarius of Arles, who presided over the Visigoth synod held at Agde in 506,[4] and then over the Second Council of Orange (529) and the Second council of Vaison (529). The synods organized by Caesarius were regional, and were mostly concerned with conforming the canons and practices of the Church of Gaul to those of other Churches. At Orange, for instance, he had earlier (Pelagian) practices of the Gallic church anathematized, and at the ensuing council in Vaison liturgical conformity with other Churches (Italy, Africa, the East) was established.[5] A model for the following Frankish synods was set by Clovis I, who organized the First Council of Orléans (511); though he did not himself attend it, he set the agenda and followed the proceedings closely (at stake was "the unification of the Roman church under Frankish rule").[6] After the waning of Caesarius's influence and the establishment of Merovingian rule, the focus of the soon-to-be Frankish Church shifted north, to deal with the growing problem of adjusting to "deeply embedded Germanic practices"; rather than Pelagianism or Predestinatarianism, bishops now had to deal with problems involving "marriage, the relations between a warrior aristocracy and clergy, or monks and nuns, the conflicts born of royal influence and control, or of property rights".[5]

The basic model established by Clovis entailed a meeting of church leaders (at any level) which could be convoked by religious or secular authorities. The result of such meetings were ecclesiastical legislative decisions called canones.[6] Another aspect of synods was judicial: those who had transgressed ecclesiastical and other law were investigated and judged.[7] Finally, synods decided on matters of grants and privileges.[8]

Many of the synods (sometimes also called "councils"—"synod" is sometimes applied to smaller gatherings[9]), though not all, have what can be called "conciliar status," that is, they were convoked by a monarchical authority.[10] Especially in the Frankish church the great number of conciliar canons is evidence of the close relationship between the rulers and the church. By the eighth century, however, the regular organization of synods had largely disappeared, and when Boniface complained to Pope Zacharias in 742 that there hadn't been a synod in the Frankish church in at least eighty years, he was not exaggerating by much.[11][12] Boniface's Concilium Germanicum was the first of three "reform councils"[13] he organized in his attempts to reform the Frankish church.[14] He was only partially successful in his attempts, and never really succeeded in disentangling the close relationship between nobility and clergy, which in many cases had led to church property being owned by noblemen (who had been appointed bishops by Carolingian rulers, for instance to appease them) and their families.[12][15]

Post-Roman synods held in Gaul before the Frankish period

Visigoth synods

Ostrogoth synods

Burgundian synods

Frankish synods

Sixth century

Seventh century

Eighth century

Ninth century

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Halfond 2.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rahner 301-302.
  3. ↑ Halfond 4-6.
  4. ↑ Halfond 6.
  5. 1 2 Markus 155-56.
  6. 1 2 Halfond 8-9.
  7. ↑ Halfond 10-13.
  8. ↑ Halfond 12-13.
  9. ↑ Lumpe passim.
  10. ↑ Halfond viii, 21, 59.
  11. ↑ Hartmann 59.
  12. 1 2 3 Schuler 364.
  13. ↑ Wolf 1-5.
  14. ↑ There is some discussion on the appropriateness of the term "reform"; see Halfond 1.
  15. ↑ Schieffer.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Halfond, "Appendix A: Frankish Councils, 511-768." 223-46.
  17. ↑ Halfond 185 n.3.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Herbermann et al. 53.
  19. ↑ Acta Conciliorum tom. 3 col. 353
  20. ↑ Acta Conciliorum tom. 3 col. 355
  21. ↑ Delaney 579-80.
  22. ↑ Bachrach 25.
  23. ↑  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Columbanus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  24. ↑ Wolf passim.
  25. 1 2 Dierkens 15.
  26. ↑ Herbermann et al. 577-578.
  27. 1 2 Herberman et al. 276-78.
Bibliography
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