Fred R. Archer

Fred R. Archer (1889 – April 27, 1963), was an American photographer who collaborated with Ansel Adams to create the Zone System. He was a portrait photographer, specializing early in his career in portraits of Hollywood movie stars. He was associated with the artistic trend in photography known as pictorialism. He later became a photography teacher, and ran his own photography school for many years.

Along with Edward Weston, whose portrait he took, Archer was known as one of the "two big names in art photography in those days out on the west coast".[1] He socialized with and exchanged ideas with many other artists and intellectuals in Los Angeles for decades. He was "without a doubt, the individual with the longest history of participation in the Southern California Salon movement."[2]

Early life

Edward Weston, taken by Fred Archer in approximately 1915

Raised in Los Angeles, Archer was experimenting with pictorialist photography as early as 1915, when he made a portrait of Edward Weston. Archer served in a military aerial photography unit in France in World War I,[3] and returned to the United States in May, 1919.[4] He began studying commercial art, and photography was at that time a hobby of his. In less than a year, Archer gained critical attention in two east coast photography journals, American Photography [5] and Photo-era Magazine, which reported that he had exhibited five "somber" photos of the World War I battlefields of France at the Seventh Pittsburgh Salon.[6]

In the early 1920s, he was hired as assistant head of the Art Title Department for Universal Pictures and was promoted to head the department the following year.[4] He soon moved on to motion picture photography.

Hollywood portrait photographer

He worked for Warner Brothers as a portrait photographer until 1929, and later worked for Paramount Pictures. He also became a pioneer of advertising photography on the west coast.[4]

In 1928, he wrote an influential article along with fellow photographer Elmer Fryer called "Still photography in motion picture work".[7] Fryer succeeded Archer as head of photography at Warner Brothers in 1929.[8]

Their article described the importance of still photography in advertising, marketing, production reference work and trick photography. According to Archer and Fryer, "A good 'still' will attract and hold attention where many poor ones will receive but a passing glance. Photography has striven for years to gain acceptance among the arts and the struggle has been long and hard. It is only within the last few years that photography has been raised from pure mechanics and given its well deserved place with the other arts." [9] Their slogan was "the still sells the movies" which was a Hollywood truism for many years.

Teacher and photography school

In 1935,[10] Archer helped found the photography department[4] and served as professor of photography at the Art Center School.[11] Archer was considered "for many years a popular teacher and lecturer" who then went on to serve as director of education at his own Fred Archer School of Photography in Los Angeles,[12] which he founded after World War II.[13]

Zone System

Archer collaborated with Ansel Adams to codify the Zone System, which is a photographic technique for determining optimal film exposure and development.[14] The technique is based on the late 19th century sensitometry studies of Hurter and Driffield, and provides photographers with a systematic method of precisely defining the relationship between the way they visualize the photographic subject and the final results. Although it originated with black-and-white sheet film, the Zone System is also applicable to roll film, both black-and-white and color, negative and reversal, and to digital photography. Archer and Adams formulated the system while teaching together at the Art Center School in Los Angeles.[15]

Ansel Adams went out of his way to give Archer equal credit for the Zone System: "I take this opportunity to restate that the Zone System is not an invention of mine; it is a codification of the principles of sensitometry, worked out by Fred Archer and myself at the Art Center School in Los Angeles, around 1939-40."[16]

Fred Archer on Portraiture

Archer's only book, Fred Archer on Portraiture, was published in 1948.[10] The book was a "popular text" that "remained in print for a number of years", and was reviewed in several national photography magazines.[2]

Cover of Fred Archer on Portraiture

The book has twenty-one chapters:[17]

  1. Introduction to Portraiture
  2. Features and Character
  3. The Studio
  4. The Subject
  5. Posing and Placement
  6. Light
  7. Lights
  8. Lighting
  9. The Three-Quarter Lighting
  10. Camera Adjustments
  11. Exposure
  12. Developing the Portrait Negative
  13. The Side Light
  14. Front Lighting
  15. The Back Light
  16. Individual Physiognomy and Corrective Portraiture
  17. Makeup for Portraiture
  18. Retouching
  19. Portraiture by Controlled Daylight
  20. Glamour
  21. Creative Portraiture

Legacy

In 1959, Archer won the annual Stuyvesant Peabody Memorial Award, given to a member of the Photographic Society of America "who has contributed significantly to Pictorial Photography".[18]

Archer's photos were featured in a 1980-1981 show "Southern California Photography, 1900-1965: An Historical Survey" at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, alongside the work of Edward Weston, Man Ray, Robert Frank, Diane Arbus, and Imogen Cunningham. The show was part of the bicentennial celebration of Los Angeles.[19]

The Los Angeles County Museum of Art has seven photos by Archer in its permanent collection, including a self-portrait,[20] described as a "surrealistic image of his face merging with the front of a large format camera and an obedient fly resting on his trigger finger".[13]

References

  1. ↑ "psa Journal". psa Journal. Photographic Society of America. 15. 1949. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  2. 1 2 Dailey, Victoria; Shivers, Natalie Wilkins; Dawson, Michael (2003). LA's early moderns: art, architecture, photography. Balcony Press. p. 264.
  3. ↑ "Obituary". Los Angeles Times. May 1, 1963. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Maloney, Tom (1943). "Profile of Fred Archer". U.S. Camera: 193.
  5. ↑ "Our illustrations". American Photography. Boston: Camera Club of New York, Boston Photo-Clan, Photo-Pictorialists of Buffalo. 14 (1): 495–496. January 1920. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  6. ↑ Rypinski, M. C. (June 1920). "The 1920 Pittsburgh Salon". Photo-Era: The American Journal of Photography. Wilfred A. French. XLIV (6): 275. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  7. ↑ Dance, Robert; Robertson, Bruce (2002). Ruth Harriet Louise and Hollywood glamour photography. University of California Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0-520-23347-8.
  8. ↑ Elvehjem Museum of Art (1987). Hollywood glamour, 1924-1956: selected portraits from the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. Chazen Museum of Art.
  9. ↑ Archer, Fred; Fryer, Elmer (1928). "The Still Picture's Part in Motion Pictures". Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers.
  10. 1 2 McCarroll, Stacey; Sichel, Kim (2004). California dreamin': camera clubs and the pictorial photography tradition. Boston: Boston University Art Gallery. ISBN 978-1-881450-21-4.
  11. ↑ "Judges Select Winners of 'Times' Photo Contest". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. September 20, 1936. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  12. ↑ Deschin, Jacob (November 28, 1954). "NEW PHOTO LITERATURE; Additions to Technical Bookshelf Published". New York Times. New York, New York.
  13. 1 2 Sobieszek, Robert A.; Irmas, Deborah (1994). The camera i: photographic self-portraits from the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Collection. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
  14. ↑ Encyclopedia Americana. 30. Scholastic Library Publishing. 2006. p. 137. ISBN 0-7172-0139-2. By 1939 he had devised the Zone System...
    Robinson, Edward M. (2007). Crime scene photography. Academic Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-12-369383-7. ...Ansel Adams' zone system, formulated in 1939–1940.
  15. ↑ Simmons, Steve. Using the View Camera. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 84–95. ISBN 978-0-8174-6353-3.
  16. ↑ Dowdell, John J.; Zakia, Richard D. (1973). Zone systemizer for creative photographic control, Part 1. Morgan & Morgan. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-87100-040-8.
  17. ↑ Archer, Fred (December 1948). Fred Archer on Portraiture. San Francisco: Camera Craft Publishing Company.
  18. ↑ "Recognition of Service: Society Recognition Awards (SRA)". Photographic Society of America. 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  19. ↑ "Art Museum to Hold Photography Show". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. December 4, 1980. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Search Results: Fred R. Archer (United States, 1889 - 1963)". LACMA Collections Online. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Retrieved August 28, 2011.

External links

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