Gabriël Metsu

Gabriël Metsu

Man Writing a Letter (1662-1665), Oil on canvas, National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin
Born 1629
Leiden, Dutch Republic
Died buried 24 October 1667
Amsterdam, Dutch Republic
Nationality Dutch
Known for Painting

Gabriël Metsu (1629–1667) was a Dutch painter of history paintings, still lifes, portraits, and genre works. He was "a highly eclectic artist, who did not adhere to a consistent style, technique, or one type of subject for long periods."[1] Only 14 of his 133 works are dated.

Life

Woman Reading a Letter, (1665) (National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin).


Gabriel Metsu was the son of Jacques Metsu (c. 1588 – March 1629) a tapestry worker and painter, originally from Hainault, who lived most of his days at Leiden. In 1625 he married Jacomijntje Garniers (c. 1590 – September 1651), the widow of a painter with three children of her own. It is not known when and where Gabriel was baptized; most likely in a Catholic hidden church but the baptismal records did not survive. Gabriel grew up on Lange Mare and his stepfather, a skipper, must have supported his education, because his mother was a poor midwife.

In 1648 Metsu was registered among the first members of the painters' guild at Leiden. In 1650 he ceased to subscribe. Metsu was possibly trained in Utrecht by the Catholic painters Nicolaus Knüpfer and Jan Weenix.[2]

Around 1655 Metsu moved to Amsterdam; he lived in an alley on Prinsengracht, next to a brewery and near his relatives, the children of the sugar refiner Philips Metsu.[3] In 1657 he got into an argument with a neighbor. (It was alleged that Metsu left a brothel at six in the morning.) Gabriel moved to a house on the canal side, where a daily vegetable market was held. In 1658 he married Isabella de Wolff,[4] whose father was a potter and mother the painter Maria de Grebber.

At the onset of the 1660s Metsu turned for inspiration to the art of the "fijnschilders" from his native Leiden. Metsu was responding to the market of Dou's paintings,[5] who sold his paintings all over for exorbitant prices. Metsu may have also influenced Pieter de Hooch.

For a while Metsu trained Michiel van Musscher and Joost van Geel. Metsu died at the age 38 and was buried in the Nieuwe Kerk. Three bells were tolled; a habit in use with Dutch Catholics at that time. His widow left for Enkhuizen, to live with her mother. Isabella was buried in the Zuiderkerk in 1718.

Style and Works

Portrait of Lucia Wijbrands, the wife of Jan Jacobszoon Hinlopen, by Gabriel Metsu

According to Jacobus Houbraken, Metsu was taught by Gerard Dou, though prior to about 1653 his influence is not apparent.[6] Around 1653-4, Metsu began placing his figures in domestic interiors and specialized in genre scenes on small panels. Old people were among Metsu's favorite thematic borrowings from Dou during his first years in Amsterdam.[7] Metsu often painted young (single) women who either feed pets,[8] sold goods at market (fruit, vegetables, fish, poultry, or meat) or were grocery-shopping themselves for these things.[9] Houbraken ends his biography with the comment that he was "of impeccable reputation", but he may have meant this ironically. Often, the subject of a Metsu painting was based on a popular emblem from an emblem book. This can give the painting a double meaning, such as in The Poultry seller, 1662, showing an old man offering a rooster to a young girl in a symbolic pose that is based on a lewd engraving by Gillis van Breen (1595–1622), with the same scene.[10] The accompanying verse is:

“ "Hoe duur dees vogel vogelaer?" "hy is vercocht" "waer?"
How much for the bird, birdman? It's sold. Where?

"aen een waerdinne clear, die ick vogel tgeheele Jaer."

To an innkeepster, to whom I sell birds/that I have sex with the whole year through.
 ”
— Gillis van Breen after C. Clock. De vogelverkoper (gravure). Rijksprentenkabinet, Amsterdam.
An alley on Prinsengracht 369[11] close to where Metsu lived between number 351 and 353

The Sick Child in Rijksmuseum from c. 1664 "prompts the thought that Metsu strongly admired Vermeer's work. It also provides us with a hint about what he thought was lacking in it: emotional involvement of the viewer".[12]

Carpets

At least thirteen of his paintings show carpets and he probably used the same model.[13] He included several fine examples of minutely depicted floral and cloud band carpets in his works and even a silk oriental rug, as well as so-called "lotto" rugs which he for some reason, in contrast to his meticulous rendering of the floral carpets, depicted only in a very sketchy fashion.[14]

Two paintings of the Hinlopen family

Around the year 1661, Metsu won the patronage of the Amsterdam cloth merchant Jan J. Hinlopen and painted his family more than once in a fashionable surrounding. There is still some confusion about two paintings by Metsu — the Portrait of the family Hinlopen, now in the Gemäldegalerie, which for a few decades was referred to as The Family of burgomaster Gillis Valckenier, and Visit to the Nursery — in the Metropolitan Museum. There is some general resemblance. The latter belonged to Jan J. Hinlopen.

Visit to the Nursery

In 1662 Jan Vos published a poem about this painting.[15] It might depict the Hinlopen family, but as the sitters have not been identified this painting it is more a genre work than a portrait. In 1721 Arnold Houbraken recalled the latter painting as the largest and finest work by Metsu he had ever seen.[16] Franits calls it one of his most intriguing images. What makes this painting especially interesting is its provenance.[5] The provenance is well-known, except for between the years 1666 and 1706.[17] In 1680, after the burial of his brother and guardian Jacob J. Hinlopen the paintings were divided in lots and given to his daughters [18] but none of the paintings or painters is mentioned.

The scene is set in an imaginary room of unrealistically large proportions. The father gestures deferentially while a maid dutifully fetches a chair for this esteemed visitor.[19] The chimney resembles the one in the "schepenzaal" of former Amsterdam townhall, also painted by Pieter de Hooch.[20] There is a seascape on the wall and Persian carpets on the table and the floor.[21] The carpet on the table is divided into compartments, which are partly vermilion red and partly purple red, and shield-shaped. The dark blue color of the borders on the carpet are relatively unusual.[22] The dog in the painting could be a Bolognese. Hung in the reception room of Hinlopen's home, the Visit to the Nursery thus alluded to his powerful role in local politics.

Works

Notes

  1. ↑ A. Waiboer, "Gabriel Metsu. Life and Work. A Catalogue Raisonné", New Haven 2012, p. 1.
  2. ↑ Waiboer, A. (2005) The early years of Gabriël Metsu. In: The Burlington Magazine, No. 1223, Vol. CXLVII, p.80-90.
  3. ↑ "[ANONYMOUS] - Art Records". frick.org.
  4. ↑ The Speed Art Museum has a portrait of Metsu and his wife.
  5. 1 2 Franits, W. (2008) Dutch seventeenth-century Genre Painting. Its stylistic and thematic evolution, p. 182.
  6. ↑ Waiboer 2012, p. 11
  7. ↑ Waiboer 2012, p. 25, 33.
  8. ↑ Waiboer 2012, p. 110.
  9. ↑ Gabriel Metzu biography in De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen (1718) by Arnold Houbraken, courtesy of the Digital library for Dutch literature
  10. ↑ "E. de Jongh, 'Erotica in vogelperspectief. De dubbelzinnigheid van een reeks zeventiende-eeuwse genrevoorstellingen' · dbnl". dbnl.org.
  11. ↑ According to Stone-Ferrier, L. (1989), p. 448-452 it is where Metsu lived.
  12. ↑ Waiboer 2012, p. 130.
  13. ↑ Onno Ydema (1991) Carpets and their Datings in Netherlandish Paintings, 1540 - 1700, p. 31, 32. ISBN 90-6011-710-7.
  14. ↑ Onno Ydema (1991) Carpets and their Datings in Netherlandish Paintings, 1540 - 1700, p. 123.
  15. ↑ Vos, J. (1662) p. 654.
  16. ↑ Houbraken 1718-1721, vol. 3, p. 41.
  17. ↑ Judith van Gent, p. 134-135, notes 20, 22. See also note 4 and check provenance. The "extraordinary pretty" painting was sold as no. 2 on 18 May 1706 bringing up 435 guilders; for most people in those days more than a year salary.
  18. ↑ RAU 67-59. Familiearchief Huydecoper, on 11/7/1679, 12/8/1679 and 2/22/1680.
  19. ↑ Franits, W. (2008) Dutch seventeenth-century Genre Painting. Its stylistic and thematic evolution, p. 183.
  20. ↑ Os, H. van (2002) Beeldenstorm in het Paleis op de Dam, p. 28-33.
  21. ↑ Liedtke, W. (2007) Dutch Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, p. 463.
  22. ↑ Onno Ydema (1991) Carpets and their Datings in Netherlandish Paintings, 1540 - 1700, p. 74.
  23. ↑ "The Visit to the Nursery by Gabriël Metsu". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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