Gherman Titov

For the hockey player, see German Titov (ice hockey).
Gherman Stepanovich Titov

Gherman Titov, 1962

Gherman Titov in 1962
Cosmonaut
Nationality Russian
Born (1935-09-11)11 September 1935
Verkhneye Zhilino, Altai Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Died 20 September 2000(2000-09-20) (aged 65)
Moscow, Russia
Other occupation
 Pilot
Rank General-Colonel, Soviet Air Force
Time in space
 1d 01h 18m
Selection Air Force Group 1
Missions Vostok 2
Mission insignia
Awards

Gherman Stepanovich Titov (Russian: Герман Степанович Титов; 11 September 1935 – 20 September 2000) was a Soviet cosmonaut who, on 6 August 1961,[1] became the second human to orbit the Earth, aboard Vostok 2, preceded by Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1. He was the fourth person in space, counting suborbital voyages of US astronauts Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom.

Titov's flight finally proved that humans could live and work in space. He was the first person to orbit the Earth multiple times (a total of 17), to spend more than a day in space, to sleep in orbit and to suffer from space sickness. In fact, he also holds the record for being the first person to vomit in space.[2] He was the first to pilot a spaceship personally and he made the first manual photographs from orbit, thus setting a record for modern space photography. He also was the first person to film the Earth using, for ten minutes, a professional quality Konvas-Avtomat movie camera.[3][4] A month short of 26 years old at launch, he remains the youngest person to fly in space.[5]

In his subsequent life Titov continued to work for the Soviet space program, playing a major role in Spiral project where he trained to become the first pilot of an orbital spaceplane. However, after the death of Yuri Gagarin in a military aircraft accident in 1968 the Soviet government decided it couldn't afford to lose its second cosmonaut, and so Titov's career as test pilot ended.

Titov served in the Soviet Air Force and become General-Colonel, and in his final years in post-Soviet Russia he became a Communist politician. Despite having been chosen only second after Gagarin to fly into space, it was Titov who later proposed the Soviet Government regularly celebrate Cosmonautics Day on April 12, the day of Gagarin's flight.

Biography

Titov was born in the village of Verkhneye Zhilino in the Altai Krai and went to school at the Stalingrad Military Aviation School. After graduating as an air force pilot, he was selected for cosmonaut training in 1960.

Titov flew the Vostok 2 mission launched on 6 August 1961. It lasted for 25.3 hours and he performed 17 orbits of the earth. His call sign was Eagle (Russian: Орёл). He landed close to the town of Krasny Kut in Saratov Oblast, Russia. A month short of 26 years old at launch, he remains the youngest person to fly in space.[6][7] Titov was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, as were almost all the Soviet cosmonauts.

Titov was a fine sportsman, and keen on gymnastics:

"Service in the Air Force made us strong, both physically and morally. All of us cosmonauts took up sports and PT seriously when we served in the Air Force. I know that Yuri Gagarin was fond of ice hockey. He liked to play goal keeper. Gherman Titov was a gymnastics enthusiast, Andriyan Nikolayev liked skiing, Pavel Popovich went in for weight lifting. I don't think I am wrong when I say that sports became a fixture in the life of the cosmonauts."[8]

He was the first person to suffer from "space sickness" (motion sickness in space) and was also the first person to sleep in space. He slept for roughly one orbit and was surprised to wake with his arms floating in the air due to the absence of normal gravity. He returned to sleep after putting his arms under a security belt, then slept 30 minutes more than predicted by the flight plan. He stated that "Once you have your arms and legs arranged properly, space sleep is fine ... I slept like a baby".[9]

Though he had been suffering from space sickness during his orbit, Titov celebrated upon landing. His celebration is described as “”a fit of euphoria” after landing and on his return flight to Kubishev for debriefing, he alarmed the medical staff by opening and downing a beer in complete violation of the rules.”[10]

At a visit in Seattle, Titov was asked by reporters how his space flight affected his philosophy of life. He replied: "Sometimes people are saying that God is out there. I was looking around attentively all day but I didn’t find anybody there. I saw neither angels nor God."[11] The utterance was famously used in Soviet anti-religion propaganda, but it was misattributed to Yuri Gagarin.[12]

Following his space flight, Titov assumed various senior positions in the Soviet space programme until his retirement in 1992. In 1995, he was elected to the State Duma as a member of the Communist Party. He died of cardiac arrest in his sauna at the age of 65 in Moscow. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Also following his flight in Vostok 2, Titov would land and be sent to the hospital for further testing to ensure that he was not sick. Post Vostok 2 Titov reportedly engaged in behaviors that could be considered unacceptable for someone working within the space program.[10] Titov is reported to have been enthralled in his love of women, excessive drinking, and fast cars which caused some to theorize that his behavior had potentially been another side effect of the space sickness he experienced from zero gravity. Further testing would reveal that this was not the case.[10]

Awards and legacy

Gherman Titov on a Russian stamp

Gherman Titov was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, two Orders of Lenin, and numerous medals and foreign orders. He was bestowed the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor of Bulgaria, Hero of Labour of Vietnam, and Hero of Mongolia. Titov crater on the far side of the moon and an island in Halong Bay are named after him, Ti Tốp Island.

On 6 August 2011, the 50th anniversary of Titov's flight, the reconstructed and expanded Gherman Titov Museum was opened in his native village of Polkovnikovo, Altai Krai.[13]

Cultural references

In Arthur C. Clarke's 2010: Odyssey Two (and the film adaptation 2010), the opening scene features a conversation between Dimitri Moisevitch of the Soviet Space Council and Dr. Heywood Floyd. When Moisevitch informs Floyd that the Soviets will be travelling to Jupiter on their new spaceship the Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, Floyd is initially puzzled, claiming that he thought the ship was to be named after Gherman Titov. In the book, Moisevitch just mentioned that it had been changed to Leonov; in the film, he replies that Titov has fallen out of favour, though he does not elaborate.

BBC Radio 4's Afternoon Play on 12 April 2011, Titanium, features Titov as narrator during the training and flight of Yuri Gagarin. It was part of a week to celebrate the 50 anniversary of Gagarin's flight.

Honours and awards

Titov, Nikita Khrushchev and Yuri Gagarin at Red Square in Moscow, 20 November 1961
Russia and the USSR
Foreign awards

References

  1. ↑ Cosmonaut. Russian Orbits Globe 17 Times, 1961/08/07 (1961). Universal Newsreel. 1961. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
  2. ↑ Guinness World Records 2013, Page 027. ISBN 9781904994879
  3. ↑ "Titov". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  4. ↑ "The first pictures of Earth marks 50 years". Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  5. ↑ Титов Герман Степанович [Gherman Stepanovich Titov] (in Russian). Герои Страны. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
  6. ↑ BBC News (August 6, 2007). "1961: Russian cosmonaut spends day in space". BBC News. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  7. ↑ Zak, Anatoly (2000). "Russia Cosmonaut Gherman Titov Dies". Space.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2001. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  8. ↑ Bykovsky quoted in Gavrilin, p26-7
  9. ↑ English version of Titov's biography.
  10. 1 2 3 Evans, Ben. Escaping the Bonds of Earth: The Fifties and the Sixties. Springer-Praxis Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-387-79093-0.
  11. ↑ Soviet Cosmonaut Gherman Titov visits Seattle's Century 21 Exposition on May 5 and May 6, 1962 HistoryLink.org. Essay 10104.
  12. ↑ "I am proud to be accused of having introduced Yury Gagarin to Orthodoxy". Interfax-religion.com. 12 April 2006. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  13. ↑ The Memorial Museum of Gherman Titov is opened in Altai Krai after a large scale reconstruction (Russian)

Additional reading

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