Glass Sea Creatures

A sample of the Blaschka Glass Sea Creatures

The Glass Sea Creatures, alternatively called Glass Marine Invertebrates, Blaschka Invertebrate Models, or simply the Glass Jellyfish, are earlier works of glass artists Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka. The predecessors of the Glass Flowers, the Blaschkas established a successful mail-order business of supplying museums and private collectors around the world with sets of glass models of marine invertebrates.

Between 1863 and 1980, the Blaschkas — working in Dresden, Germany — executed at least 10,000 of these highly detailed glass models, representing some 700 different species.[1]

A number of large collections of the models are held by museums and other academic institutions. Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology holds 430 items in its Blaschka Glass Invertebrate Collection and displays about 60 at any given time).[2] Cornell University has about 570 items in its collection and has restored some 170 of these,[3] with many others in its collection stored at the Corning Museum of Glass in Corning, New York.[4] Other models are held around the world, including at the Boston Museum of Science; Natural History Museum in London; National Museum of Ireland in Dublin; Redpath Museum of McGill University in Montreal; Natural History Museum in Geneva; Hancock Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne, England; and Aquarium-Museum in Liège, Belgium.[5]

Inspiration

Rudolf (standing), Caroline, and Leopold Blaschka in the garden of their Dresden home

In 1853, shortly after the death of his father and wife Caroline, the latter to a cholera epidemic, Leopold Blaschka - grief stricken and in need of a vacation - traveled to the United States. En route, however, and the ship was becalmed and lay still upon the sea for two weeks.[6] During this period of forced idleness, Leopold studied and sketched the local marine invertebrate population, intrigued by the transparency of their bodies which was next of kin to the glass his family had long worked.[7] Indeed, Leopold felt a sense of quiet, inspirational, wonder at these luminescent ocean dwellers, a sense which he we recorded and has been since translated by a Henri Reiling: "It is a beautiful night in May. Hopeful, we look out over the darkness of the sea, which is as smooth as a mirror; there emerges all around in various places a flashlike bundle of light beams, as if it is surrounded by thousands of sparks, that form true bundles of fire and of other bright lighting spots, and the seemingly mirrored stars. There emerges close before us a small spot in a sharp greenish light, which becomes ever larger and larger and finally becomes a bright shining sunlike figure."[8]

This sense of wonder would fuel his later work but, in the meantime and upon his return to Dresden, Leopold focused on his family business which was the production the glass eyes, costume ornaments, lab equipment, and other such fancy goods and specialty items that only a master Lampworker could accomplish;[9] plus the task of furthering the training of his son and apprentice (and eventual successor), Rudolf Blaschka. However, like anyone, he did have free time, and his hobby was to make glass models of plants - as opposed to invertebrates. This would, many years later, become a base for the fabled Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants (otherwise known as the Glass Flowers), but, for the moment, such artistry was naught but an amusing and profitless pastime done between his various commissions.[9] Yet, unsurprisingly given their stunning quality, this amusing hobby - itself born out of seeking consolation in nature upon his wife's death - attracted attention. Aristocratic attention, as it turned out, specifically the eyes of Prince Camille de Rohan who, being something of a naturalist himself, commissioned the Blaschkas to craft 100 glass orchids for his private collection.[10] Naturally the Prince was more than a little impressed by the mastery Leopold's work, and "between 1860 and 1862, the prince exhibited about 100 models of orchids and other exotic plants, which he displayed on two artificial tree trunks in his palace in Prague,"[8] a fateful act which brought the skill of the Blaschkas to the attention of another - man whom the Prince had actually once introduced to Leopold: a certain Professor Ludwig Reichenbach.[11]

Reichenbach's request

Professor Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach

Director of the natural history museum in Dresden, Prof. Reichenbach was faced with an annoying yet seemingly unsolvable problem in regards to showing marine life. Land-based flora and fauna was not an issue, for it was a relatively simple matter to exhibit mounted and stuffed creatures such as gorillas and elephants, there lifelike poses attracting and exciting the museums visitors. Invertebrates, however, and by their very nature, posed a problem.[7][10][12] In the 19th century the only practiced method of showcasing them was to take a live specimen and place it in a sealed jar of alcohol.[13] This of course killed it but, more importantly, time and their lack of hard parts eventually rendered them into little more than colorless floating blobs of jelly. Neither pretty nor a terribly effective teaching tool, Prof. Reichenbach wanted something more, specifically 3D colored models of marine invertebrates that were both lifelike and able to stand the test of time.[9] And, per remarkably coincidence, in 1863 "saw an exhibition of highly detailed, realistic glass flowers created by a Bohemian lampworker named Leopold Blaschka."[14]

Blaschka model of sea anemones

Enchanted by the botanical models and positive that Leopold held the key to ending his own showcasing issue, in 1863[7] Reichenbach convinced and commissioned Leopold to produce twelve model sea anemones.[10][11][15] These marine models, hailed as "an artistic marvel in the field of science and a scientific marvel in the field of art,"[16] were a great improvement on previous methods of presenting such creatures: drawings, pressing, photographs and papier-mâché or wax models.[7][17] and exactly what Prof. Reichenbach needed. Moreover they, at last, provided an outlet for the wonder Leopold had felt all those years ago when observing the phosphorescent ocean life. The key fact, though, was that these glass marine models were, as would soon be acknowledged, "perfectly true to nature,"[18] and as such represented an extraordinary opportunity boh for the scientific community and the Blaschkas themselves. Knowing this and thrilled with his newly acquired set of glass sea creatures, Reichenbach advised Leopold to drop his current and generations long family business of glass fancy goods and the like in favor of selling glass marine invertebrates to museums, aquaria, universities, and private collectors.[7][19] Advice which would prove wise and fateful both economically and scientifically, for Leopold did as the Dresden natural history museum director suggested.

A successful business

Blaschka model of jellyfish

Unlike the eventual Glass Flower, a private commission to a single University's museum, the Glass Sea Creatures were a global enterprise; and not just for museums and other such educational institutes, for "as popular interest in the history and sciences of the natural world burgeoned during the latter half of the 19th century, the sea became particularly alluring. The spread of home aquariums and the advent of deep-sea diving revealed a new frontier, filled with wondrous and unusual creatures."[20] In short, for the first time since Darwin, there was great universal interest in the natural world, and it became a sign of culture, of worldliness and sophistication, to exhibit examples of life in one's drawing rooms and parlors.[21] Hence private individuals were after these extraordinary models as well, and the Blaschkas, knowing this and knowing that Reichenbach was correct in that many museums would want them, made a mail-order business out of it. This business was hugely successful and they ended up making and selling a believed 10,000 of glass invertebrates dispersed in a diaspora of shipments all across the globe.[2][22] Indeed, "the world had never seen anything quite like the beautiful, scientifically accurate Blaschka models"[23] and yet they were available via so common a means as via mail-order per one's local card catalog. Not glorious, perhaps, but highly effective, and museums and universities began purchasing them en mass to put on display much as Prof. Reichenbach had - for natural history museums directors the world over had had a the same marine invertebrate showcasing problem.[8] In short, Blaschkas Glass Sea Creature mail-order enterprise succeeded for two reason: 1- there was a huge and global demand; 2- they were the only and best glass artists capable of crafting literally scientifically flawless models. Initially the designs for these were based on drawings in books, but Leopold was soon able to use his earlier drawings to produce highly detailed models of other species,[7] and his reputation quickly spread.[10]

As Leopold truthfully wrote in an English-language trade catalog (which the Rakow Research Library at The Corning Museum of Glass has thankfully preserved):"[Models of invertebrate animals] have been purchased by... museums and scholastic establishments in all the quarters of the globe... in New Zealand... in Tokio [sic], Japan... for the Indian Museum in Calcutta... in the United States of America by Professor Ward's Natural Science Establishment in Rochester, New York; for the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts; for the Boston Society of Natural History; the University of Cornell; the Wellesley Female College... In Great Britain, Scotland and Ireland, copies have been conveyed to London, Edinburgh and Dublin... In Austria, orders have not only been made for the Imperial Royal Court collection, but also for the universities in Innsbruck, Graz, Czernovitz, and so forth. In Germany, purchases have been made for the universities of Berlin, Bonn, Koenigsberg, Jena, Leipzig, Rostock and many other museums."[8] Furthermore, Leopold gradually extended his range of work by studying marine animals from the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Mediterranean,[7] and later constructed an aquarium at his house, in order to keep live specimens from which to model.[10]

Yet, interestingly, the fate of the marine invertebrate mail-order business was ultimately to be tied to those bought by Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology. At some time after the museum's founding in 1859, a collection of 430 Glass Sea Creatures were purchased by either Professor Louis Agassiz, the first director, or his son and successor Alexander Agassiz.[24] This set was not the largest ever sold and the models were no different from any of the others made by the Blaschkas, but, again, their affect was to be greater than all the rest combined.

From invertebrates to flowers

Professor George Lincoln Goodale

Paradoxically and in historically circular twist, the reason that the Glass Sea Creatures sold to Harvard were to prove so crucial was because the University would soon, and did, open its new Botanical Museum in 1888. Given in effect a series of empty rooms and invited to make a museum for teaching botany, the first director, Professor George Lincoln Goodale, faced a familiar problem.[9] At that time, Harvard was the global center of botanical study and, as such, Prof. Goodale wanted the best for his students, but the only used method was showcasing pressed and carefully labeled botanical specimens — a methodology that offered a twofold problem: being pressed, the specimens were two-dimensional and tended to lose their color.[25][26] Hence they were hardly the ideal teaching tools.[9] In fact, Goodale's problem was essentially the same as Reichenbach's had been, but applied to botany rather than marine biology for, in both cases, the practiced method of exhibition robbed the specimens of color and three-dimensional form.

A glass model of a cactus at the Harvard Museum of Natural History

Moreover and also like Prof. Reichenbach, Prof. Goodale first learned of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschkas' skill per an exhibition - that being the Glass Sea Creatures belonging to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. And, like Reichenbach, upon seeing the Blaschkas' work Goodale was instantly sure that they held the answer to his showcasing problem. Thus, in yet another direct historical parallel, in 1886 the Blaschkas were approached by Professor Goodale for the sole purpose of finding them, with a request to make a series of glass botanical models for Harvard. Naturally Leopold was initially unwilling as, again, his current business of selling glass marine invertebrates was booming; but, eventually, the famed glass artists agreed to send test-models to the U.S. and, although damaged in customs,[27] the fragments convinced Goodale that Blaschka glass art was a more than worthy educational investment. Thus, with the generous sponsorship of Elizabeth C. Ware and her daughter Mary, the initial contract was signed and dictated that the Blaschkas need only work half-time on the models, thus allowing them to continue their production of the Glass Sea Creatures. However, in 1890, they and Goodale - acting on behalf of the Wares - signed an updated version that allowed Leopold and Rudolf to work on them (the Glass Flowers) full-time;[28][29][30] though some sources describe the agreement as a shift from a 3-year contract to a 10-year one, agreed to once Goodale convinced Mary and her mother of the wisdom in doing so.[31] Regardless, the production and time of the Glass Sea Creatures was over, their fame as well as the attention of their makers shifting to the Glass Flowers - a project that, fifty years later, ended with the death of the Blaschkas.

The models today

Today, over a century after their making, the Glass Sea Creatures live in the shadow of their younger botanical cousins, so much so that many of those well aware of the Glass Flowers have never even heard of them. The fact is that, "gradually, these glass animals began to disappear, their habitats shifting into dusty closets and museum storage. People began to forget that these incredible glass creations had existed in the first place."[23]

Cornell

In 1885 Andrew Dixon White, first president of Cornell University, authorized purchase of 570 Glass Sea Creatures,[32] "some of which are on exhibit at Corson Mudd Hall and the Herbert F. Johnson Museum, making Cornell one of the few universities in the world where students and the public can view these wondrous creations."[33] However and like so many of their counterpart collections, they were neglected after a time and, in this case, remained forgotten under dust and and grit until the latter half of the 20th century.[32] Currently Cornell has restored approximately 170 of the models thus far and "restoration work will continue as funding allows."[34]

Corning

With a collection 700 models bought in 1888,[35] the Corning Museum of Glass boast one of the largest stashes of Glass Sea Creatures. Displayed (at least in part) in an exhibition named Fragile Legacy, "researchers at Cornell are using the collection as a time capsule for seeking out and documenting the creatures still living in our oceans today." In addition, Corning's exhibit allows visitors to try their own hands at crafting glass sea slugs[36] as well as view subsequent works inspired by the Blaschkas.[37] The exhibit is open through January 8, 2017. Finally, Corning Museum of Glass has produced a movie entitled Fragile Legacy exploring the related topics of the Glass Sea Creatures and the living ones they represent.

Harvard

Indeed, even those specimens purchased by Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) suffered a degree of neglect; they were not forgotten, but they were scattered much as the quote above describes, across several departments, and it was believed that the University only possessed 60-70 models (rather than the actual 430).[38] Recently Harvard has restored and, to best of their abilities, repaired the Glass Sea Creatures thanks to the hired help of a Preservation Specialist and Glass Worker named Elizabeth Brill (a woman who, thankfully, is also knowledgeable in marine biology); today they form the Harvard Museum of Natural History Sea Creatures in Glass display which, when combined with the Glass Flowers, form the "largest Blaschka collection on display in the world."[39]

Harvard's renovation exhibit

Front view of Harvard's temporary renovation exhibit

For a several month period beginning in 2015 and set to end in the early summer of 2016, the HMNH set up a "temporary display highlighting twenty-seven of the most popular plant models as well as some items from the Blaschka archives"[40] while the main Glass Flowers exhibit is under renovation. This exhibit was unique because it was the first recorded time that the Glass Flowers have been jointly exhibited with the Glass Sea Creatures in a major and equal display.[40] The renovation exhibit was dismantled when, on May 21, 2016, the main Glass Flowers exhibit reopened. The Glass Sea Creatures remain, however and as before, as a permanent exhibit.

University of Wisconsin–Madison

In 2007 the University of Wisconsin–Madison Zoological Museum accidentally uncovered their hitherto forgotten 50-model collection in a "series of keyholes under the exhibit cases along a first-floor corridor[20] Paula Holahan, one of the curators and the one who made the incredible discovery, correctly states that "It's not uncommon to find things packed away in any museum that is over 100 years old." But, regardless, the years have taken their toll and the specimens, currently too brittle to be publicly displayed, must remain in storage until conservation measures are funded and completed. Sadly though these funds are not materializing, so the museum hopes to one willing to sponsor the restoration before the effects of age become irreversible.[20]

Lost works

Many of the Glass Sea Creatures are yet to be located; the Leopolds' record books tell where many of the shipments went,[41] yet the condition and current whereabouts of the majority of these collections remains unknown. The original six glass sea anemones purchased by Professor Reichenbach in 1863 as well as the rest of that first collection were destroyed in the Bombing of Dresden in World War II.[42]

References

  1. ↑ Crystal Sarakas, Corning exhibit shows sea creatures in glass, Democrat & Chronicle (August 6, 2016).
  2. 1 2 Blaschka Glass Invertebrate Collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (2016).
  3. ↑ Out of the Teeming Sea: The Cornell Collection of Blaschka Invertebrate Models, Albert R. Mann Library, Cornell University.
  4. ↑ More Info, Out of the Teeming Sea: The Cornell Collection of Blaschka Invertebrate Models], Albert R. Mann Library, Cornell University.
  5. ↑ Blaschkas Around the World, Corning Museum of Glass.
  6. ↑ Corning Museum of Glass: Blaschkas’ Glass Models of Invertebrate Animals (1863–1890) - http://www.cmog.org/article/blaschkas-glass-models-invertebrate-animals-1863-1890
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Förderverein "Naturwissenschaftliche Glaskunst Blaschka-Haus e. V". (The Promotional Association "Scientific Glass Art – Blaschka-Haus e. V.")". Urania-dresden.de. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
      Short title: "Blaschka – English version". Translation by Peter Silbernagl. Lead sentence: "In September 2000, an association was founded in Dresden-Hosterwitz with the aim to establish a museum-type memorial for the work of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka and to treasure the memory of those two glass-artists."
      Earliest English-language title: The Association "Naturwissenschaftliche Glaskunst – Blaschka-Haus e.V.". Johanna Dühning, Chairman of the Association; translation by Benjamin Pentzold (archived 2002-09-10).
  8. 1 2 3 4 Corning Museum of Glass: Blaschkas' Glass Models of Invertebrate Animals (1863–1890) - http://www.cmog.org/article/blaschkas-glass-models-invertebrate-animals-1863-1890
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Harvard University Herbaria and Botany Libraries
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Leopold + Rudolf Blaschka {...} The Glass Aquarium {...}". Design Museum (designmuseum.org). Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  11. 1 2 A Tale of Two Glassworkers and Their Marine Marvels - http://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/a-tale-of-two-glassworkers-and-their-marine-marvels/
  12. ↑ Cornell University - http://blaschkagallery.mannlib.cornell.edu/intro.php
  13. ↑ The Blaschka Archive - http://www.cmog.org/research/library/collections/digital/blaschka
  14. ↑ The Blaschka Archive - http://www.cmog.org/research/library/collections/digital/blaschka
  15. ↑ Museum of Natural History Berlin, Historical collection of pictures and writings - Katalog über Blaschka's Modelle, L. Blaschka, Dresden, 1885
  16. ↑ https://museum.wales/articles/2007-05-15/Sea-creatures-of-the-deep---the-Blaschka-Glass-models/
  17. ↑ Goodyear, Anne Collins, and Weitekamp, Margaret A. Analyzing Art and Aesthetics. Artefacts: Studies in the History of Science and Technology ; v. 9. 2013.
  18. ↑ Fragile Legacy: The Marine Invertebrate Glass Models of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka - https://www.cmog.org/collection/exhibitions/blaschka
  19. ↑ "Leopold + Rudolf Blaschka {...} The Glass Aquarium {...}". Design Museum (designmuseum.org). Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  20. 1 2 3 University of Wisconsin–Madison: ‘Glass menagerie:’ Museum unearths exotic stash of glass sea creatures - http://news.wisc.edu/glass-menagerie-museum-unearths-exotic-stash-of-glass-sea-creatures/
  21. ↑ Restoring Blaschka Sea Creatures in Glass - http://hmnh.harvard.edu/file/429666
  22. ↑ http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2016/10/exhibition-talk-film-explore-sea-glass
  23. 1 2 http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-delicate-glass-sea-creatures-of-leopold-and-rudolf-blaschka
  24. ↑ Restoring Blaschka Sea Creatures in Glass - http://hmnh.harvard.edu/file/429666
  25. ↑ http://hmnh.harvard.edu/glass-flowers
  26. ↑ http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/goodale-george.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
  27. ↑ http://www.cmog.org/article/glass-flowers
  28. ↑ Schultes, Richard Evans., William A. Davis, and Hillel Burger. The Glass Flowers at Harvard. New York: Dutton, 1982. Print.
  29. ↑ "The Archives of Rudolph and Leopold Blaschka and the Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants". Harvard University Herbaria. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  30. ↑ The Corning Museum of Glass (Blaschkas’ Glass Botanical Models (1886–1936)) - http://www.cmog.org/article/blaschkas-glass-botanical-models-1886-1936
  31. ↑ Rossi-Wilcox, Susan M., and David Whitehouse. Drawing upon Nature: Studies for the Blaschkas' Glass Models. Corning, NY: Corning Museum of Glass, 2007. Print.
  32. 1 2 http://fragilelegacy.info/
  33. ↑ Cornell University: History of the Blaschka Collection - http://blaschkagallery.mannlib.cornell.edu/history.php
  34. ↑ http://blaschkagallery.mannlib.cornell.edu/index.php
  35. ↑ Fragile Legacy: The Marine Invertebrate Glass Models of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka - https://www.cmog.org/collection/exhibitions/blaschka
  36. ↑ Fragile Legacy - http://www.cmog.org/fragile-legacy
  37. ↑ Inspired by Blaschka - http://www.cmog.org/set/inspired-blaschka
  38. ↑ Restoring Blaschka Sea Creatures in Glass - http://hmnh.harvard.edu/file/429666
  39. ↑ Restoring Blaschka Sea Creatures in Glass - http://hmnh.harvard.edu/file/429666
  40. 1 2 Glass Flowers Renovation Project Frequently Asked Questions (Harvard University Herbaria and Botany Libraries)
  41. ↑ https://dm.cmog.org/blaschka/blaschka_web.html
  42. ↑ Museum of Natural History Berlin, Historical collection of pictures and writings - Katalog über Blaschka's Modelle, L. Blaschka, Dresden, 1885

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