Cuddalore

This article is about the municipality in Tamil Nadu, India. For its namesake district, see Cuddalore district.
Cuddalore
கடலூர்
City

A pyramidal temple tower with sky in the background

Image of the temple tower of Pataleeswarar temple in Cuddalore
Nickname(s): Fish city
Cuddalore

Location in Tamil Nadu, India

Coordinates: 11°45′N 79°45′E / 11.75°N 79.75°E / 11.75; 79.75Coordinates: 11°45′N 79°45′E / 11.75°N 79.75°E / 11.75; 79.75
Country  India
State Tamil Nadu
District Cuddalore
Government
 • Type Special grade Municipality
 • Body Municipal Council
Elevation 1 m (3 ft)
Population (2011)
 • Total 173,676
Languages
 • Official Tamil
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 607001
Telephone code 04142
Vehicle registration TN-31

Cuddalore i/kʌdəˈlɔər/ is a city which is the headquarters of the Cuddalore District in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Scholars believe the name Cuddalore is derived from Koodalur, meaning confluence in Tamil. While the early history of Cuddalore remains unclear, the town first rose to prominence during the reign of Pallavas and Medieval Cholas. After the fall of Cholas, the town was ruled by various dynasties like Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur Nayaks, Thajavur Marathas, Tipu Sultan, French and the British Empire. Cuddalore was the scene of Seven Years' War and the Battle of Cuddalore in 1758 between the French and British. It has been a part of independent India since 1947. During the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Cuddalore was one of the affected towns, with 572 casualties.

Apart from fishing and port related industries, Cuddalore houses chemical, pharmacological and energy industries in SIPCOT, an industrial estate set up by the state government. The town is administered by a special-grade municipality covering an area of 27.69 km2 (10.69 sq mi) and had a population of 173,676 in 2011. Cuddalore is a part of the Cuddalore legislative assembly constituency which is a part of the Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency. There are a total of nine schools, two arts and science colleges and two engineering colleges in the town. There is one government hospital, six municipal maternity homes and 37 other private hospitals that take care of the healthcare needs of the citizens. Roadways are the major means of transportation, while the town also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport is Chennai International Airport, located 200 km (120 mi) away from the town. The nearest major seaport is Karaikal port, located 100 km (62 mi) away from the town.

Etymology

Prior to English control, Cuddalore was called "Koodalur" meaning "confluence" in Tamil. It is the place where the Pennaiyar, Kedilam, Paravanar and Uppanaar rivers join. The Cuddalore district historically consisted of "Chola Naadu" and "Nadu Naadu". The name Nadu Naadu meaning "middle country", may originate from its location between Chola Nadu and "Thondai Mandalam"; or between the "Pallava Kingdom" and the "Chola Kingdom"; or between central territories and the ocean.

History

an art depicting a war between two horse troops
The siege of Cuddalore in 1783

From ancient times the old town has been a seaport. For two centuries, Cuddalore had been subject to a number of foreign powers including the Netherlands, Portugal, France and more recently, the British. In the early 17th century the Dutch obtained permission from the ruler of Cuddalore to build a fort there, but political pressure from their Portuguese rivals forced them to abandon it. Later, the French and English came to Cuddalore for trade and business. The French established a settlement 10 miles up the coast at Pondicherry in 1674, followed in 1690 by the British settlement of Fort St. David at Cuddalore.

During the 18th century various wars between the European powers spilled over to their colonial empires, and to their allies, including those in the Indian sub-continent. During this period the French and British fought several times in the area. In 1746, during First Carnatic War, part of the War of the Austrian Succession, French forces besieged the British at Fort St. David for several months before being driven off in 1747. In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, the Fort was taken by the French, and there was an inconclusive naval action, the Battle of Cuddalore, off the coast. The fort was later abandoned, in 1760, when the British attacked Pondicherry. In 1782, during the Second Anglo-Mysore War, at the time of the American War of Independence, the French again took Cuddalore, and were besieged there in 1783 by the British. During the siege French and British naval forces again clashed off the Cuddalore coast. The siege failed, but the fort was returned to the British in 1795. In all there were five different naval actions off the coast during this period, all of which were indecisive.[1]

Some streets in Cuddalore retain their British names, such as Clive Street, Wellington Street, Sloper Street, Canning Street, Rope Street (Rope Street, Wellington Street, Sloper Street and Canning Street jointly known as Salangukara Village), Lawrence Road and Imperial Road. The Cuddalore Central Prison, opened in 1865, is an historically important landmark. Subramania Bharati and other political leaders served prison terms there.

a painting depicting a war between two horse troops
The siege of Cuddalore in 1783 in sea

Tsunami waves that followed the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake near Sumatra hit the eastern coast of India on 26 December 2004 at 0832h, resulting in 572 casualties. Several fishing hamlets disappeared, while Silver Beach and the historically important Cuddalore Port were devastated. Fort St. David survived without damage. In 2012, Cyclone Thane caused widespread damage to crops and buildings.

Geography

Cuddalore is located at 11°45′N 79°45′E / 11.75°N 79.75°E / 11.75; 79.75. It has an average elevation of 6 m (20 ft). The land is completely flat with large deposits of black and alluvial soil inland and coarse sand near the seashore. The sandstone deposits in the town are popular. The Pennayar river runs north of the town, while Gadilam river runs across it. Cuddalore is situated at a distance of 200 km (120 mi) from the state capital Chennai and 18 km (11 mi) from Puducherry, the neighbouring union territory. The nearest airport is at Chennai, 200 km (120 mi) kilometres from Cuddalore.[2] The period from November to February in Cuddalore is pleasant, with a climate full of warm days and cool nights. The onset of summer is from March, with the mercury reaching its peak by the end of May and June. The average temperatures range from 37 °C (99 °F) in January to 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) in May and June. Summer rains are sparse and the first monsoon, the South-West monsoon, sets in June and continues till September. North-East monsoon sets in October and continues till January. The rainfall during South-West monsoon period is much lower than that of North-East monsoon. The average rainfall is 1,400 mm (55 in), most of which is contributed by the North-East monsoon.[3]

Climate

Cuddalore experiences a Tropical wet and dry climate under the Köppen climate classification.

Climate data for Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 28.1
(82.6)		 29.2
(84.6)		 31.1
(88)		 33.2
(91.8)		 36.1
(97)		 37.0
(98.6)		 35.5
(95.9)		 34.6
(94.3)		 34.0
(93.2)		 31.7
(89.1)		 29.1
(84.4)		 28.0
(82.4)		 32.3
(90.16)
Average low °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4)		 21.2
(70.2)		 23.0
(73.4)		 25.8
(78.4)		 27.1
(80.8)		 27.0
(80.6)		 26.1
(79)		 25.4
(77.7)		 25.1
(77.2)		 24.3
(75.7)		 22.8
(73)		 21.5
(70.7)		 24.18
(75.51)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 30
(1.18)		 13
(0.51)		 11
(0.43)		 16
(0.63)		 46
(1.81)		 38
(1.5)		 85
(3.35)		 144
(5.67)		 121
(4.76)		 247
(9.72)		 329
(12.95)		 172
(6.77)		 1,252
(49.28)
Source: Climate-Data.org[4]

Demographics

Religious census
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
  
 89.12%
Muslim
  
 6.09%
Christian
  
 3.98%
Jain
  
 0.27%
Sikh
  
 0.02%
Buddhist
  
 0.02%
Other
  
 0.48%
No religion
  
 0.01%

According to 2011 census, Cuddalore had a population of 173,636 with a sex-ratio of 1,026 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[5] A total of 17,403 were under the age of six, constituting 8,869 males and 8,534 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 13.22% and .3% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 78.92%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[5] The city had a total of 42174 households. There were a total of 62,115 workers, comprising 561 cultivators, 1,856 main agricultural labourers, 1,464 in house hold industries, 48,337 other workers, 9,897 marginal workers, 139 marginal cultivators, 952 marginal agricultural labourers, 771 marginal workers in household industries and 8,035 other marginal workers.[6]

As of 2007, a total 1,665 ha (4,110 acres) (11.5%) of the land was used for residential, 122 ha (300 acres) (0.8%) for commercial, 400 ha (990 acres) (2.7%) for industrial, 195 ha (480 acres) (1.4%) for public and semi public purposes and 120 ha (300 acres) (0.8%) for educational purposes. Out of the undeveloped land area, 3,089 ha (7,630 acres) (21.3%) is under land and water, 7,296.97 ha (18,031.2 acres) (50.5%) of the area is used for agricultural purposes, 770 ha (1,900 acres) (5.4%) is vacant land in quarries and hillocks and 810 ha (2,000 acres) (5.6%) for transport and communication.[7] As of 2008, there were a total of 29 notified slums, with 59,075 comprising 37.23% of the total population residing in those.[8]

As per the religious census of 2011, Cuddalore had 89.12% Hindus, 6.09% Muslims, 3.98% Christians, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.02% Buddhists, 0.27% Jains, 0.48% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[9]

Transport

Cuddalore Port Junction

Cuddalore has two major railway stations, namely, Cuddalore Port Junction and Tiruppadirippuliyur, both on the Viluppuram-Mayiladuthurai-Tiruchirappalli Mainline Section. The Cuddalore Port Junction has a branch to Virudhachalam Junction railway station via Neyveli. Cuddalore Port Junction has 4 platforms and 1 stabling line used more for handling freight trains. Tiruppadirippuliyur, the other important railway station of Cuddalore has 2 platforms and is located close to the Cuddalore bus stand. There are express and passenger trains on either side, connecting various cities with Tamil Nadu. There are daily express trains to Chennai, Tiruchirappalli, Karaikal, Tiruchendur and Mannargudi, weekly express trains to Rameswaram, Tirupati, Bhubaneswar, Mumbai, Karaikal and Pondicherry and triweekly trains to Madurai. There are passenger trains daily to Viluppuram, Mayiladuthurai, Bangalore, Karaikal, Vridachalam and Tiruchirappalli.

There are 230 km (140 mi) of roads in the town, out of which 26 km (16 mi) is maintained by the Highways department.[10] The Cuddalore municipality maintains a total of 204.94 km (127.34 mi) of roads: 38.84 km (24.13 mi) of concrete roads, 163.6 km (101.7 mi) of bituminous roads, 1.62 km (1.01 mi) of water bound macadam (WBM) roads and 0.85 km (0.53 mi) of earthen roads.[11] The National Highways, NH-45A Viluppuram—Pondicherry—Cuddalore—Chidambaram—Nagapattinam Highway passes through Cuddalore. Cuddalore is served by a town bus service, which provides connectivity within the town and the suburbs. There are privately operated mini-bus services that cater to the local transport needs. The main bus stand is located in Thirupapuliyur.[12]

There are frequent buses to nearby towns like Pondicherry, Chidambaram, Panruti, Virudhachalam, Tindivanam and Viluppuram.[13] Buses to major cities of Tamil Nadu such as Chennai, Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatore, Salem, Kallakkurichi, Tiruvannamalai, Vellore,are also available. TNSTC, the state run bus service operates long distance buses to various cities in the state like Madurai, Theni, Palani, Theni, Coimbatore, Tiruppur and Hosur. KSRTC operates daily buses to Bangalore from Cuddalore.

The nearest airport is in Pondicherry, approximately 25 km (16 mi) from Cuddalore, while the nearest international airport in Chennai International Airport, located 200 km (120 mi) from the town.[13]

Economy

Fishing boats in Cuddalore

Being a coastal town, historically, Cuddalore's main industry was fishing. Although Cuddalore was once a port town, the shipping trade has now moved to larger centres. Cuddalore also hosts the heavy chemical, pharmacological and energy industries in SIPCOT, an industrial estate set up by the state government. The National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) and Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) planned to commence power plants around the town.[7]

The industrial development in Cuddalore's recent past has resulted in pollution. SIPCOT, the major industrial area in the town is a "global toxic hotspot"[14] Local communities have voiced concern about industrialization and pollution.[15] The SIPCOT chemical industry estate in Cuddalore was investigated in November 2002 by a team from the Indian People's Tribunal headed by J. Kanakaraj. The team reported "a noticeable stench of chemicals in the air". The report published in July 2003 reported that "Villages like Kudikadu, Thaikal, Eachangadu and Sonnanchavadi lie in a virtual 'gas chamber' surrounded on three sides by chemical factories and bounded on the fourth by the river".[16] There are reports of illegal dumping of toxic waste.[17] On 22 March 2008, a report for the "Tamil Nadu Pollution Board" prepared by the Nagpur-based "National Environmental Engineering Research Institute" found that residents of the SIPCOT area of Cuddalore were at least 2000 times more likely than their counterparts to contract cancer in their lifetimes due to exposure to high levels of toxic gases from chemical industries in the region.[18]

The Cuddalore Port operates at the confluence of the Gadilam river and the Paravanar river. The ships anchor in mid stream at a distance of about a mile from the shore, where cargo is loaded and discharged through lighters. There is a bar at the mouth of the combined river, which maintains a depth of 5 to 6 feet at low water. During the months of July to September, the depth over the bar is reduced to about 3 to 4 feet. Other ports under construction in Cuddalore are Thiruchopuram port, Silambimangalam port, Parangipettai port(Porto Nova) and PY-03 Oil Field (Operational).[19]

Education and utility services

There are a total of nine schools in Cuddalore. The town has three arts and science colleges, namely Periyar Arts College, St. Joseph Arts & Science College and C. Kandasamy Naidu College for Women (KNC). There are two engineering colleges in the town, namely, Krishnasamy Memorial Engineering College and Jayaram Engineering College. Krishnasamy Memorial Polytechnic and Padaleeswarar Polytechnic are the two polytechnic college in the town. There are six Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) in the town, two of which are operated by the government.[20]

Electricity supply to Cuddalore is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The town and its suburbs forms the Cuddalore Electricity Distribution Circle. A chief distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.[21] Water supply is provided to the town by the Cuddalore municipality from three sources, namely Pennaiyar river, borewells from Caper Hills and Thirvanthipuram. The water from the sources is stored in ten overhead tanks located in various parts of the town. During the period 2000–01, a total of 6.065 million litres of water was supplied every day to households in the town.[22] About 103 tonnes of solid waste are collected from Cuddalore every day by door-to-door collection. Subsequently, the sanitary department of the Cuddalore municipality carries out the source segregation and dumping. The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 100 per cent as of 2001.[23] There is no underground drainage system in the town, and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.[24] The municipality maintains stormwater drains for 65 km (40 mi), covering 32% of municipal roads.[10] There is one government hospital, six municipal maternity homes and 37 other private hospitals that take care of the healthcare needs of the citizens.[25] There are a total of 4,517 street lamps in the town: 275 sodium lamps, 201 mercury vapour lamps and 4,041 tube lights in the town.[26] The municipality operates five markets, namely, Aringar Anna Daily Market at Manjakuppam, Banbari Daily Market at Thirupapuliyur, Bakthavachalam Daily Market at Cuddalore OT, Pudupalayam Daily Market at Pudupalayam and Devanampattinam Daily Market at Devanampattinam, that cater to the needs of the town and the surrounding rural areas.[27]

Municipal administration and politics

Municipality officials
ChairmanR.Kumaran[28]
CommissionerP. Kalimuthu[29]
Elected members
Member of Legislative AssemblyM.C.Sampath[30]
Member of ParliamentA. Arunmozhithevan[31]

The Cuddalore municipality was established in 1866 during British times as a revenue village. It was promoted to a selection-grade municipal municipality in 1991 and special grade in 2008.[3] The municipality has 45 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.[32] The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.[33] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 45 members, one each from the 45 wards.[32] The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.[34]

Cuddalore comes under the Cuddalore assembly constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.[35] From the 1977 elections, the assembly seat was won by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) five times during the 1980, 1989, 1996, 2001 and 2006 elections, the Indian National Congress party two times during the 1984 and 1991 elections and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK) twice during the 1997 and 2011 elections.[36] The current MLA of the constituency is M.C.Sampath from ADMK.[30]

During the 2009 general elections, Cuddalore was a part of Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)  that had the following six assembly segments. Tittakudi (SC), Vridhachalam, Neyveli, Cuddalore, Panruti and Kurinjipadi.[37] Before 2009, Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency composed of the following assembly segments:Ulundurpet (SC), Nellikkuppam, Cuddalore, Panruti, Rishivandinam and Sankarapuram.[38] The Lok Sabha seat has been held by the Indian National Congress for eight terms during 1951–56,[39] 1971–77,[40] 1977–80.[41] 1980–84, 1984–1989,[42] 1989–91,[43] 1991–96,[44] and 2009–present,[45] Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam for four times during 1962–1967,[46] 1967–71,[47] 1999-04,[48] and 2004–09,[49] Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam twice during 1998–99 and 2014,[50] Tamil Maanila Congress once during 1996-2001 and an independent during 1957–62,[51] The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is A. Arunmozhithevan from the AIADMK.[31]

Law and order in the town in maintained by the Cuddalore sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent (DSP).[52] There are four police stations in the town located in NT, Thirupapuliyur, Cuddalore OT and Cuddalore Port.[53] There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP).[52]

Tourism

Pataleeswarar temple, a Hindu temple, built during the 7th century and dated a millenia earlier is the most prominent landmark in Cuddalore.[54] The name, Thirupathipuliyur, is associated with the legend behind the temple. The temple is revered in the verses of 7th century Saiva saints Appar and Tirugnanasambandar in their works in Tevaram.[55]

The Devanathaswami Temple, located in Thiruvanthipuram, is another Hindu pilgrimage site around Cuddalore.[54]

Silver Beach is a 2 km (1.2 mi) long beach located in Cuddalore and is another prominent visitor attraction of the town.[54]

Fort St David, situated on the river Gadilam near Devanampattinam and acquired in 1653 A.D. by Elihu Yale, a Christian Slave-trader and cruel slave master, is one of the most visited tourist attraction in Cuddalore. The wealth embezzled and extracted by him was infused into the famed Yale University, an Ivy League university in USA. Only two decades later, in 1677, when Shivaji captured Gingee, the fort fell into the hands of the Marathas. In 1690, the British East India Company purchased the fort and the adjacent villages (within "ye randome shott of a piece of ordnance".) A great gun was fired to different points of the compass and all the country within its range, including the town of Cuddalore, passed into the possession of the English. The villages thus obtained are called "cannon ball villages". The fortifications were strengthened in 1693, 1698, 1702, 1725, 1740 and 1745. In 1746 Fort St. David became the British headquarters for British India. The British ruled a greater part of south India (Tamil Nadu, parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka) from Fort St. David. An attack by Dupleix was successfully repulsed. In 1756, Clive was appointed governor. The French captured the fort in 1758 but in 1760 relinquished it to Sir Eyre Coote of the British East India Company. The French recaptured the fort in 1782 and held it in 1783 during the "Battle of Cuddalore". In 1785 the fort passed into British possession. By this time, however, the centre of British rule was Fort St George.[56][57]

The Garden House was the official residence of the Cuddalore District Collector, Robert Clive. It is typical of later medieval architecture. The roof of the Garden House was built using only bricks and slaked lime with no steel and wood.[58]

Notes

  1. ↑ Jaques 2007, p. 275
  2. ↑ "Nearest airports". www.closestairportto.com. Retrieved 2016-01-09.
  3. 1 2 "About the municipality". Cuddalore municipality. Retrieved 2016-01-09.
  4. ↑ "CLIMATE: CUDDALORE". Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  5. 1 2 "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 Jan 2014.
  6. ↑ "Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Cuddalore". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 Jan 2014.
  7. 1 2 Urban Infrastructure Report 2007, p. 12
  8. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2007, p. 14
  9. ↑ "Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu" (XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  10. 1 2 Urban Infrastructure Report 2007, p. 15
  11. ↑ "How to reach". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  12. ↑ "Cuddalore Bus stand". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  13. 1 2 "How to reach". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  14. ↑ "Villages in Cuddalore industrial estate "toxic hot spot"". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 10 September 2004. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
  15. ↑ "Take Action". SIPCOT Area Community Environmental Monitors. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  16. ↑ Shrivastava, A.k. (2007). Environment Trafficking. APH Publishing. pp. 181–182. ISBN 8131300307.
  17. ↑ "Villagers Confront Chemplast on Illegal Trial Runs". SIPCOT Area Community Environmental Monitors. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  18. ↑ "2000 times higher cancer risk for SIPCOT Cuddalore Residents: NEERI". SIPCOT Area Community Environmental Monitors. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  19. ↑ "List of Captive Ports in Tamilnadu" (PDF). Tamil Nadu. TN MARITIME BOARD India. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  20. ↑ "Educational Institutions". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  21. ↑ "Important Address" (PDF). Indian Wind Power Association. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  22. ↑ "Water Supply Details". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  23. ↑ "Waste management programme". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  24. ↑ "Cuddalore sewarage". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  25. ↑ "Cuddalore hospitals". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  26. ↑ "Cuddalore street lights". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  27. ↑ "Cuddalore markets". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  28. ↑ "Chairman of municipality". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  29. ↑ "Commissioner of municipality". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  30. 1 2 "MLA of Cuddalore". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-10-06. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  31. 1 2 "Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  32. 1 2 "Councillors of municipality" (PDF). Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  33. ↑ "Commissionerate of Municipal Administration". Commissionerate of Municipal Administration. 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  34. ↑ "Economic and political weekly, Volume 30". Sameeksha Trust. 1995: 2396. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  35. ↑ "List of Assembly Constituencies". Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu state government. 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
  36. ↑ "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  37. ↑ "List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies" (PDF). Tamil Nadu. Election Commission of India. p. 448. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  38. ↑ "List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies" (PDF). Tamil Nadu. Election Commission of India. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  39. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1952 to the First Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 158. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  40. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 71. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  41. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 80. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  42. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 73. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  43. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 81. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  44. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 51. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  45. ↑ Notification No. 308/2009/EPS (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 36. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  46. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 49. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  47. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 67. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  48. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  49. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 94. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  50. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  51. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 17. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  52. 1 2 "Cuddalore district police". Tamil Nadu Police. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
  53. ↑ "Cuddalore police". Cuddalore Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  54. 1 2 3 "Tourist attraction in Cuddalore". Cuddalore municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  55. ↑ "Sri Padaleeswarar temple". Dinamalar. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  56. ↑ "In search of a fort". The Hindu. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  57. ↑ S., Muthiah (30 June 2013). "In search of a fort". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  58. ↑ "The house of Clive". The Hindu. 13 February 2005. Retrieved 2014-01-05.

References

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