Gonzo journalism

The "Gonzo fist," characterized by two thumbs and four fingers holding a peyote button, was originally used in Hunter S. Thompson's 1970 campaign for sheriff of Aspen, Colorado. It has become a symbol of Thompson and gonzo journalism as a whole.

Gonzo journalism is a style of journalism that is written without claims of objectivity, often including the reporter as part of the story via a first-person narrative. The word "gonzo" is believed to have been first used in 1970 to describe an article by Hunter S. Thompson, who later popularized the style. It is an energetic first-person participatory writing style in which the author is a protagonist, and it draws its power from a combination of social critique and self-satire.[1] It has since been applied to other subjective artistic endeavors.

Gonzo journalism involves an approach to accuracy that concerns the reporting of personal experiences and emotions, in contrast to traditional journalism, which favors a detached style and relies on facts or quotations that can be verified by third parties. Gonzo journalism disregards the strictly-edited product favored by newspaper media and strives for a more personal approach; the personality of a piece is as important as the event the piece is on. Use of sarcasm, humor, exaggeration, and profanity is common.

Thompson, who was among the forefathers of the new journalism movement, said in the February 15, 1973 issue of Rolling Stone, "If I'd written the truth I knew for the past ten years, about 600 people—including me—would be rotting in prison cells from Rio to Seattle today. Absolute truth is a very rare and dangerous commodity in the context of professional journalism."[2]

Origin of the term

The term "gonzo" was first used in connection with Hunter S. Thompson by The Boston Globe magazine editor Bill Cardoso in 1970. He described Thompson's article "The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved", which was written for the June 1970 edition of Scanlan's Monthly, as "pure Gonzo journalism".[3] Cardoso claimed that "gonzo" was South Boston Irish slang describing the last man standing after an all-night drinking marathon.[4] He also claimed that it was a corruption of the French Canadian word "gonzeaux", which means "shining path", although this is disputed.[5]
"Gonzo"
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Another speculation is that the word may have been inspired by the 1960 hit song Gonzo by New Orleans rhythm and blues pianist James Booker. This possibility is supported by a 2007 oral biography of Thompson, which states that the term is taken from a song by Booker [6] but does not explain why Thompson or Cardoso would have chosen the term to describe Thompson's journalism. The 2013 documentary Bayou Maharaja: The Tragic Genius of James Booker[7] quotes Thompson's literary executor as saying that the song was the origin of the term.[8] According to a Greg Johnson biographical note on Booker,[9] the song title "Gonzo" comes from a character in a movie called The Pusher,[10] which in turn may have been inspired by a 1956 Evan Hunter novel of the same title.

Thompson himself first used the term referring to his own work on page 12 of the counterculture classic[11] Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. He wrote, "But what was the story? Nobody had bothered to say. So we would have to drum it up on our own. Free Enterprise. The American Dream. Horatio Alger gone mad on drugs in Las Vegas. Do it now: pure Gonzo journalism."[12]

Hunter S. Thompson

Thompson based his style on William Faulkner's notion that "fiction is often the best fact".[13] While the things that Thompson wrote about are basically true, he used satirical devices to drive his points home. He often wrote about recreational drugs and alcohol use which added subjective flair to his reporting. The term "gonzo" has also come into (sometimes pejorative) use to describe journalism in Thompson's style, characterized by a drug-fueled stream of consciousness writing technique.

Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas followed the Mint 400 piece in 1971 and included a main character by the name of Raoul Duke, accompanied by his attorney, Dr. Gonzo, with defining art by Ralph Steadman. Although this book is considered a prime example of gonzo journalism, Thompson regarded it as a failed experiment.[14] He had intended it to be an unedited record of everything he did as it happened, but he edited the book five times before publication.

Thompson would instigate events himself, often in a prankish or belligerent manner, and then document both his actions and those of others. Notoriously neglectful of deadlines, Thompson often annoyed his editors because he faxed articles late, "too late to be edited, yet still in time for the printer."[15] Thompson wanted his work to be read as he wrote it, in its "true Gonzo" form. Historian Douglas Brinkley said gonzo journalism requires virtually no rewriting and frequently uses transcribed interviews and verbatim telephone conversations.[16]

"I don't get any satisfaction out of the old traditional journalist's view: 'I just covered the story. I just gave it a balanced view,'" Thompson said in an interview for the online edition of The Atlantic. "Objective journalism is one of the main reasons American politics has been allowed to be so corrupt for so long. You can't be objective about Nixon."[17]

Influence

Thompson felt that objectivity in journalism was a myth. Gonzo journalism has now become a bona fide style of writing that concerns itself with "telling it like it is", similar to the New Journalism of the 1960s, led primarily by Tom Wolfe and also championed by Lester Bangs, George Plimpton, Terry Southern, and John Birmingham, and is considered a subgenre of New Journalism. When asked whether there was a difference between the two, Thompson answered, "Yeah, I think so. Unlike Tom Wolfe or Gay Talese, for instance, I almost never try to reconstruct a story. They're both much better reporters than I am, but then I don't really think of myself as a reporter."[18]

In 1998, Christopher Locke asserted that the web zine genre is descended from gonzo journalism,[19] a claim that has since been extended to social media.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bowe 2012, p. 92.
  2. ↑ Andrews, Robert (January 1993). The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations. Columbia University Press. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-231-07194-9. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  3. ↑ Hirst 2004, p. 5.
  4. ↑ Thompson 1997.
  5. ↑ Hirst 2004.
  6. ↑ Wenner & Seymour 2007.
  7. ↑ Keber, Lily (2013). "Bayou Maharajah: The Tragic Genius of James Booker". Mairzy Doats Productions. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  8. ↑ "Unplugged: New documentary explores life, legacy of pianist James Booker". Do Savannah, arts and entertainment news for the Creative Coast.
  9. ↑ James Booker, by Greg Johnson, reprint from the February, 2002 BluesNotes at Cascade Blues Association
  10. ↑ goblinhairedguy (1 February 1960). "The Pusher (1960)". IMDb.
  11. ↑ "BBC NEWS – Entertainment – Thompson's classic Las Vegas trip". bbc.co.uk.
  12. ↑ Thompson 1971.
  13. ↑ Rolling Stone 1998.
  14. ↑ Thompson, Hunter S. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas and Other American Stories. New York: Random House, 1996. p. 210. ISBN 0-679-60298-4
  15. ↑ Whitmer, Peter O. 1993. When the going gets weird: The twisted life and times of Hunter S. Thompson. New York: Hyperion.
  16. ↑ Thompson 2000.
  17. ↑ "Writing on the Wall: An Interview with Hunter S. Thompson". The Atlantic Monthly Company. 1997-08-27. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
  18. ↑ Thompson, Hunter S. Ancient Gonzo Wisdom: Interviews with Hunter S. Thompson. De Capo Press, 2009. ISBN 0-306-81651-2
  19. ↑ Locke, Christopher (1998-07-09). "Fear and loathing on the Web". The Industry Standard. Archived from the original on January 17, 1999.
  20. ↑ Marinelli, Jennifer (1 May 2010). "Hunter S. Thompson: The Man, The Legend, and his effect on the Digital Age". Michigan Online News Association. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010.
  • Bowe, Brian J. (Spring 2012). "A Brain Full of Contraband: The Islamic Gonzo Writing of Michael Muhammad Knight" (PDF). Literary Journalism Studies, The International Association of Literary Journalism Studies. Retrieved January 8, 2014. 
  • Hirst, Martin (January 19, 2004). "What is Gonzo? The Etymology of an Urban Legend" (PDF). University of Queensland. Retrieved December 1, 2007. 
  • Thompson, Hunter S. (1997). The Proud Highway: Saga of a Desperate Southern Gentleman. Villard. ISBN 0-679-40695-6. 
  • Wenner, Jann S.; Seymour, Corey (2007). Gonzo: The Life of Hunter S. Thompson, An Oral Biography. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316005274. 
  • Rolling Stone (1998). The Seventies: A Tumultuous Decade Reconsidered. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-75914-7. 
  • Thompson, Hunter S. (2000). Fear and Loathing in America: The Brutal Odyssey of an Outlaw Journalist. ISBN 0-684-87315-X. 
  • Thompson, Hunter S. (1971). Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. Random House. ISBN 0-679-78589-2. 

External links

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