Great conjunction
A Great Conjunction is a conjunction of the planets Jupiter and Saturn.[Note 1] The last Great Conjunction took place on May 31, 2000, while the next one will be in late December 2020. Great Conjunctions take place regularly, every 18–20 years, as a result of the combined ~12-year orbital period of Jupiter around the Sun, and Saturn's ~30-year orbital period. The 2000 conjunction fell within mere weeks after both had passed conjunction with the Sun, and it was very difficult to observe without visual aid because the two planets rose only 30–45 minutes before sunrise, depending upon the location of the observer.
Greatest conjunction
Greatest conjunction is a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn at or near their opposition to the Sun. In this scenario, Jupiter and Saturn will occupy the same position in right ascension on three separate occasions over a period of a few months. Such tripled occurrences are actually known as triple conjunctions.
The so-called "Star of Bethlehem" – thought to have appeared c. 7 BC – was theorized to be a greatest conjunction; and some went so far as to assert that it was an occultation of Saturn by Jupiter, with the two planets appearing to merge into a single object as seen from Earth. However such an event did not take place at historic times. At the greatest conjunction in 7 BC, which is said to be the "Star of Bethlehem",[1] the minimum distance between Jupiter and Saturn was around 1 degree, this is twice the Moon's diameter. The next occultation of Saturn by Jupiter will take place in 7541.
Great Conjunctions in Right ascension between 1800 and 2100
| Date | Time UTC | Planet | Angle distance | Planet | Elongation to sun | Zodiac Sign |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| July 21, 1802 | 03:22:00 | Jupiter | 42' south of | Saturn | 37.9° East | Virgo |
| June 25, 1821 | 00:05:09 | Jupiter | 1°15' north of | Saturn | 67.5° West | Aries |
| November 22, 1821 | 23:49:55 | Jupiter | 1°20' north of | Saturn | 140.2° East | Aries |
| December 23, 1821 | 09:28:49 | Jupiter | 1°22' north of | Saturn | 108.5° East | Aries |
| January 25, 1842 | 22:22:31 | Jupiter | 32' south of | Saturn | 26.8° West | Capricorn |
| October 25, 1861 | 15:11:20 | Jupiter | 52' south of | Saturn | 43.1° West | Virgo |
| April 22, 1881 | 11:58:20 | Jupiter | 1°18' north of | Saturn | 1.0° East | Taurus |
| November 28, 1901 | 06:10:38 | Jupiter | 27' south of | Saturn | 38.6° East | Capricorn |
| September 14, 1921 | 16:22:08 | Jupiter | 1°02' south of | Saturn | 6.2° East | Virgo |
| August 15, 1940 | 13:18:42 | Jupiter | 1°15' north of | Saturn | 97.5° West | Taurus |
| October 11, 1940 | 23:17:26 | Jupiter | 1°17' north of | Saturn | 155.0° West | Taurus |
| February 20, 1941 | 19:14:02 | Jupiter | 1°21' north of | Saturn | 67.7° East | Taurus |
| February 18, 1961 | 14:42:37 | Jupiter | 14' south of | Saturn | 34.6° West | Capricorn |
| January 14, 1981 | 07:58:37 | Jupiter | 1°09' south of | Saturn | 103.9° West | Libra |
| February 19, 1981 | 07:12:10 | Jupiter | 1°09' south of | Saturn | 141.2° West | Libra |
| July 30, 1981 | 21:32:22 | Jupiter | 1°12' south of | Saturn | 57.9° East | Libra |
| May 31, 2000 | 10:13:27 | Jupiter | 1°11' north of | Saturn | 16.9° West | Taurus |
| December 21, 2020 | 13:22 | Jupiter | 6' south of | Saturn | 30.3° East | Aquarius |
| November 5, 2040 | 13:19:46 | Jupiter | 1°14' south of | Saturn | 24.8° West | Libra |
| April 10, 2060 | 09:01:25 | Jupiter | 1°09' north of | Saturn | 39.8° East | Gemini |
| March 15, 2080 | 08:29:24 | Jupiter | 6' north of | Saturn | 43.8° West | Aquarius |
| September 24, 2100 | 01:40:38 | Jupiter | 1°18' south of | Saturn | 25.1° East | Libra |
Great Conjunctions in ecliptical longitude between 1800 and 2100
| Date | Time UTC | Planet | Angle distance | Planet | Elongation to sun | Zodiac Sign |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| July 17, 1802 | 22:57:00 | Jupiter | 39' south of | Saturn | 40.6° East | Virgo |
| June 19, 1821 | 16:56:57 | Jupiter | 1°10' north of | Saturn | 63.3° West | Aries |
| January 26, 1842 | 06:16:53 | Jupiter | 32' south of | Saturn | 27.1° West | Capricorn |
| October 21, 1861 | 12:27:02 | Jupiter | 48' south of | Saturn | 39.7° West | Virgo |
| April 18, 1881 | 13:35:59 | Jupiter | 1°13' north of | Saturn | 3.1° East | Taurus |
| November 28, 1901 | 16:37:33 | Jupiter | 26' south of | Saturn | 38.2° East | Capricorn |
| September 10, 1921 | 04:13:03 | Jupiter | 57' south of | Saturn | 9.7° East | Virgo |
| August 8, 1940 | 01:13:20 | Jupiter | 1°11' north of | Saturn | 90.9° West | Taurus |
| October 20, 1940 | 04:42:14 | Jupiter | 1°14' north of | Saturn | 164.0° West | Taurus |
| February 15, 1941 | 06:36:25 | Jupiter | 1°17' north of | Saturn | 72.9° East | Taurus |
| February 19, 1961 | 00:07:18 | Jupiter | 14' south of | Saturn | 34.9° West | Capricorn |
| December 31, 1980 | 21:17:24 | Jupiter | 1°03' south of | Saturn | 90.9° West | Libra |
| March 4, 1981 | 19:14:36 | Jupiter | 1°03' south of | Saturn | 155.9° West | Libra |
| July 24, 1981 | 04:13:35 | Jupiter | 1°06' south of | Saturn | 63.8° East | Libra |
| May 28, 2000 | 15:56:27 | Jupiter | 1°09' north of | Saturn | 14.9° West | Taurus |
| December 21, 2020 | 18:37:31 | Jupiter | 6' south of | Saturn | 30.1° East | Aquarius |
| October 31, 2040 | 12:02:47 | Jupiter | 1°08' south of | Saturn | 20.8° West | Libra |
| April 7, 2060 | 22:36:24 | Jupiter | 1°07' north of | Saturn | 41.9° East | Gemini |
| March 15, 2080 | 01:49:55 | Jupiter | 6' north of | Saturn | 43.5° West | Capricorn |
| September 18, 2100 | 22:50:40 | Jupiter | 1°13' south of | Saturn | 29.4° East | Libra |
Great Conjunctions and history
Great conjunctions are less spectacular than eclipses or comets but nevertheless they have also attracted considerable attention as celestial omens. During the late Middle age and the Renaissance they became a rather popular topic broached by most astronomers of the period up to the times of Tycho Brahe and Kepler, by scholastic thinkers as Roger Bacon [2] or Pierre d'Ailly,[3] and they are mentioned in popular and literary writing by authors such as Dante [4] or Shakespeare.[5] This interest is traced back in Europe to the translations from Arabian sources, most notably Albumasar's book on conjunction.[6]
As successive great conjunctions occur nearly 120° apart, their appearances form a triangular pattern. In a series every fourth conjunction returns after some 60 years in the vicinity of the first. These returns are observed to be shifted by some 7-8°, so no more than four of them occur in the same zodiacal sign. To each sign astrologers have ascribed one from the series of four elements and thus four triplicities or 'trigons' are formed. Particular importance has been accorded to the occurrence of a great conjunction in a new trigon, which is bound to happen after some 200 years at most.[7] Even greater importance was attributed to the beginning of a new cycle after all fours trigons had been visited, something which happens in about 800 years.
Originally a trigon was thought to last 240 years and the full cycle 960 years but later more correct estimation were provided by the Alphonsine tables.[4] Despite the inaccuracies and some disagreement about the beginning of the cycle the belief in the significance of such events generated a stream of publications which grew steadily up to the end of the 16th century. As the great conjunction of 1583 was the last in the watery trigon it was widely supposed to herald apocalyptic changes; a papal bull against divinations was issued in 1586 and as nothing really significant had happened by 1603 with the advent of a new trigon, the public interest rapidly died.
See also
References
- ↑ Michael R. Molnar: The Star of Bethlehem: The Legacy of the Magi, Rutgers University Press, 1999
- ↑ The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, ed. J. H. Bridges, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1897, Vol. I, p. 263.
- ↑ De concordia astronomice veritatis et narrationis historice (1414)
- 1 2 Woody K., Dante and the Doctrine of the Great Conjunctions,Dante Studies, with the Annual Report of the Dante Society, No. 95 (1977), pp. 119-134
- ↑ Aston M., The Fiery Trigon Conjunction: An Elizabethan Astrological Prediction, Isis, Vol. 61, No. 2 (Summer, 1970), pp. 158-187
- ↑ De magnis coniunctionibus was translated in the 12th century, a modern edition-translation by K. Yamamoto and Ch. Burnett, Leiden, 2000
- ↑ Etz D., (2000), Conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 94, p.174