Gustave Whitehead

Gustave Whitehead
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Full name Gustave Albin Whitehead
Born (1874-01-01)1 January 1874[Note 1]
Leutershausen, Bavaria
Died 10 October 1927(1927-10-10) (aged 53)
Bridgeport, Connecticut
Cause of death Heart attack
Nationality German
Spouse Louise Tuba Whitehead
Aviation career
Known for Reported flights 1901–1902
First flight 14 August 1901 (disputed)

Gustave Albin Whitehead (born Gustav Albin Weisskopf 1 January 1874 – 10 October 1927) was an aviation pioneer who emigrated from Germany to the United States where he designed and built gliders, flying machines and engines between 1897 and 1915. Controversy surrounds published accounts and Whitehead's own claims that he flew a powered machine successfully several times in 1901 and 1902, predating the first flights by the Wright Brothers in 1903.

Much of Whitehead's reputation rests on a newspaper article which was written as an eyewitness report and described a powered and sustained flight by Whitehead in Connecticut on 14 August 1901. Dozens of newspapers in the U.S. and around the world soon repeated information from the article. Several local newspapers also reported on this and other flight experiments that Whitehead purportedly made in 1901 and subsequent years.[1] Whitehead's aircraft designs and experiments were described or mentioned in contemporary Scientific American magazine articles and a 1904 book about industrial progress. His public profile faded after about 1915 and he died in relative obscurity in 1927.

In the 1930s a magazine article and book asserted that Whitehead had made powered flights in 1901–1902.[2] The book included statements from people who said they had seen various Whitehead flights decades earlier. The book and article triggered debate among scholars, researchers, aviation enthusiasts and Orville Wright whether Whitehead was first in powered flight. Mainstream historians dismissed the Whitehead flight claims. Further independent research, including books in 1966, 1978 and 2015, supported the claims.

No photograph showing Whitehead making a powered controlled flight is known to exist, although reports in the early 1900s said such photos were publicly displayed. Researchers have studied and attempted to copy Whitehead aircraft. Since the 1980s, enthusiasts in the U.S. and Germany have built and flown versions of Whitehead's "Number 21" machine using modern engines and propellers.

The Smithsonian Institution has repeatedly dismissed claims that Whitehead made powered flights before the Wrights. The 1978 book History by Contract argued that the Smithsonian compromised its objectivity when it signed a 1948 agreement with the estate of Orville Wright requiring the Institution to recognize the 1903 Wright Flyer as the first aircraft to make a manned, powered, controlled flight or forfeit possession of the aircraft.

In 2013 Jane's All The World's Aircraft published an editorial which asserted that Whitehead was first to make such a flight.[3] The editorial, backed by Jane's international reputation, reignited debate over who flew first and motivated Connecticut to enact a law that established "Powered Flight Day" to honor the first powered flight by Gustave Whitehead, rather than the Wright Brothers. [4][5][6][7][8][9] The editorial relied heavily on researcher John Brown, whose claim that a vintage photo showed Whitehead's machine in powered flight was disproven by another researcher, Carroll F. Gray.[10][11] Jane's corporate owner later distanced itself from the editorial, stating it contained the views of the editor, not the publisher.[12][13]

Early life and career

Gustave Whitehead with an early engine

Whitehead was born in Leutershausen, Bavaria, the second child of Karl Weisskopf and his wife Babetta. As a boy he showed an interest in flight, experimenting with kites and earning the nickname "the flyer". He and a friend caught and tethered birds in an attempt to learn how they flew, an activity which the police soon stopped.

His parents died in 1886 and 1887, when he was a boy. He then trained as a mechanic and traveled to Hamburg, where in 1888 he was forced to join the crew of a sailing ship. A year later he returned to Germany, then journeyed with a family to Brazil. He went to sea again for several years, learning more about wind, weather and bird flight.[14]

Weisskopf arrived in the U.S. in 1893.[15] He soon anglicized his name to Gustave Whitehead. The New York toy manufacturer E. J. Horsman hired Whitehead to build and operate advertising kites and model gliders. Whitehead also made plans to add a motor to propel one of his gliders.[16] In 1893 Whitehead was allegedly employed at the Blue Hill kite-flying meteorological station.[17]

In 1896 Whitehead was hired as a mechanic for the Boston Aeronautical Society. He and mechanic Albert B. C. Horn built a Lilienthal-type glider and an ornithopter. Whitehead made a few short and low flights in the glider, but did not succeed in flying the ornithopter. Also in 1896, founding Society member Samuel Cabot employed Whitehead and carpenter James Crowell to build a Lilienthal glider. Cabot reported to the Society that tests with this glider were unsuccessful.[18]

Claims of powered flight

1899

According to an affidavit given in 1934 by Louis Darvarich, a friend of Whitehead, the two men made a motorized flight together of about half a mile in Pittsburgh's Schenley Park in April or May 1899. Darvarich said they flew at a height of 20 to 25 ft (6.1 to 7.6 m) in a steam-powered monoplane aircraft and crashed into a brick building. Darvarich said he was stoking the boiler aboard the craft and was badly scalded in the accident, requiring several weeks in a hospital.[19] Reportedly because of this incident, Whitehead was forbidden by the police to perform any more experiments in Pittsburgh.[16] Aviation historian William F. Trimble, pointing to a lack of contemporary proof, dismissed this story in 1982 as a case of "overactive imaginations."[20] Whitehead's stated control method – a shifting of body weight – was said by Trimble to be insufficient to control a powered aircraft, and the supposed charcoal-fired steam powerplant could not have been powerful enough to lift itself off the ground.[20] The timing also seems inaccurate as Whitehead was quoted in December 1899 Pittsburgh papers as still constructing his plane, although he did say that he had flown it in Boston.[21]

Whitehead and Darvarich traveled to Bridgeport, Connecticut to find factory jobs.[22]

1901

Whitehead said he tested his unmanned machine on 3 May, according to a newspaper report.[23] He said in the first test the machine carried 220 pounds of sand ballast and flew to an altitude of 40 to 50 feet for 1/8 of a mile (201 metres (659 ft)). On the second test Whitehead said the machine flew a distance of 1/2 mile (805 metres (2,641 ft)) for one and one-half minutes before crashing into a tree. The report said Andrew Cellie and Daniel Varovi were Whitehead's financial backers and assistants. Whitehead expressed his desire to keep the location of any future experiments hidden to avoid drawing a crowd that might make a "snap-shot verdict of failure".[24]

The aviation event for which Whitehead is now best known reportedly took place in Fairfield, Connecticut on 14 August 1901 and was described at length in an article in the edition of 18 August 1901 of the weekly Bridgeport Herald newspaper.[25][26] The article, written as an eyewitness report, stated that Whitehead piloted his Number 21 aircraft in a controlled powered flight for about half a mile, reached a height of 50 feet (15 m) and landed safely.[27] The unsigned article is widely attributed to journalist Richard Howell, later the newspaper's editor.[28][29][30] The feat, if true, preceded the Wright brothers' first powered flights near Kitty Hawk in 1903 by more than two years and exceeded the best one, which covered 852 feet (260 m) at a height of about 10 feet (3.0 m).

The article was accompanied by a drawing, also credited by some Whitehead researchers to Howell, which depicted the aircraft in flight. The drawing was purportedly based on a photograph, which has not been proven to ever have existed. Information from the article was reprinted in the New York Herald, Boston Transcript and The Washington Times, which ran it on 23 August 1901. In the following months, dozens of other newspapers around the world published articles mentioning the reported flight or other aviation activity by Whitehead.[24][31]

The drawing which accompanied the article on page 5 of 18 August 1901 Bridgeport Herald

The Bridgeport Herald reported that Whitehead and another man drove to the testing area in the machine, which worked like a car when the wings were folded along its sides. Two other people, including the newspaper reporter, followed on bicycles. For short distances the Number 21's speed was close to thirty miles an hour on the uneven road, and the article said, "there seems no doubt that the machine can reel off forty miles an hour and not exert the engine to its fullest capacity.".[27]

The newspaper reported that before attempting to pilot the aircraft, Whitehead successfully test flew it unmanned in the pre-dawn hours, using tether ropes and sandbag ballast. When Whitehead was ready to make a manned flight, the article said: "By this time the light was good. Faint traces of the rising sun began to suggest themselves in the east."[27]

According to the newspaper article, trees blocked the way after the flight was in progress. Whitehead was quoted as saying, "I knew that I could not clear them by rising higher, and also that I had no means of steering around them by using the machinery."[27] The article said Whitehead quickly thought of a solution to steer around the trees:

Junius Harworth said that as a boy he saw Whitehead fly on 14 August 1901.
"He simply shifted his weight more to one side than the other. This careened the ship to one side. She turned her nose away from the clump of sprouts when within fifty yards of them and took her course around them as prettily as a yacht on the sea avoids a bar. The ability to control the air ship in this manner appeared to give Whitehead confidence, for he was seen to take time to look at the landscape about him. He looked back and waved his hand exclaiming, 'I've got it at last.'"[27]

When Whitehead neared the end of a field, the article said he turned off the motor and the aircraft landed "so lightly that Whitehead was not jarred in the least."[27]

Junius Harworth, who as a boy was one of Whitehead's helpers, said Whitehead flew the airplane at another time in the summer of 1901 from Howard Avenue East to Wordin Avenue, along the edge of property belonging to the local gas company. Upon landing, Harworth said, the machine was turned around and another hop was made back to the starting point.[32]

On 21 September 1901, Collier's Weekly ran a picture of Whitehead's "latest flying machine" and said that he "recently made a successful flight of half a mile".[33] On 19 November 1901, The Evening World (New York), ran a story about Whitehead's achievements and included a photograph of him sitting on his new flying machine. The article quotes him saying, "within a year people will be buying airships as freely as they are buying automobiles today and the sky will be dotted with figures skimming the air".[24] On 7 December 1901, the Coconino Sun ran a story that stated Gustave Whitehead was the "inventor of the flying machine" and was planning a flight to New York.[34]

During this period of activity, Whitehead also reportedly tested an unmanned and unpowered flying machine, towed by men pulling ropes. A witness said the craft rose above telephone lines, flew across a road and landed undamaged. The distance covered was later measured at approximately 1,000 ft (305 m).[32]

1902

Whitehead claimed two spectacular flights on 17 January 1902 in his improved Number 22, with a 40 hp (30 kW) motor instead of the 20 hp (15 kW) used in the Number 21, and aluminum instead of bamboo for structural components. In two published letters he wrote to American Inventor magazine,[35] Whitehead said the flights took place over Long Island Sound. He said the distance of the first flight was about two miles (3.2 km) and the second was seven miles (11 km) in a circle at heights up to 200 ft (61 m). He said the airplane, which had a boat-like fuselage, landed safely in the water near the shore.[35]

For steering, Whitehead said he varied the speed of the two propellers and also used the aircraft rudder. He said the techniques worked well on his second flight and enabled him to fly a big circle back to the shore where his helpers waited. In his first letter he expressed pride in the accomplishment: "... as I successfully returned to my starting place with a machine hitherto untried and heavier than air, I consider the trip quite a success. To my knowledge it is the first of its kind. This matter has so far never been published."[35]

In his second letter he wrote, "This coming Spring I will have photographs made of Machine No. 22 in the air."[35] He said snapshots, apparently taken during his claimed flights of 17 January 1902 "did not come out right" because of cloudy and rainy weather.[35] The magazine editor replied that he and readers would "await with interest the promised photographs of the machine in the air,"[35] but there were no further letters nor any photographs from Whitehead.

Anton Pruckner, a mechanic and assistant to Whitehead, signed an affidavit concerning the claimed 17 January 1902 flight: "... I knew that the flight took place because of talk by those who had seen it and because Whitehead himself had told me he made it ... I believe Whitehead made that flight, as his aircraft did fly well and with the bigger engine we had built, the plane was capable of such a flight. Whitehead was of fine moral character and never in all the long time I was associated with him or knew him did he ever appear to exaggerate. I never knew him to lie; he was a very truthful man ... I saw his aircraft fly on many occasions."[36]

Gustave Whitehead's brother John arrived in Connecticut from California in April 1902, intending to offer help. He saw his brother's aircraft only on the ground, not in powered flight.[37] He gave a description 33 years later of the engine and aircraft, including details of the steering apparatus:

"Rudder was a combination of horizontal and vertical fin-like affair, the principle the same as in the up-to-date airplanes. For steering there was a rope from one of the foremost wing tip ribs to the opposite, running over a pulley. In front of the operator was a lever connected to a pulley: the same pulley also controlled the tail rudder at the same time."[37]

A 1935 article in Popular Aviation magazine, which renewed interest in Whitehead, said winter weather ruined the Number 22 airplane after Whitehead placed it unprotected in his yard following his claimed flights of January 1902. The article said Whitehead did not have money to build a shelter for the aircraft because of a quarrel with his financial backer. The article also reported that in early 1903 Whitehead built a 200-horsepower eight-cylinder engine, intended to power a new aircraft. Another financial backer insisted on testing the engine in a boat on Long Island Sound, but lost control and capsized, sending the engine to the bottom.[22]

1903

19 September 1903 Scientific American reported Whitehead made powered glider flights in a triplane machine towed by an assistant pulling a rope: "By running with the machine against the wind after the motor had been started, the aeroplane was made to skim along above the ground at heights of from 3 to 16 feet for a distance, without the operator touching, of about 350 yards. It was possible to have traveled a much longer distance, without the operator touching terra firma, but for the operator's desire not to get too far above it. Although the motor was not developing its full power, owing to the speed not exceeding 1,000 R.P.M., it developed sufficient to move the machine against the wind."[38] The article said a 54-pound (24 kg) 12 horsepower (8.9 kW) two-cycle motor powered a two-bladed 4.5 ft (1.4 m) diameter tractor propeller. The engine shown in the article was exhibited by Whitehead at the Second Annual Exhibit of the Aero Club of America in December 1906.[39]

Aerial machines

The No. 21 aircraft. Whitehead sits beside it with daughter Rose in his lap; others in the photo are not identified. A pressure-type engine rests on the ground in front of the group.
Whitehead piloting his glider of 1903[40]
Whitehead's Albatros-type glider, ca. 1905–1906

Whitehead did not give identifiers to his first aircraft, but according to Randolph and Harvey to the end of 1901 he had built "fifty-six airplanes".[22] Whitehead's Number 21 monoplane had a wingspan of 36 ft (11 m). The fabric-covered wings were ribbed with bamboo, supported by steel wires and were very similar to the shape of the Lilienthal glider's wings. The arrangement for folding the wings also closely followed the Lilienthal design. The craft was powered by two engines: a ground engine of 10 hp (7.5 kW), intended to propel the front wheels to reach takeoff speed, and a 20 hp (15 kW) acetylene engine powering two propellers, which were designed to counter-rotate for stability.

Whitehead described his No. 22 aircraft and compared some of its features to the No. 21 in a letter he wrote to the editor of American Inventor magazine, published 1 April 1902. He said the No. 22 had a five-cylinder 40 hp kerosene motor of his own design, weighing 120 lbs. He said ignition was "accomplished by its own heat and compression."[37] He described the aircraft as 16 feet (4.9 m) long, made mostly of steel and aluminum with wing ribs made of steel tubing, rather than bamboo, which was used in the Number 21 aircraft. He explained that the two front wheels were connected to the kerosene motor, and the rear wheels were used for steering while on the ground. He said the wing area was 450 square feet (42 m2), and the covering was "the best silk obtainable."[37] The propellers were "6 feet in diameter ... made of wood ... covered with very thin aluminum sheeting."[37] He said the tail and wings could all be "folded up ... and laid against the sides of the body."[37]

In 1905, he and Stanley Beach jointly filed for a patent – issued 1908 – for an "improved aeroplane" with a V-shaped trough body and fixed bird-like wings, the pilot hanging below supported by a swing seat.[41][42] A jointly-designed biplane was built by Whitehead and fitted with a Whitehead 5-cylinder, water-cooled 50 hp motor. The pointed bow of the craft comprised a metal water tank, with hot water being sprayed against the sides inside for cooling.[43]

Whitehead also built gliders until about 1906 and was photographed flying them.

Later career

In addition to his work on flying machines, Whitehead built engines.[44] In 1904 he attended the St. Louis World's Fair and displayed an aeronautical motor.[45] Air Enthusiast wrote: "Weisskopf's ability and mechanical skill could have made him a wealthy man at a time when there was an ever-increasing demand for lightweight engines, but he was far more interested in flying."[32] Instead, Whitehead only accepted enough engine orders to sustain aviation experiments.[32]

His aeronautical work was described in a chapter titled "The Conquest of the Air" in a 1904 book, "Modern Industrial Progress," by Charles Henry Cochrane. The book said Whitehead had experimented with a "three-deck machine" and attached a 12 hp motor driving a tractor propeller after tests showed the craft could carry more than his weight. Test of the machine were described as "sufficiently satisfactory that another is being built."[46]

In 1908 Whitehead designed and built a 75 hp lightweight two-cycle motor at the suggestion of aviation pioneer George A. Lawrence, who was having difficulty obtaining an aeronautic engine. The water-cooled machine was designed so that functional cylinders continued to work if others failed, a safety factor to help avoid accidents due to engine failure. The men formed Whitehead Motor Works with an office in New York City and a factory in Bridgeport, Connecticut, that built motors in three sizes: 25, 40 and 75 hp, weighing 95, 145 and 200 pounds respectively.[47]

Whitehead's business practices were unsophisticated and he was sued by a customer, resulting in a threat that his tools and equipment would be seized. He hid his engines and most of his tools in a neighbor's cellar and continued his aviation work. One of his engines was installed by aviation pioneer Charles Wittemann in a helicopter built by Lee Burridge of the Aero Club of America, but the craft failed to fly.[48]

Whitehead's own 1911 studies of the vertical flight problem resulted in a 60-bladed helicopter, which, unmanned, lifted itself off the ground.[22]

He lost an eye in a factory accident and also suffered a severe blow to the chest from a piece of factory equipment, an injury that may have led to increasing attacks of angina. Despite these setbacks he exhibited an aircraft at Hempstead, New York, as late as 1915. He continued to work and invent. He designed a braking safety device, hoping to win a prize offered by a railroad. He demonstrated it as a scale model but won nothing. He constructed an "automatic" concrete-laying machine, which he used to help build a road north of Bridgeport. These inventions, however, brought him no more profit than did his airplanes and engines.[49] Around 1915 Whitehead worked in a factory as a laborer and repaired motors to support his family.[50]

He died of a heart attack, on 10 October 1927, after attempting to lift an engine out of an automobile he was repairing. He stumbled onto his front porch and into his home, then collapsed dead in the house.[48]

Rediscovery

Whitehead's work remained mostly unknown to the public and aeronautical community after 1911 until a 1935 article in Popular Aviation magazine co-authored by educator and journalist Stella Randolph and aviation history buff Harvey Phillips.[22] Randolph expanded the article into a book, "Lost Flights of Gustave Whitehead," published in 1937. Randolph sought out people who had known Whitehead and had seen his flying machines and engines. She obtained 16 affidavits from 14 people and included the text of their statements in the book. Four people said they did not see flights, while the others said they saw flights of various types, ranging from a few dozen to hundreds of feet, to more than a mile.

Harvard University economics professor John B. Crane wrote an article published in National Aeronautic Magazine in December 1936, disputing claims and reports that Whitehead flew. The following year, after further research, Crane adopted a different tone. He told reporters, "There are several people still living in Bridgeport who testified to me under oath, they had seen Whitehead make flights along the streets of Bridgeport in the early 1900s."[51] Crane repeated Harworth's claim of having witnessed a one-and-a-half mile airplane flight made by Whitehead on 14 August 1901.[51] He suggested a Congressional investigation to consider the claims.[51]

In 1949 Crane published a new article in Air Affairs magazine that supported claims that Whitehead flew. Crane in his second article made no reference to his first one, nor did he refute his previous evidence.[52]

In 1963, William O'Dwyer, a reserve U.S. Air Force major, accidentally discovered photographs of a 1910 Whitehead "Large Albatross"-type biplane aircraft shown at rest on the ground. He found the photo collection in the attic of a Connecticut house. He and members of his 9315th U.S. Air Force Reserve Squadron were requested by the Connecticut Aeronautical Historical Association (CAHA) to conduct research to try to learn if Whitehead had made powered flights.[53] O'Dwyer continued his research for years and became convinced that Whitehead did fly before the Wright brothers. In a 1981 conversation with O'Dwyer, former CAHA president Harvey Lippincott said, "I cannot accept the fact that he flew 7 miles, but I can accept the fact that this airplane of his may have flown 100 – 200 feet, 10–15 feet off the ground. This is confirmed by the witnesses that we have interviewed and talked with, and this seems reasonable for the state of the art in aviation at that time."[54]

O'Dwyer later contributed interviews of reputed flight witnesses to a second book by Stella Randolph, "The Story of Gustave Whitehead, Before the Wrights Flew", published in 1966.[55] O'Dwyer and Randolph co-authored another book, "History by Contract", published in 1978. The book criticized the Smithsonian Institution for signing an agreement with the estate of Orville Wright, requiring the Smithsonian to credit only the 1903 Wright Flyer for the first powered controlled flight.[56]

In 1968, Connecticut officially recognized Whitehead as "Father of Connecticut Aviation".[57] Seventeen years later, the North Carolina General Assembly passed a resolution which repudiated the Connecticut statement and gave "no credence" to the assertion that Whitehead was first to fly, citing "leading aviation historians and the world's largest aviation museum" who determined there was "no historic fact, documentation, record or research to support the claim".[58]

Evidence

Witnesses

The Bridgeport Herald article named two witnesses to Whitehead's reported early morning flight, Andrew Cellie and James Dickie. The article was published without a byline, but researchers and scholars on both sides of the controversy attribute it to Richard "Dick" Howell who was the sports editor.

Decades later, Dickie denied seeing a flight. He said in a 1937 affidavit, taken during Stella Randolph's research, that he was not present at the reported flight on 14 August 1901, and that he thought the newspaper story was "imaginary".[59] He said he did not know Andrew Cellie, the other associate of Whitehead who was supposed to be there, and that – to the best of his knowledge – none of Whitehead's aircraft ever flew.[59] An article in Air Enthusiast countered by saying that the description Dickie gave of the airplane did not match Whitehead's Number 21.[32]

O'Dwyer had known the older Dickie since childhood. O'Dwyer wrote that early in his research he spoke by telephone to Dickie. O'Dwyer wrote that Dickie had a grudge against Whitehead. O'Dwyer described the alleged conversation:

"... his mood changed to anger when I asked him about Gustave Whitehead. He flatly refused to talk about Whitehead, and when I asked him why, he said: 'That SOB never paid me what he owed me. My father had a hauling business and I often hitched up the horses and helped Whitehead take his airplane to where he wanted to go. I will never give Whitehead credit for anything. I did a lot of work for him and he never paid me a dime.'"[49]

O'Dwyer said he thought Dickie's 1937 affidavit had "little value." He said there were inconsistencies between the affidavit and his interview with Dickie. O'Dwyer's claim of an interview with Dickie is not supported by a transcript or recording.[49]

The other man who the Bridgeport Herald named as an eyewitness to the reported flight on 14 August 1901 was Andrew Cellie, but he could not be found in the 1930s when Randolph investigated. O'Dwyer said that in the 1970s he searched through old Bridgeport city directories and concluded that the newspaper likely misspelled the man's name, which he said was Andrew Suelli, who was a Swiss or German immigrant also known as Zulli, and was Whitehead's next door neighbor before moving to the Pittsburgh area in 1902.[60] Suelli's former neighbors in Fairfield told O'Dwyer that Suelli, who died before O'Dwyer investigated, had "always claimed he was present when Whitehead flew in 1901."[49]

Junius Harworth and Anton Pruckner, who sometimes helped or worked for Whitehead, gave statements decades later as part of Stella Randolph's research, claiming they saw Whitehead fly on 14 August 1901.

Anton Pruckner, a tool maker who worked a few years with Whitehead, attested in 1934 to the flight.[32] He also attested to a January 1902 flight by Whitehead over Long Island Sound,[61] but the 1988 Air Enthusiast article said "Pruckner was not present on the occasion, though he was told of the events by Weisskopf himself."[32]

In his first letter to American Inventor, Whitehead claimed he made four "trips" in the airplane on 14 August 1901; and that the longest was one and a half miles.[35]

Witnesses reported several different flights they said they saw on 14 August 1901. The Bridgeport Herald reported a half mile flight occurred early in the morning on 14 August. Whitehead and Harworth said that a flight one and a half miles long was made later that day. In all, four flights were reported to have taken place on 14 August 1901 by witnesses.[62]

Among the affidavits collected in the 1930s by Stella Randolph are these, quoted in part:

Affidavit: Joe Ratzenberger – 28 January 1936:
"I recall a time, which I think was probably July or August 1901 or 1902, when this plane was started in flight on the lot between Pine and Cherry Streets. The plane flew at a height of about twelve feet from the ground, I should judge, and traveled the distance to Bostwick Avenue before it came to the ground."[63]
Affidavit: Thomas Schweibert – 15 June 1936:
"I... recall seeing an airplane flight made by the late Gustave Whitehead approximately thirty-five years ago. I was a boy at the time, playing on a lot near the Whitehead shop on Cherry Street, and recall the incident well as we were surprised to see the plane leave the ground. It traveled a distance of approximately three hundred feet, and at a height of approximately fifteen feet in the air, to the best of my recollection."[64]
Affidavit by Junius Harworth – 21 August 1934:
"On August, fourteenth, Nineteen Hundred and One I was present and assisted on the occasion when Mr. Whitehead succeeded in flying his machine, propelled by a motor, to a height of two hundred feet off the ground or sea beach at Lordship Manor, Connecticut. The distance flown was approximately one mile and a half".[65]

Other witnesses who signed affidavits reporting additional powered flights later in 1902 include Elizabeth Koteles (Gypsy Spring, 5 feet off ground, 150–250 feet) and John Lesko (flight in street and Gypsy Spring).[66] Other people signed affidavits saying they saw short flights of varying altitude and distance in the 1901–1902 time period.[67]

O'Dwyer organized a survey of surviving witnesses to the reported Whitehead flights. Members of the Connecticut Aeronautical Historical Association (CAHA) and the 9315th Squadron (O'Dwyer's U.S. Air Force Reserve unit) went door-to-door in Bridgeport, Fairfield, Stratford, and Milford, Connecticut to track down Whitehead's long-ago neighbors and helpers. They also traced some who had moved to other parts of the state and the U.S. Of an estimated 30 persons interviewed for affidavits or on tape, 20 said they had seen flights, eight indicated they had heard of the flights, and two said that Whitehead did not fly.[49]

Photos

Whitehead and his Number 21 aircraft

No photograph has been found conclusively showing any manned Whitehead machine in powered flight, although such photographs have been reported to exist. The edition of 1 October 1904 of the Bridgeport Daily Standard newspaper reported that "pictures showing Whitehead in his aeroplane about 20 feet [6.1m] from the ground and sailing along" were exhibited in the window of Lyon and Grumman's hardware store on Main Street in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The article said: "of course he has not perfected his invention but says that he has frequently flown over half a mile [805 metres (2,640 ft)]. There are people who believe Whitehead is all that the newspapers have represented him to be. The photographs show that he has the ability to make short flights".[68]

A missing photo which purportedly showed an unpiloted Whitehead aircraft in flight was displayed in the 1906 First Annual Exhibit of the Aero Club of America at the 69th Regiment Armory in New York City. The photo was mentioned in a 27 January 1906 Scientific American magazine article.[60] The article said the walls of the exhibit room were covered with a large collection of photographs showing the machines of various inventors. The report said, "No photographs of...man-carrying machines in flight were shown, nor has any trustworthy account of their reported achievements ever been published. A single blurred photograph of a large birdlike machine propelled by compressed air constructed by Whitehead in 1901 was the only other photograph besides that of Samuel Pierpont Langley's scale model machines of a motor-driven aeroplane in successful flight."[57] Peter L. Jakab, National Air and Space Museum (NASM) Associate Director and Curator of Early Flight, theorized that the image "may very well have been an in-flight photograph" of one of Whitehead's gliders.[60]

In 2013 researcher John Brown of Australia announced his forensic analysis [69] of a previously-known vintage panoramic photograph of the 1906 Aero Club Exhibit room. The photo showed individual exhibit images in the background on a wall of the room. Brown concluded that one of the images on the wall, when seen greatly enlarged, was "the long lost photo of Whitehead’s No. 21 in powered flight".[70] He said the image also correlated with the drawing of the aircraft in flight that was published in the 1901 Bridgeport Herald article which reported a Whitehead flight.[71] Brown's photo analysis was conclusively debunked by independent researcher and aviation historian Carroll Gray, who said a clear archival photograph was virtually identical to the enlarged image and proved "beyond any reasonable doubt" that the enlarged image was a glider, The California, built by aviation pioneer John Joseph Montgomery and displayed suspended between trees at an exhibit in a California park in 1905.[72]

A prominent Connecticut official, State Senator George Gunther, and Andy Kosch, a high school science teacher, pilot, and Whitehead researcher, said that they heard about yet another photograph. They were told that a sea captain named Brown had made a logbook entry describing Whitehead flying over Long Island Sound and had even photographed the airplane in flight.[60] A friend told Kosch that he had found the captain's leather-bound journal containing a photo of Whitehead in flight and a description of the event. After some difficulty Kosch made contact with the owners of the journal, but they told him it was lost.[73]

Replicas

To show that the No. 21 aircraft might have flown, Andy Kosch formed the group "Hangar 21" and led construction of a reproduction of the craft. On 29 December 1986 Kosch made 20 flights and reached a maximum distance of 100 m (330 ft). The reproduction, dubbed "21B," was also shown at the 1986 Experimental Aircraft Association Fly-In.[74]

In 1986, American actor and accomplished aviator Cliff Robertson was contacted by the Hangar 21 group in Bridgeport and was asked to attempt to fly their reproduction No.21 while under tow behind a sports car, for the benefit of the press. Robertson said "We did a run and nothing happened. And we did a second run and nothing happened. Then the wind came up a little and we did another run and, sure enough, I got her up and flying. Then we went back and did a second one."[75] Robertson commented, "We will never take away the rightful role of the Wright brothers, but if this poor little German immigrant did indeed get an airplane to go up and fly one day, then let's give him the recognition he deserves."[76]

On 18 February 1998, another reproduction of No. 21 was flown 500 m (1,600 ft) in Germany. The director of the aerospace department at Deutsches Museum stated that such a replica was not proof that the original did actually fly. The 1998 reproduction used modern research and materials such as fibre glass, and had a modern engine.[77]

Controversy

Bridgeport Herald article and drawing

In 1937 Stella Randolph stated in her first book, "Lost Flights of Gustave Whitehead", that the late Richard Howell was the editor who wrote the article about a Whitehead flight in 18 August 1901 Bridgeport Herald weekly newspaper.[78] The article carried no byline.

O'Dwyer wrote that Howell made the drawing of the No. 21 in flight, saying that Howell was "an artist before he became a reporter." [49] O'Dwyer spent hours in the Bridgeport Library studying virtually everything Howell wrote. O'Dwyer said: "Howell was always a very serious writer. He always used sketches rather than photographs with his features on inventions. He was highly regarded by his peers on other local newspapers. He used the florid style of the day, but was not one to exaggerate. Howell later became the Herald's editor."[79]

Kosch said, "If you look at the reputation of the editor of the Bridgeport Herald in those days, you find that he was a reputable man. He wouldn't make this stuff up."[80] Howell died before the controversy about Whitehead began.

Writing in 1970, Gibbs-Smith doubted the veracity of the account; he said that the newspaper article "reads like a work of juvenile fiction ..."[81] Aviation historian Carroll Gray asserts that similarities in the Bridgeport Herald newspaper story show that it is a broad rewrite of an article published in the New York Sun newspaper on 9 June 1901. Gray points out that the Sun article described an unmanned test of a Whitehead flying machine on 3 May 1901.[82]

Mrs. Whitehead and skeptics

An early source of ammunition for both sides of the debate was a 1940 interview of Whitehead's wife Louise.[49] The Bridgeport Sunday Post reported that Mrs. Whitehead said her husband's first words upon returning home from Fairfield on 14 August 1901, were an excited, "Mama, we went up!" Mrs. Whitehead said her husband was always busy with motors and flying machines when he was not working in coal yards or factories. The interview quoted her as saying, "I hated to see him put so much time and money into that work." Mrs. Whitehead said her husband's aviation efforts took their toll on the family budget and she had to work to help meet expenses. She said she never saw any of her husband's reported flights.[49]

Stella Randolph wrote "Mrs. Whitehead talked very freely and frankly with the writer, who made several visits to her home, in the 1930s, and there was never any intimation that she harbored any resentment about the past."[55]

Smithsonian Institution Curator of Aeronautics Peter L. Jakab said that Whitehead's wife and family did not know about his August 1901 flights.[60][83] Mrs. Whitehead, in talking to Randolph, said that she sewed the material for the wings on the plane and took care of the household, and did not watch any experiments.[84] Whitehead's daughter Rose was three years old when the alleged 1901 powered flight took place, and the other children had not yet been born.[85]

Stanley Beach

Stanley Beach was the son of the editor of Scientific American magazine and later became editor himself. He had a long personal association with Whitehead. His father, Frederick Converse Beach, contributed thousands of dollars to support Whitehead's work on Stanley Beach's airplane designs from 1903–1910.[86][87] Beach also claimed to have taken most of the photos that appeared in Stella Randolph's book, "Lost Flights of Gustave Whitehead", published in 1937.[88] In 1908 Beach and Whitehead received a patent for a monoplane glider.[89]

Multiple articles in Scientific American published under Beach's editorship in 1903, 1906, and 1908 stated that Whitehead had conducted "short flights" and flew "short distances" in 1901, similar to the hops made by Maxim and Herring.[90][91][92][93][94] Beach confirmed his authorship of at least one Scientific American article about Whitehead, that of 8 June 1901, in which Beach gave an extensive description of a "novel flying machine."[95] Two photographs were included of a "batlike" craft" on the ground, not flying.[96][97]

The Beach-Whitehead relationship ended due to disagreement over an under-powered over-weight Bleriot-style biplane which never flew. It was designed by Beach and built by Whitehead, who told Beach the design was faulty and could not work. Beach became angry and sent men who took the unfinished airplane away from Whitehead's workshop.

In 1939, at the request of Major Lester D. Gardner, Secretary of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences in New York, Beach drafted a statement about his relationship with Whitehead. Beach gave permission for changes to be made in the statement. It was not published, but was edited by Gardner and aviation publisher Earl Findley, a close friend of Orville Wright. Findley and Gardner apparently hoped the statement would help defend Wright brothers primacy in flight against the recent challenge in Stella Randolph's article and book, according to researcher Susan O'Dwyer Brinchman.[98] The statement was sent to Wright, who relied on it in 1945 to rebut renewed publicity about Whitehead. The Beach statement about Whitehead said: "I do not believe that any of his machines ever left the ground under their own power in spite of the assertions of many persons who think they saw him fly."[60] It also said that Whitehead never told Beach he had flown. The statement offered some words of praise, saying that Whitehead "deserves a place in early aviation, due to his having gone ahead and built extremely light engines and aeroplanes. The five-cylinder kerosene one, with which he claims to have flown over Long Island Sound on 17 January 1902 was, I believe, the first aviation Diesel."[60]

O'Dwyer believed that Beach had "recanted" his earlier view—indicated by the Scientific American articles—that Whitehead had flown. O’Dwyer asserted that Beach became a "politician," who was "rarely missing an opportunity to mingle with the Wright tide that had turned against Whitehead, notably after Whitehead's death in 1927."[49] O'Dwyer argued in History by Contract that Beach's statement was self-contradictory. In one part the statement claimed Whitehead did not fly, and in another it described how Whitehead's machine always landed safely in "pancaking" fashion.

The Smithsonian

Excerpt of the agreement with the Orville Wright estate.

Reports that Whitehead made a flight in Connecticut were noticed by the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Secretary Samuel Langley at the time was building his manned aircraft, the Large Aerodrome "A". Langley's chief engineer, Charles M. Manly, suspected claims for the Whitehead machine were "fraudulent." He requested Smithsonian employee F.W. Hodge to inspect the Number 21 aircraft, which Whitehead had put on display in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Hodge reported the machine did not appear to be airworthy.[99]

For many years the Smithsonian Institution did not formally recognize the 1903 Wright Flyer as first in flight. Instead, it proclaimed the Langley Aerodrome as first to be "capable" of manned powered flight. This policy offended the surviving Wright brother, Orville, who sent the Wright Flyer to the Science Museum in London on long-term loan, rather than donate it to the Smithsonian.[60] In 1942 the Smithsonian publicly recanted its position, and Orville agreed to bring back the Flyer.

As a condition for receiving the airplane, the Smithsonian signed an agreement in 1948 with executors of Orville Wright's estate. Popularly called a "contract," the agreement required the Smithsonian to recognize only the 1903 Wright Flyer, and no other aircraft, as first to make a manned, powered, controlled flight. The agreement, which was not made public, allowed the Wright family to reclaim the Flyer if the Smithsonian failed to comply.[60][Note 2]

In 1975, O'Dwyer learned about the agreement from Harold S. Miller, an executor of the Orville Wright estate.[49] O'Dwyer obtained release of the document with help from Connecticut U.S. Senator Lowell Weicker and the U.S. Freedom of Information Act.[49] O'Dwyer said that during an earlier 1969 conversation with Paul E. Garber, a Smithsonian curator of early aircraft, Garber denied that a contract existed and said he "could never agree to such a thing."[49]

History by Contract, the book co-authored by O'Dwyer and Randolph, argued that the agreement unfairly suppressed recognition of Whitehead's achievements. The book published correspondence between O'Dwyer and the Smithsonian in which he asked the Institution to look at the evidence and to attend interviews of people who said they saw Whitehead fly. The book called for nullification of the agreement.[56]

George Gunther, a Connecticut state senator, said History by Contract was too heavy-handed. Gunther said he had been having "cordial" conversations with the Smithsonian about giving some credit to Whitehead, "but after O'Dwyer blasted them in his book, well, that totally turned them off."[80]

According to the Smithsonian, the agreement was implemented to close the long-running feud with the Wright family over the Institution's false claims for the Aerodrome. Brinchman documented that Gardner and Findley, who helped Orville rebut the Whitehead claims, also participated in crafting text in the agreement that the Institution is required to use in its labeling of the Wright Flyer.[98]

The agreement remains in effect to the present day. In 2005 Peter Jakab of the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum (NASM) said the agreement would not stop the Smithsonian from recognizing anyone as inventor of the first airplane if indisputable evidence were found: "We would present as accurate a presentation of the history of the invention of the airplane as possible, regardless of the consequences this might incur involving the agreement. Having said that, however, at this time, as in 1948, there is no compelling evidence that Whitehead or anyone else flew before the Wright brothers."[60] In 2013 senior aeronautics curator Tom Crouch of NASM said, "I can only hope that, should persuasive evidence for a prior flight be presented, my colleagues and I would have the courage and the honesty to admit the new evidence and risk the loss of the Wright Flyer."[100]

Purported meeting with the Wright brothers

In the 1930s, Whitehead was said by three witnesses to have helped the Wright brothers by revealing his secrets perhaps two years prior to their first powered flights.[32]

Statements obtained by Stella Randolph in the 1930s from two of Whitehead's workers, Cecil Steeves and Anton Pruckner, claimed that the Wright brothers visited Whitehead's shop a year or two before their 1903 flights. The January 1988 Air Enthusiast magazine states: "Both Cecil Steeves and Junius Harworth remember the Wrights; Steeves described them and recalled their telling Weisskopf that they had received his letter indicating an exchange of correspondence."[32] Steeves said that the Wright brothers, "under the guise of offering to help finance his inventions, actually received inside information that aided them materially in completing their own plane."[101] Steeves related that Whitehead said to him, "Now since I have given them the secrets of my invention they will probably never do anything in the way of financing me."[101]

Orville Wright denied that he or his brother ever visited Whitehead at his shop and stated that the first time they were in Bridgeport was 1909 "and then only in passing through on the train."[102] This position is supported by Library of Congress historian Fred Howard, co-editor of the Wright brothers' papers,[52] and by aviation writers Martin Caidin and Harry B. Combs.[103]

O'Dwyer said Octave Chanute "encouraged" the Wrights to look into engines built by Whitehead. In a letter to Wilbur Wright on 3 July 1901, Chanute made a single reference to Whitehead, saying: "I have a letter from Carl E. Myers, the balloon maker, stating that a Mr. Whitehead has invented a light weight motor, and has engaged to build for Mr. Arnot of Elmira 'a motor of 10 I.H.P. ...'"[57][104]

Orville's rebuttal

In 1945 Whitehead's son Charles was interviewed on Joseph Nathan Kane's national radio program "Famous Firsts" as the son of the first man to fly. That claim was repeated in a Liberty magazine article, which was condensed in a Reader's Digest article that reached a very large audience.[105] Orville Wright, then in his seventies, countered the magazine articles by writing "The Mythical Whitehead Flight", which appeared in the August 1945 issue of U.S. Air Services,[106] a publication with a far smaller but very influential readership.

Orville began by questioning why the Bridgeport Herald "withheld" such important aeronautical news four days and suggested the story thus must not be true. Whitehead researchers have pointed out that the Herald was not a daily newspaper but a weekly, published only on Sundays. Orville noted that James Dickie, named as a witness by the Herald, had declared in an affidavit that he was not present at the event, did not know the other named witness and never saw a Whitehead aircraft fly. Orville discussed John J. Dvorak, a physics professor at Washington University in St. Louis, who had designed an engine and hired Whitehead to build it after praising him publicly. Dvorak became dissatisfied with Whitehead's progress on the engine and severed the business relationship. Orville quoted Dvorak's 1936 affidavit: "I personally do not believe that Whitehead ever succeeded in making any airplane flights." Dvorak's negative comments that Orville quoted included the phrases: "Whitehead did not possess sufficient mechanical skill...was given to gross exaggeration...He had delusions."[22]

Orville also relied on the unpublished statement by Stanley Beach. Orville wrote that Whitehead never told Beach he had flown, and that Beach believed none of Whitehead's aircraft ever left the ground under their own power. Orville asserted that if Whitehead had flown, Beach would surely have known about it after associating frequently with Whitehead for nine years and helping him financially.

Orville's critical comments were later quoted by both the Smithsonian Institution and British aviation historian Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith.

Honors

Connecticut Governor John N. Dempsey designated 14 August as "Gustave Whitehead Day" in 1964 and 1968. A large headstone replaced the bronze marker of his grave at a formal dedication ceremony on 15 August 1964 attended by elected officials, members of every branch of the armed services, Clarence Chamberlain – famed aviator, CAHA, the 9315th Air Force Reserves Squadron, and surviving members of his family, his three daughters, and his assistant Anton Pruckner, commemorating Whitehead as "Father of Connecticut Aviation".[49]

The "Aviation Pioneer Gustav Weißkopf Museum" was established in Leutershausen, Germany, in 1974.

A memorial fountain and sculpture commemorating Whitehead's "aviation first" was dedicated in May 2012 and is located on a traffic island at the intersection of Fairfield Avenue and State Street in Bridgeport[107]

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ October 1874 is shown on the 1900 U.S. Census as Gustave Whitehead's month and year of birth. 1 January 1874, is stated on G. Whitehead's notation of birth in Leutershausen.
  2. ↑ Image at the Wayback Machine (archived 17 August 2002) of the agreement is on this Archived 28 February 2003 at the Wayback Machine. of the "glennhcurtiss.com" website. The Agreement is also available upon request from the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.
Citations
  1. ↑ Gustave Whitehead Book FAQ Gustave Whitehead: "First in Flight". Retrieved 15 February 2016
  2. ↑ Randolph, Stella (1937). Lost Flights of Gustave Whitehead. Washington, DC: Places, Inc.
  3. ↑ Jackson, Paul, FRAeS, Editor-in-Chief, "Justice delayed is justice denied," March 8, 2013, from "Foreword" to Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft, 2013 Edition, IHS/Janes, U.K. (as transcribed on the pro-Whitehead website Gustave-Whitehead.com), retrieved Oct. 18, 2016
  4. ↑ "First in Flight? Connecticut Stakes a Claim," Apr 17, 2015, The New York Times as retrieved 2016-10-18
  5. ↑ Office of Legislative Research, Public Act Summary: Public Act 13–210 (PDF), State of CT, 2013, retrieved 4 August 2015
  6. ↑ "Malloy OKs law recognizing new 1st aviator". Norwich Bulletin. Norwich, CT. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  7. ↑ Public Act No. 13-210 Retrieved 27 June 2013
  8. ↑ Leavenworth, Jesse (15 June 2013). "First In Flight, Or Flight Of Fancy?". Hartford Courant. Hartford, CT. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  9. ↑ Satija, Neena (7 June 2013). "Bipartisan support to Whitehead, state polka, and a second state song". CT Mirror. Hartford, CT. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  10. ↑ "Gustave Whitehead An RAeS statement regarding claims..." Royal Aeronautical Society Historical Group. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
  11. ↑ Gray, Carroll F., et.al., in Gustave Whitehead First in Flight breaking news, PPRuNe Forums, 2015, archive, as retrieved Oct. 18, 2016.
  12. ↑ "Jane's backs off Gustave Whitehead claim," April 17, 2015, NAHA News, National Aviation Heritage Alliance
  13. ↑ Gray, Caroll F., Jane's Points Finger at Editor Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 February 2016
  14. ↑ "The Biography". Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  15. ↑ 1900 U.S. Census, Pennsylvania, Allegheny, Pittsburgh, S.D. 18, E.D. 179, Sheet 16
  16. 1 2 "Gustave Whitehead". Capsule Biographies. Aerofiles. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  17. ↑ "Gustave Whitehead First to Fly? Maybe. Will His Fairfield House Crash? - The Connecticut Story – August 2013".
  18. ↑ http://www.massaerohistory.org/Boston_Aeronautical_Society.pdf
  19. ↑ Randolph, 1937, p. 27
  20. 1 2 Trimble, William F. (1982). High frontier: a history of aeronautics in Pennsylvania. University of Pittsburgh. pp. 57–58. ISBN 0-8229-5340-4.
  21. ↑ "Didn't fly yesterday". Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette. 6 December 1899. p. 2. Retrieved 22 June 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Whitehead Articles, Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company, retrieved 28 May 2011
  23. ↑ Minneapolis Journal, 26 July 1901, credited to the New York Sun.
  24. 1 2 3 Library of Congress, Chronicling America website retrieved on 10 January 2012
  25. ↑ The Bridgeport Herald displays the name Sunday Herald on some of its pages. The newspaper may also be referred to as the Bridgeport Sunday Herald. Microfilm records of the newspaper.
  26. ↑ Image of newspaper page at: Page 5 of 18 August 1901 edition of Bridgeport Herald and at: Photocopy of the Bridgeport Herald, August 18, 1901
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 no byline, reputedly: Howell, Richard (18 August 1901). "Flying". Bridgeport Herald. Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  28. ↑ Witkowski, Mary K., "Images of America – Bridgeport At Work" p. 85.
  29. ↑ Randolph, Stella, "Lost Flights of Gustave Whitehead", p. 46
  30. ↑ Delear, 1996.
  31. ↑ "Gustave-Whitehead.com, Gustav Weißkopf, © John Brown".
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Weissenborn, Georg K. (January 1988). "1988 – Did Whitehead Fly?". Air Enthusiast. Vol. 35. Gustave Whitehead's Flying Machines. Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  33. ↑ "Collier's". Collier's. 1 January 1901 – via Google Books.
  34. ↑ Coconino Sun, Flagstaff, AZ 7 December 1901
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "1902 – Letters to American Inventor from G. Whitehead". Gustave Whitehead's Flying Machines. 17 January 1902. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  36. ↑ O'Dwyer and Randolph. History by Contract. Fritz Majer and Sohn. (1978) p. 53-55
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Machines". Gustave Whitehead's Flying Machines. Archived from the original on 4 August 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  38. ↑ "Experiment with motor-driven aeroplanes", Scientific American, 19 September 1903
  39. ↑ Flightjournal at the Wayback Machine (archived 18 June 2006)
  40. ↑ Wüst, Albert: loc. cit. p. 135
  41. ↑ "US Patent 881837", Official gazette of the United States Patent Office, United States Patent Office, 133, 10 March 1908
  42. ↑ "Aeroplane.".
  43. ↑ Jane's All the World's Air-Ships, 1909, page 260. (text and heavily-retouched photograph)
  44. ↑ Duranti, Pierluigi (June 1998). "Did He Actually Fly Before The Wright Brothers?". FAI International. Archived from the original on 17 February 2001. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  45. ↑ Crouch, A Dream of Wings: Americans and the airplane, 1875–1905, p. 119
  46. ↑ Modern Industrial Progress, Charles Henry Cochrane, J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia and London, 1904, p. 97
  47. ↑ Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal Vol. 14, p. 203, Clinton Co., 1910
  48. 1 2 O'Dwyer, William J. (July 1998). "Letters to the Editor: Gustave Weisskopf". FAI International. Archived from the original on 22 September 2001. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Delear, pp 1–10
  50. ↑ Lechner, M. "Timetable: Gustave Whitehead". Flugpionier Gustav A. Weißkopf. Historical Flight Research Committee Gustav Weisskopf (Whitehead) (HFRC-GW). Retrieved 28 May 2011. Extract of Ich flog vor den Wrights by A. Wuest. Leutershausen: Fritz Majer & Sohn. ISBN 3-922175-39-2
  51. 1 2 3 "Harvard Teacher Hits Wright Claim: May Ask Congress to Solve First Flight Feud". Reading Eagle. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Google news. 18 January 1937. p. 9. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  52. 1 2 Howard, Fred (1998). Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers. Courier Dover Publications. p. 512. ISBN 0-486-40297-5.
  53. ↑ http://earlyaviators.com/ewhitehe.htm Earlyaviators
  54. ↑ What role did the Connecticut Aeronautical Historical Association (CAHA) play in the recognition of Gustave Whitehead?Gustave Whitehead: "First in Flight". Retrieved 18 February 2016
  55. 1 2 Randolph, Stella. The Story of Gustave Whitehead: Before the Wrights Flew, New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1966, p. 120.
  56. 1 2 "History by Contract", p.15, O'Dwyer and Randolph, 1978
  57. 1 2 3 O'Dwyer, William J. (October 1998). "The 'Who Flew First' Debate". Flight Journal. pp. 1–6. Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  58. ↑ "General Assembly of North Carolina, 1985 Session, Ratified Bill. Resolution 57, Senate Joint Resolution 1296". Enacted Legislation. North Carolina General Assembly. 1985. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  59. 1 2 Gibbs-Smith, Charles Harvard (1960). The Aeroplane: An Historical Survey of Its Origins and Development. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 207–208.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Malan, Douglas (13 September 2005), "The Man Who Would Be King: Gustave Whitehead and the battle with the Smithsonian", Connecticut Life, Flying Machines, retrieved 28 May 2011
  61. ↑ "Affidavit: Anton T. Pruckner". Affidavits. Gustave Whitehead's Flying Machines. 16 July 1934. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  62. ↑ O'Dwyer and Randolph. History by Contract. Fritz Majer and Sohn. p. 19
  63. ↑ "Affidavit: Joe Ratzenberger". Affidavits. Gustave Whitehead's Flying Machines. 28 January 1936. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  64. ↑ "Affidavit: Thomas Schweiber". Affidavits. Gustave Whitehead's Flying Machines. 15 June 1936. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  65. ↑ "Affidavit: Junius Harworth". Affidavits. Gustave Whitehead's Flying Machines. 21 August 1934. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  66. ↑ O'Dwyer and Randolph. History by Contract. Fritz Majer and Sohn. (1978) p. 63,81,84
  67. ↑ O'Dwyer and Randolph. History by Contract. Fritz Majer and Sohn. (1978)
  68. ↑ Bridgeport Daily Standard, 1 October 1904, "Gustave Whitehead Shows That He Can Fly For At Least Half Mile". Gustave Whitehead – Pioneer Aviator. Retrieved 7 July 2013
  69. ↑ "Gustave Whitehead – Pioneer Aviator" Detailed photo analysis retrieved 27 June 2013.
  70. ↑ "Gustave Whitehead – Pioneer Aviator" retrieved 27 June 2013.
  71. ↑ Executive Overview: Jane's All the World Aircraft, 7 March 2013
  72. ↑ "Update # 5: The Photographs – Whitehead Aloft They Are Not" Flyingmachines.org. Retrieved 25 November 2013
  73. ↑ Briggs, Johnathon (22 April 2003). "Wing Flap". Baltimore Sun, reproduced in "Air-Expertises" website of François Grangier as "For some, flap persists in aviation history". Archived from the original on 4 March 2005. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  74. ↑ Flight Journal at the Wayback Machine (archived 18 June 2006)
  75. ↑ Godfrey, Joe (18 February 2000). "Cliff Robertson". AVweb. Aviation Publishing Group. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  76. ↑ Hall, Ken (2004). "The Celebrity Collector: Cliff Robertson Collects Vintage Aircraft". Southeastern Antiquing and Collecting Magazine. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  77. ↑ Braun, Rüdiger (2 March 1998). "Weißkopftaube fliegt: Neue Hinweise, daß Gustav Weißkopf 1901 das erste Motorflugzeug entwickelt hat" [Whitehead Dove flies: New evidence that Gustav Weißkopf developed the first motorplane in 1901]. Focus Magazin (in German). Focus Online. 10. Retrieved 1 July 2013. Trotz aller Sorgfalt habe der flugfähige Nachbau der „Weißkopftaube“ leider 'keinerlei Beweiswert', kritisiert der Leiter der Luft- und Raumfahrtabteilung des Deutschen Museums, Werner Heinzerling. Beispielsweise wurden die Bambusholme der Tragflächen mit Glasfaserkunststoff verstärkt und anhand umfangreicher Tests – wie sie Weißkopf nicht möglich waren – der ideale Schwerpunkt der Maschine bestimmt. ... Auch die Verwendung moderner Flugmotoren verfälscht nach Ansicht des Aerodynamikers und Flughistorikers Heinzerling die historischen Tatsachen. [But despite of all diligence, the flyable reproduction of the Whitehead Dove was 'devoid of any conclusiveness', criticised Werner Heinzerling who is director of the aerospace department at Deutsches Museum. E.g. the bamboo beams of the wings had been enforced with fibre glass, and the aircraft's ideal centre of mass had been determined by extensive tests – which were not available to Weisskopf. ... Also the use of modern aircraft engines distorts the historical facts according to aerodynamics expert and aviation historian Heinzerling.]
  78. ↑ Randolph, Stella (1937), "Lost Flights of Gustave Whitehead", Washington, D.C., Places, Inc., pp.18,46
  79. ↑ Delear, 1996, p. 5
  80. 1 2 Burgeson, John (14 August 2010). "Anniversary of disputed 1st flight takes wing in Fairfield". Connecticut Post. Hearst Communications. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  81. ↑ Gibbs-Smith, 2000, pp. 286–287.
  82. ↑ "Out Fairfield Way" FlyingMachines.org. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  83. ↑ Bridgeport Telegram, 26 September 1926
  84. ↑ Randolph, Stella (1937), "Lost Flights of Gustave Whitehead", Washington, D.C. Places, Inc., p. 49
  85. ↑ Randolph, Stella (1937), "Lost Flights of Gustave Whitehead", Washington, D.C. Places, Inc., p. 31
  86. ↑ "New Ocean Aero Coolly Received". New York Tribune. New York [N.Y.] 30 August 1915. p. 4. via Chronicling America: Historic American, Newspapers. Lib. of Congress
  87. ↑ History by Contract, O'Dwyer and Randolph (1978), p. 124
  88. ↑ Sci. American, 10 April 1939
  89. ↑ US patent 881837, Gustave Whitehead, "Aeroplane", issued 1908-03-10
  90. ↑ Sci. American, 19 September 1903, p. 204
  91. ↑ Sci. American, 27 January 1906
  92. ↑ "Santos Dumont's Latest Flight", Sci Am, 24 November 1906, p. 378
  93. ↑ "The Second Annual Exhibition of the Aero Club of America", Sci. Am, 15 December 1906, p. 448-449
  94. ↑ Sci. American, 25 January 1908
  95. ↑ Sci. American 8 June 1901, p. 357
  96. ↑ Bongartz, Jr., Roy (December 1981). "Was Whitehead First?". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 156 no. 6. p. 70.
  97. ↑ "A New Flying Machine". Scientific American. Vol. 156 no. 6. 1901. p. 357. Hosted by machine-history.com.
  98. 1 2 "Smithsonian conspiracy to deny Whitehead flew first now provable" Gustave Whitehead: "First in Flight". Retrieved 17 February 2016
  99. ↑ Crouch, The Bishop's Boys, p. 498
  100. ↑ "The Flight Claims of Gustave Whitehead" Air&Space Smithsonian. Retrieved 18 February 2016
  101. 1 2 "Affidavit: Cecil A. Steeves". Affidavits. Gustave Whitehead's Flying Machines. 10 October 1936. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  102. ↑ O. Wright/Fred L. Black letter, 19 October 1937. The Papers of Orville and Wilbur Wright, Vol Two, 1906–1948. pp. 1164–1165.
  103. ↑ Combs, Harry; Caidin, Martin (1979). Kill Devil Hill: discovering the secret of the Wright Brothers. Houghton Mifflin. p. 351. ISBN 0-395-28216-0.
  104. ↑ "To Fly Is Everything". Library: Source:Chanute-Wright Correspondence. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  105. ↑ Howard, Fred (1998). Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers. Courier Dover Publications. p. 437. ISBN 0-486-40297-5.
  106. ↑ "Orville Wright in US Air Service, August 1945, p.9" Gustave Whitehead – Pioneer Aviator. Retrieved 16 February 2016,
  107. ↑ "News Feed".
Bibliography

External links

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