Epson HX-20

Epson HX-20

The Epson HX-20
Also known as HC-20
Manufacturer Epson
Release date 1982 (1982)[1]
Introductory price 795 US$ (today $1892.01)
CPU two Hitachi 6301 CPUs at 614 kHz
Memory 16 kB RAM expandable to 32 kB
32 kB ROM expandable to 64 kB
Display 4 lines x 20 characters LCD
Graphics 120 × 32-pixel
Input full-transit keyboard
Power rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries
Dimensions A4 Sized
Weight approximately 1.6 kg

The Epson HX-20 (also known as the HC-20) is generally regarded as the first laptop computer, announced in November 1981, although first sold widely in 1983. Hailed by BusinessWeek magazine as the “fourth revolution in personal computing”, it is generally considered both the first notebook and handheld computer.

Features

The Epson HX-20 in its transport case with two spare paper rolls.

Epson advertised the HX-20 with a photograph of the computer on two facing magazine pages with the headline "Actual size".[2] With about the footprint of an A4 size page, the Epson HX-20 features a full-transit keyboard, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, a built-in 120 × 32-pixel LCD which allowed 4 lines of 20 characters, a calculator-size dot-matrix printer, the EPSON BASIC programming language, two Hitachi 6301 CPUs at 614 kHz[3] which is essentially a souped up Motorola 6801,[4] 16 kB RAM expandable to 32 kB, two RS-232 ports at a maximum of 4800 bits/s for the first 8-pin DIN connector intended for modem or serial printer with the second port capable of 38400 bits/s using a 5-pin DIN connector which was mainly for use with external floppy drive and video display[3] an early concept of docking station, a 300 bit/s acoustic coupler was available,[3] built-in microcassette drive, barcode reader connector.[3] Uses a proprietary operating system, which consists of the EPSON BASIC interpreter and a monitor program, and weighs approximately 1.6 kg. Known colours of the machine are silver and cream, while some prototypes were dark grey. The HX-20 was supplied with a grey or brown carry case. An external acoustic coupler, the CX-20, was available for the HX-20, as was an external floppy disk drive, the TF-20, and an external speech synthesis Augmentative Communication Device (ACD), ‘RealVoice’. Another extension was the serially connected 40 x 24 character video. It used a special protocol, EPSP, which was also used by the external floppy disk drive. The battery life of the HX-20 was approximately 50 hours running BASIC and less using the microcassette, printer or RS-232.[3] The data integrity could be preserved in the 4.0 - 6.0 V range.[3] The power supply was rated for 8 W.[3] Operating and charging it would tolerate 5 - 35 °C.[3] Data integrity could be preserved at -5 - 40 °C.[3] The HX-20 could be stored between -20 - 60 °C.[3]

The later, more popular TRS-80 Model 100 line, designed by Kyocera, owed much to the design of the HX-20.

Reception

BYTE in September 1983 wrote that the HX-20, available in the United States for about a year, had been unsuccessful because of the lack of software or accessories. The review noted that Epson had included the formerly $160 microcassette drive in the standard $795 configuration, as well as bundling a simple word processor. BYTE praised the printer as "nothing short of amazing", but criticized the lack of an operating system for cassette storage and said that compared to the TRS-80 Model 100's display, "the HX-20 looks primitive".[5]

LCD

The LCD is 120×32 pixels and is controlled by six µPD7227 LCD controller ICs each responsible for 40×16 pixels of the LCD. The µPD7227 uses a serial protocol and has two memory banks for switching between rows 0-7 and 8-15. It features multiple modes, including "Write", "Read", "AND", "OR" and "Character". The "character" mode draws characters from a built-in character map. Each bank is 40 bytes with bit 6 of the address determining the bank and even though the address can be up to 127, nothing will happen when trying to access data outside the banks. If the pointer action in a command is set to decrement and the pointer is at 0, the pointer will wrap to 127.

Monitor

Monitor entered via a trap

The Monitor program can be accessed via the main menu on startup by pressing 1, by typing the command "MON" in BASIC or by causing a trap, i.e. writing/reading to/from protected addresses or executing an illegal instruction. In the case of a trap, "Trap!" will be displayed in the Monitor and the user can use it for debugging.

When entering Monitor it shows a prompt on the first line, "Trap!" on the second line (if entered via a trap) and the CPU registers on the third and fourth lines as they were right before the Monitor was entered. These registers are A (Accumulator A), B (Accumulator B), X (Index Register), C (Condition Code Register), S (Stack Pointer) and P (Program Counter).

Monitor can be used for reading and writing memory, modifying CPU registers, running code at specific addresses in memory, saving/loading memory to/from a plugin option, etc. This is very useful for debugging programs written in machine code in difference to programs written in the EPSON BASIC programming language.

Commands

Command Syntax Description
S (Set) S<addr> [old] [new] Writes the 8-bit value "new" (in hex) to 16-bit address <addr>. Entering only the address and pressing enter will make the old value at the address appear and the cursor put after the old value for entering a value.
D (Dump) D<addr> Dumps the values from addresses <addr> to <addr + 14> to the display.
G (Go) G<addr>,<breakpoint> Sets the programme counter to the 16-bit address <addr> and will return to Monitor before the breakpoint address <breakpoint> is executed.
X (Examine) X Allows the user to display and change the contents of each register. The RETURN key applies the changed value (if any) and jumps between registers. Typing a non-hexadecimal character exits this command.
R (Read) R<device>,<filename> Transfer data from an external storage to memory. <device> can be any of M (microcassette), C (external cassette) and P (ROM cartridge). The memory address is specified using the "A (Address)" command.
W (Write) W<device>,<filename> Transfer data from memory specified by the "A (Address)" command to an external storage. See "R (Read)" for more information. ROM cartridge is not supported by this command.
V (Verify) V<device>,<filename> Verifies data transferred to an external storage against the memory specified by the "A (Address)" command. See "R (Read)" for more information. ROM cartridge is not supported by this command.
A (Address) A Specify an address range for commands R, W and V. The user will be prompted with T (Top address), L (Last address), O (Offset value) and E (Entrypoint). Offset and entrypoint values are only used by the "W (Write)" and "V (Verify)" commands.
K (Key set) K<text> Enter a sequence of keys to be pressed automatically on power up (and reset). Press CTRL+@ to stop. A maximum of 18 characters can be entered and function keys counts as two characters.
B (Back) B Return to the procedure from which Monitor was called.

Expansion port

The expansion port allows hardware to connect directly to the master processor's memory bus, exposing the 16-bit address bus, 8-bit data bus and control signals. An external device can add ROMs, RAM or MMIO-devices to the master CPU's address space. The address range 0x4000-0x5FFF has no internal mapping and is thus a good range for external hardware, but the internal ROMs (0x6000-0xFFFF) can be disabled as well using the ROM enable pin so the entire range 0x4000-0xFFFF can be used.

There's an "expansion unit" which contains sockets for extra RAM and ROMs which can be mapped to various areas in the address space using a DIP switch, even replacing the BASIC interpreter ROMs. Some software distributed as ROMs were designed to be used in the expansion unit.

Expansion port pinout
Pin Name Direction Description Pin Name Direction Description
1 Vb - +5V 21 ADDR6 OUT Address line 6
2 NMI# - Master/Slave CPU NMI-signal 22 ADDR7 OUT Address line 7
3 +5V - Logic voltage 23 ADDR8 OUT Address line 8
4 +5V - Logic voltage 24 ADDR9 OUT Address line 9
5 DATA7 IN/OUT Data line 7 25 ADDR10 OUT Address line 10
6 DATA6 IN/OUT Data line 6 26 ADDR11 OUT Address line 11
7 DATA5 IN/OUT Data line 5 27 ADDR12 OUT Address line 12
8 DATA4 IN/OUT Data line 4 28 ADDR13 OUT Address line 13
9 DATA3 IN/OUT Data line 3 29 ADDR14 OUT Address line 14
10 DATA2 IN/OUT Data line 2 30 ADDR15 OUT Address line 15
11 DATA1 IN/OUT Data line 1 31 R OUT Reset
12 DATA0 IN/OUT Data line 0 32 R/W OUT Read (low)/Write (high)
13 IOCS# OUT I/O chip select 33 R (RAM)# OUT RAM reset
14 Vc - RAM backup voltage (+3V) 34 E OUT ENABLE signal
15 ADDR0 OUT Address line 0 35 ROM E IN ROM enable
16 ADDR1 OUT Address line 1 36 INTEX# IN External interrupt signal
17 ADDR2 OUT Address line 2 37 GND - Signal ground
18 ADDR3 OUT Address line 3 38 GND - Signal ground
19 ADDR4 OUT Address line 4 39 CG - Chassis ground
20 ADDR5 OUT Address line 5 40 CG - Chassis ground

Memory map

Start End Description
0000 001F Internal registers
0020 003F I/O select
0040 007F RTC registers + RAM
0080 3FFF RAM
4000 5FFF Used by expansion unit
6000 7FFF ROM #4 (Option ROM)
8000 9FFF ROM #3
A000 BFFF ROM #2
C000 DFFF ROM #1
E000 FFFF ROM #0

ROM #0 and #1 are known as the I/O ROMs, handling system reset and providing functions for using the LCD, keyboard, clock, printer, speaker, serial communication, etc. The I/O ROMs are equivalent to the BIOS in modern PCs. ROM #0 also contains the interrupt vector table at FFF0-FFFF. FFFE-FFFF determines what the program counter should be set to on power up or reset. In the standard set of ROMs for the HX-20, this value is E000, the start of ROM #0.

ROM #2 and #3 contains the BASIC interpreter. If the BASIC ROMs are removed from the motherboard, the BASIC option in the main menu will disappear, leaving only MONITOR. This is because ROM #3 contains a program header which is detected by the menu routines. This works the same for all user-created programs, except the program type is different.

The Expansion unit added up to 16 kByte of RAM and two ROM sockets. The latter could only be used by switching off the internal BASIC ROMS.[6]

Similar Epson models

Problems

A common complaint found in most HX-20 computers today is the failure of the internal Ni-Cd rechargeable battery pack. The battery pack is easily replaced by a NiMH (or equivalent) battery pack. Changing the battery pack is not generally considered to reduce the collectible value of the computer, as doing so does not damage any internals.

An easy fix for replacement batteries is to use four AA cells in a holder secured on the inside. The leads can be easily soldered on to the connector from an original battery. It can also work with a lantern battery on alligator clips.

References

  1. ↑ "Epson HX-20 laptop computer". Museum of Technology. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  2. ↑ Advertisement (December 1982). "Actual size.". BYTE. pp. 260–261. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 HX-20 Operations Manual
  4. ↑ jrok.om - Replacement CUS60, CUS63 and some CUS64
  5. ↑ Ramsey, David (September 1983). "Epson's HX-20 and Texas Instruments' CC-40". BYTE. p. 193. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  6. ↑ Technical Support Document number 72a, Using the Epson HX-20 expansion unit
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