Haplogroup K2b1a (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup K2b1a
Possible place of origin Maritime Southeast Asia or Oceania
Ancestor K2b1 (P397, P399)
Descendants K2b1a1; K2b1a2;
K2b1a3; S (P405)
Defining mutations CTS5650/F3744/P405 [1][2]

Haplogroup K2b1 or K-P405 (sometimes known as Haplogroup S-P405), is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs CTS5650, F3744 and P405.

K-P405 is found primarily in Melanesia (especially in Papua New Guinea), Micronesia and Maritime Southeast Asia.

Phylogeny

K2b1a has four primary subclades:

(Based on the 2015 ISOGG tree and subsequent published research.[3])

Distribution

The basal haplogroup K2b1a* (K-P405*) and the rest of K2b1axS are relatively rare. However, K2b1a* is found at significant levels among various Micronesian populations: 5.6%. It is also found among males on the Indonesian island of Sumba at a rate of 0.2%.[4]

One study has reported finding S-M230 in: 52% (16/31) of a sample from the Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlands; 21% (7/34) of a sample from the Moluccas (Maluku); 16% (5/31) of a sample from the Papua New Guinea coast; 12.5% (2/16) of a sample of Tolai from New Britain; 10% (3/31) of a sample from Nusa Tenggara, and; 2% (2/89) of a sample from the West New Guinea lowlands/coast. One subclade, Haplogroup S1d (S-M226.1) has been found at low frequencies in the Admiralty Islands and along the coast of mainland PNG. [5] [6]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/index.htm
  2. ↑ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (June 2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Eur J Hum Genet. 23: 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMID 24896152.
  3. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015 (24 September 2016).
  4. ↑ Tatiana M. Karafet, Fernando L. Mendez, Herawati Sudoyo, J. Stephen Lansing & Michael F. Hammer, 2013, "Table 1" ("Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia", European Journal of Human Genetics no. 23 (24 September 2016).
  5. ↑ Kayser, M.; Choi, Y.; Van Oven, M.; Mona, S.; Brauer, S.; Trent, R. J.; Suarkia, D.; Schiefenhovel, W.; Stoneking, M. (2008). "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1362–74.
  6. ↑ Cox, Murray P.; Mirazón Lahr, Marta (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (1): 35–50
Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ   K
I J    LT [χ 5]  K2
L T [χ 6] NO [χ 7] K2b [χ 8]     K2c  K2d  K2e [χ 9]
N   O   K2b1 [χ 10]     P
K2b1a[χ 11]     K2b1b K2b1c      M     P1 P2
K2b1a1   K2b1a2   K2b1a3 S [χ 12] Q   R
  1. ↑ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
  2. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. ↑ Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T (M184) was known as "Haplogroup K2" – that name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
  7. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  8. ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  9. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  10. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  11. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1a has also been known as Haplogroup S-P405.
  12. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230), also known as K2b1a4, was previously known as Haplogroup K5.
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