Honeycomb weathering

Honeycomb weathering in Larrabee State Park, Washington
Honeycomb weathering in a Cambrian sandstone, Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel.
Honeycomb weathering at Altdahn Castle in the Palatinate Forest, Germany
Excellent honeycomb weathering of a cliff overhang, Elgol, Scotland.

Honeycomb weathering, also known as fretting, cavernous weathering, alveoli/alveolar weathering, stone lattice, stone lace or miniature tafoni weathering (Mustoe, 1982) is a form of salt weathering common on coastal and semi-arid granites, sandstones and limestones (Mustoe 1982). Honeycomb weathering is not limited to natural settings and can be seen to develop on buildings where a rate of development can be established. This rate can be as fast as several centimeters in 100 years (Mustoe 1982). Honeycomb weathering occurs throughout the world from the polar regions (French and Guglielmin 1999) to the equator. It produces pits in the weathered material, resembling a honeycombed structure. There are two distinct types of coastal honeycomb weathering intertidal and supratidal.

Cause

For honeycomb weathering to occur, some research indicates that a source of salt is needed because the basic mechanism for this kind of weathering is salt heaving. Salt is deposited on the surface of the rock by saltwater spray or by wind. Moisture must be present to allow for the salt to settle on the rocks so that as the salt solution evaporates the salt begins to crystallize within the pore-spaces of the rock. Permeable rock is also needed so that there are pore-spaces for the salt to crystallize within. These salt crystals pry apart the mineral grains, leaving them vulnerable to other forms of weathering. It takes prolonged periods for this weathering to become visible, as the rock goes through cycles of wetting and drying. However, in some arid and hyper-arid environments (i.e. Southern Jordan), it has been found that the differential weathering that produces tafoni initiation and development may also be linked to freeze-thaw and wetting-drying cycles, in addition to lithologic and micro-climatic variations affecting moisture availability, residency, and source as the primary influence, as compared to salt factors (Paradise 2011).

Intertidal honeycomb weathering is found on horizontal planes in rock within the tidal zone. This type of honeycomb weathering is limited in its growth by the rate of evaporation from the sun. Once the depressions have grown large enough that the sun can not evaporate all of the water left in the gap by the retreating wave, the holes are as large as they will get, because the salt can not dry out and wedge grains apart any longer.

The cause of the characteristic honeycomb pattern in supratidal areas on the vertical plane is still under debate. Some geologists believe that the side walls of the alveoli may be protected from salt weathering by microscopic algae (Mustoe, 1982), while others believe that case-hardening, wind and sun exposure, wetting and drying cycles or mineralogical variations within the stone may be responsible. Most likely, a combination of these factors produce these delicate structures (Paradise 2011).

Research

Honeycomb weathering has been studied using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging, laboratory reconstruction of weathering conditions, Mass Spectrometry, Electron Diffraction Spectroscopy (EDS) and other techniques. It has been studied extensively as it is responsible for the slow destruction of many historical sites worldwide including, the ruined city of Petra, Jordan, and the sea walls of Weston-super-Mare, UK.

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tafoni.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 10/2/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.