Howard Richards (academic)

Howard Curtis Richards
Born	June 10, 1938 Pasadena, California United States
Spouse(s)	Caroline Higgins
Academic background
Alma mater	University of California, Santa Barbara
Thesis title	Distributive Justice
Thesis year	1974
Influences	Paulo Freire Rom Harré Gandhi
Academic work
Notable works	Letters from Quebec Understanding the Global Economy Dilemmas of Social Democracies The Evaluation of Cultural Action Gandhi and the Future of Economics Re-thinking the Economy Unbounded Organization

Howard Richards (born June 10, 1938) is a philosopher of Social Science who worked with the concepts of basic cultural structures^{[nb 1]} and constitutive rules.^{[nb 2]} He holds the title of Research Professor of Philosophy at Earlham College, a liberal arts college in Richmond, Indiana, United States, the Quaker School where he taught for thirty years. He officially retired from Earlham College, together with his wife Caroline Higgins in 2007, but retained the title of Research Professor of Philosophy. He has a PhD in Philosophy from the University of California, Santa Barbara,^[1] a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the Stanford Law School, an Advanced Certificate in Education (ACE) from Oxford University (UK) and a PhD in Educational Planning ^[2] from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE), University of Toronto, Canada. He now teaches at the University of Santiago, Chile,^[3] and has ongoing roles at the University of South Africa (UNISA) ^[4] and the University of Cape Town's Graduate School of Business program. He is founder of the Peace and Global Studies Program^{[nb 3]} and co-founder of the Business and Nonprofit Management Program at Earlham.^[5]

Early life

Howard Richards was born in Pasadena. California, United States, the eldest child of Kenneth F. Richards, a truck mechanic, originally from Connecticut, and his wife Donna.^{[nb 4]} It was his mother's intellectual interest in philosophers such as Henri Bergson which prompted the family to break its ties with mormonism. His paternal grandparents fell into unemployment in Connecticut during the Great Depression and moved to Pasadena in 1932. It was his uncle Jack from his mother's side, who died during World War II,^[6] and especially his mother who fostered his early intellectual interest.^[7]

Academic background

After graduating from Redlands High School, CA, in June 1956, Richards enrolled in the same year as a Philosophy undergraduate at Yale. Being a top student, he was allowed to skip one year of the normal three year Major in Philosophy course. Afterwards he was admitted to Stanford Law School in 1958, graduating with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree in 1961. Later in that year he enrolled in graduate school at the University of California Santa Barbara, earning an M.A. in Philosophy there in 1964 with a thesis on Jean-Paul Sartre.^[8] Simultaneously he worked at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions think tank where he contributed several articles to the in-house Center Magazine.^[9] In 1965 he left for Chile, where they ultimately would settle in the town of Limache. Soon after their arrival, Howard took up the post of Dean of Studies at the Santiago College, (a college in Chile is a secondary school). While in Santiago, Howard joined the Chilean Ministry of Education as an advisor to President Eduardo Frei's Educational Reform, working on a Secondary Curriculum influenced by the ideas of the Brazilian Educator Paulo Freire^[10] In late 1970 Richards and his family left for the UK where Richards enrolled for an Advanced Certificate in Education (ACE) at Oxford University, simultaneously doing one on one tutorials and attending seminars by the philosophers Rom Harré and A. J. Ayer.^[11] He graduated with an honors thesis on Piaget.^[12] Back in Chile in 1972, now under president Salvador Allende, he continued to work with Freire's ideas at CIDE (Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Educación - Educational Research and Development Center) where he founded the Parents and Children Program (Programa Padres e Hijos - PHH), a Community Development combined with a Parent Education program.^{[13][14][15][16]} Richards and his family left Chile in 1974, after Pinochet's 1973 coup d'état, but not before having helped friends and colleagues escape Pinochet's DINA police.^[17] The philosophy curriculum Richards had helped develop was repealed shortly after the coup, but was adopted in several other Latin American countries. In September 1974 Richards and his family returned to the USA where he started work at Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana. Later that year he successfully defended his doctoral thesis in Philosophy at the University of California Santa Barbara, having done the preparatory work when still in Chile.^[18] While based in Richmond, he attended the Lawrence Kohlberg Summer School on Moral Education at Harvard University. Richards became a professor at Earlham College and was the founding director of its Peace and Global Studies program until 1989 and part-time Director until 2004. Between 1981 and 1985, Richards combined commitments in Richmond with those at OISE, Toronto, with the occasional stay in Quebec where their daughters were studying at a French-speaking school, he enrolled in another PhD program in Education, with a first field in curriculum planning and a second field in applied psychology and moral education, at the University of Toronto's Institute for Studies in Education (UT/OISE), which he successfully completed with a doctoral thesis based on the Chilean PPH program.^[19][20] He also became an active contributor to the OISE-based active think-tank about the new economic paradigm known as The Transformative Learning Centre (TLC).

Social engagement, research and teaching

At Stanford Law School (1958–61) he co-founded the Stanford Political Union's Socialist Caucus,^[21] became involved in the Peace Movement and began volunteer work for farm labor causes.^[22] He co-founded, with Stanford radical books seller Roy Kepler, Ira Sandperl and others, the Peninsula Peace Center, effectively running it for a while.^[23] He was also editor and author of a modest journal called Utopian Papers.^[23] After graduation from law school (1961), he joined the Santa Barbara, California Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions headed by Robert Hutchins to whom he became a personal assistant,^[24] and became the first volunteer attorney for Cesar Chavez' Farm Workers Association when he started organizing the FWA in Delano, California.^[25] He worked as evaluator of cultural change projects in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Bolivia and Chile ^[26] He also did evaluative work on economic institutions (Economía Solidaria) in Argentina.^[27] Economic theory and Community Development together with Public Employment Programs are his more recent research areas.^[28] He is on the Advisory Board of Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (HumanDHS), a global transdisciplinary fellowship of concerned academics and practitioners who wish to promote dignity and transcend humiliation.^[29] Richards’ principal teaching experience stretches from 1974 to 2007 as Professor of Philosophy and Education on the Peace and Global Studies Program (PAGS) at Earlham College.^[30] When no longer at Earlham, he taught short courses in different international locations.^[31] Starting in 2009 he became a distinguished fellow of the South African Research Chairs Initiative in Development Education (SARChI) based at the University of South Africa (UNISA) Pretoria, and then a collaborator at the Johannesburg-based Seriti Institute with Dr. Gavin Andersson. In South Africa, too, he teaches in the Executive MBA Program at the University of Cape Town.^[32] He is also co-chair of the Chilean group Repensar Ia Economía (Re-thinking the Economy).^[33]

Law practice

Richards was the first volunteer attorney for Cesar Chavez's United Farm Workers of America, protecting the union's funds against grower lawsuits.^[22] In 1983 he became member of the American Bankruptcy Institute.^[34] In 1989 he started practicing law in Santa Barbara, joining the Legal Aid Foundation and specializing in bankruptcy,^[35] In 1990 he also was a voluntary attorney at the Los Angeles Free Clinic,^[36] a practice he wound up in 2004, when he moved back to Limache, Chile.

Major works and ideas

• In his first major work, The Evaluation of Cultural Action (1984),^[13][14] Richards "unveils throughout the text the rationale for using an 'illuminative' approach (Parlett and Hamilton, 1974) rather than a conventional 'systems' assessment".^[20] The long dialogue with a “reasonable social scientist” gravitates around how to evaluate education and community development efforts inspired by the Brazilian adult educationist Paulo Freire’s philosophy, combined with an empirical study of one such effort, namely PPH (Parents and Children Program) that flourished among peasants in the south of Chile in the 1970s and 1980s.
• Richards' two-volume Letters from Quebec: a Philosophy for Peace and Justice (1994) ^[37] aspires to be both literary entertainment and a history of rationality in western culture and philosophy, illuminating the possibilities for transformative and humanistic action. The subtitle of volume Two of Letters from Quebec is 'Methods for Transforming the Structures of the Modern World'. Taking leads from Paulo Freire and Antonio Gramsci, the philosopher is seen - borrowing a phrase from Paulo Freire - as a 'cultural activist' who invents rationalities.
• Building on the premise that standards of rationality are historically constructed social norms, he went on, in Understanding the Global Economy (2004),^[38] to argue that causal explanations in economics invariably rely, as premises, on cultural norms, and particularly on constitutive rules ^[39] Richards proposes to understand institutions by following out the consequences of the rules that organize them. Understanding the Global Economy reviews the principal schools of economic thought with respect to the causal explanations they offer of the phenomena of today's global economy.^[40]
• The Dilemmas of Social Democracies: Overcoming Obstacles to a More Just World (2008)^[41] co-authored with Joanna Swanger, applies the philosophical ideas of Richards' earlier works, particularly a concept of basic cultural structure,^[42] - where 'basic' identifies those cultural structures that govern the satisfaction of the basic needs of life - to historical case studies of Spain, Sweden, Austria, South Africa, Indonesia, Venezuela, and the World Bank. The upshot is that social democracy is not feasible with the framework provided by the constitutive rules of modernity. Social democracy can only become feasible by adopting an approach Richards and another co-author, Gavin Andersson, will later call unbounded organization.^[43]
• Gandhi and the Future of Economics (2011) ^[44] "makes a case for incorporating Gandhi's insights into mainstream economics. Gandhi and the Future of Economics is not meant to be a research study of Gandhian economics. It is rather that kind of felicitous publication that breathes new life into a known theme, and, in doing so, brings out its implications for praxis. It does all this in dialogue with a set of contemporary thinkers and actors from the Indian sub-continent: Jawaharlal Nehru, Jayaprakash Narayan, Tariq Ali, Vandana Shiva, Amartya Sen, Arundhati Roy, Manmohan Singh." (Ivo Coelho).
• The Nurturing of Time Future (2012)^[45] defines itself as "a short book about everything", addressed to educated people of good will who see the need for paradigmatic change. It proposes a philosophy in the old-fashioned sense of articulating a synthesis of the social and natural sciences that provides an overall framework for deciding what to do. It is a 'belles lettres' exercise written in the style of Marcel Proust.^[46]
• Rethinking Thinking: Modernity’s “Other” and the transformation of the University (2012)^[47] co-authored with Catherine Hoppers, further develops a theme found in early works – that modernity has much to learn from pre-modernity. It includes an account of how the constitutive rules of markets presupposed by economics developed in Roman Law. They are contrasted with indigenous African cultural norms. Rethinking also argues that bringing modernity’s “other” into the curriculum of the university will transform the curriculum, transform research and transform community engagement.^[48]
• Richards' most recent book Unbounded Organizing in Community (2015),^[49] co-authored with Gavin Andersson of South Africa’s Seriti Institute, offers a combination of a down to earth, practical guide to doing community organizing inspired by the Organization Workshops of Clodomir Santos de Morais, with an elementary introduction to Andersson’s theory of unbounded organization. Emphasis is on practical examples and guidelines for organizers and participants.

Other books and articles

Richards has also published fourteen other books some in English and some in Spanish, among the latter, Richards, 1987, Ética y Economía (Ethics and Economics), and González Meyer & Richards (2012) Hacia otras Economias. Critica al paradigma dominante (Towards other Economies - Critique of the dominant Paradigm).^[50] A list of Richards' other books, articles, conferences and speeches (e.g. Howard Richards, 1995 Nehru Lectures)^[51] can be found on HR Professor of Peace and Global Studies (up to 2010), HR Bibliography, HR website and the more recent Unbounded Organization webpage.

Personal life

Richards married Caroline Higgins in July 1965. They have two daughters.

See also

• Evelin Lindner
• Betty Reardon

Publications

• Andersson, Gavin; Richards, Howard (2012). Bounded and Unbounded Organization. AFRICANUS South Africa Vol 42, Nr 1, pp. 98–119. ISSN 0304-615X.
• Andersson, Gavin; Richards, Howard (2015). Unbounded Organizing in Community. World Dignity University Press. ISBN 9781937570606.
• Bertero, Inés; Richards, Howard (2007). Solidaridad, participación, transparencia: conversaciones sobre el socialismo en Rosario, Argentina – Solidarity, Participation, Transparency: conversations on Socialism in Rosario, Argentina. Tinta Roja.
• González Meyer, Raúl; Richards, Howard (2012). Hacia otras Economias. Critica al paradigma dominante - Towards other Economies - Critique of the dominant Paradigm (PDF). LOM Ediciones, Chile.
• Hoppers, Catherine; Richards, Howard (2012). Rethinking Thinking. University of South Africa. ISBN 1868886891.
• Richards, Howard (1963). An essay on some aspects of Jean-Paul Sartre’s concept of nothingness. University of California Santa Barbara Main Library.
• Richards, Howard (1966). Life on a Small Planet: a Philosophy of Value. Philosophical Library, New York.
• Richards, Howard (1974). Distributive Justice – PhD Dissertation Santa Barbara. Center for Digital Philosophy.
• Richards, Howard (1982). La Evaluacion de la Accion Cultural. Estudio Evaluativo del P.P.H. (PDF). CIDE, Santiago, Chile.
• Richards, Howard (1984). The Evaluation of Cultural Action - An Evaluative Study of the Parents and Children Program. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0333363388.
• Richards, Howard (1994). Letters from Quebec: A Philosophy for Peace and Justice: Volumes I and II. Boomerang books. ISBN 9781883255176.
• Richards, Howard (2004). Understanding the Global Economy. Peace Education Books, Thousand Oaks, CA USA. ISBN 0974896101.
• Richards, Howard; Swanger, Joanna (2008). The Dilemmas of Social Democracies: Overcoming Obstacles to a More Just World. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-2927-2.
• Richards, Howard; Swanger, Joanna (2011). Gandhi and the Future of Economics. Dignity Press. ISBN 9781937570293.
• Richards, Howard (2012). The Nurturing of Time Future. Dignity Press. ISBN 9781937570019.
• Richards, Howard (2013). Unbounded organisation and the future of socialism (PDF). Education As Change, Volume 17, No. 2, July 2013, pp. 229-242.

Notes

1. Richards What the World Needs Now. Cultural action to transform the basic structures of the modern world is a general concept that unites most of Richards’ writing - see: Richards (2014): Unbounded Organization p. 1 and 8. Methods for Transforming the Structures of the Modern World is the subtitle of Vol.II of Richards 1994 Letters from Quebec.
2. Constitutive rule, a key concept rooted in the work of John Searle and Charles Taylor and in Richards' Oxford tutor Rom Harré’s rules-oriented approach to the explanation of social behavior. One can find a good description of what Prof Richards understands by Constitutive Rules in his 2010 speech at the University of South Africa (UNISA) Humanizing Methodologies in Transformation.
3. The name of the Program has varied over the years from Peace Studies to Peace and Conflict Studies and then, continuing until now, Peace and Global Studies.
4. (McCune)

References

1. Richards 1974 (Santa Barbara PhD Dissertation).
2. With a first field in Curriculum Planning and a second field in Applied Psychology and Moral Education with a doctoral thesis on the Chilean PPH (Parents and Children) Project, published as "The Evaluation of Cultural Action" (Richards 1984).
3. On the doctoral program in Management Science and the undergraduate program in Ingeneria Comercial (Economics).
4. Development Education p.3 ; School of Human Sciences.
5. Howard Richards profile.
6. p 257 in Understanding the Global Economy and under "The Holocaust" in Richards, 2002.
7. see eg TOPICA
8. Richards 1963 (MA Philosophy Thesis).
9. a.o. an article entitled "A normative Economics" - see Richards Bibliography Articles.
10. CPEIP-MINEDUC - Centro de Perfeccionamiento, Experimentación e Investigaciones Pedagógicas. Ministerio de la Educación.
11. See eg Harré, who had a strong influence on Richards' thinking.
12. "The Concept of Causality in the Light of Piaget's Research on the Scientific Thinking of Children" Thesis, Oxford University, 1973. Translated as Richards, 1974 El Desarollo Intelectual del Niño (see eg: Prospects UNESCO 1977 Vol. VII No. 4. p 557).
13. Richards 1982 Spanish
14. Richards 1984 English
15. Howard Richards and Loren Pierce, 1993 “Cooperative, Community-based Evaluation of Preschool Programs”. UNESCO and the Netherlands National Commission for UNESCO. pp 303-323.
16. McKee, Neill. "Teaching Parents Teaching Children." The IDRC Reports (Ottawa) 10, no. 3 (Oct. 1981): 16-17.
17. As described in Sweet Country, a book authored by Howard's wife Caroline and which was later (1987) turned into a film of the same name (re: Sweet Country) by the Greek director Michael Cacoyannis.
18. Richards 1974 Distributive Justice Doctoral Thesis.
19. This OISE thesis was published as Richards 1982 and translated into English as Richards 1984.
20. Avalos, Beatrice (1985). The Evaluation of Cultural Action. Int. Jnl. Educational Development, Vol. 5. No. 3. pp. 235–239 – review.
21. see eg The Stanford Daily Volume 138, Issue 20, 20 October 1960, p 2.
22. Gordon, Jennifer (2005). Law, Lawyers and Labor. University PA. p. 13. n.38.
23. Doyle, Michael (2014). Radical Chapters. Syracuse University Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780815650836.
24. Online Archive of California Series 3. Howard Richards, 1955-1965
25. Eg Dilemmas of Social Democracies and Online Archive of California
26. see eg: Richards PASCAL profile.
27. Richards, H. (2015) Desarrollo Local Como Respuesta a los Desafíos de la Globalización (Local Development: a response to the challenges of Globalization) Rosario, Argentina. / Richards, H. (2014) Hacia un Marco Jurídico para la Economía Solidaria (Towards a legal framework for the Economy of Solidarity).
28. Peace & Collaborative Development Network PCDN (HR personal info).
29. HumanDHS Global Economics Team; HumanDHS Annual Meeting 2013, South Africa.
30. See: PAGS College Curriculum.
31. University of Buenos Aires: Negotiation and Change; Montoya Institute, Posadas, Argentina: Methodology of Peace; Transcend Peace University, Cluj, Romania: Peace Business; Instituto Pastoral (Pastoral Institute), LA Diocese, California: Social Sciences, as well as single classes, a.o. at University of Chile, Xavier University, Universidad Alberto Hurtado (Chile), University of California, San Diego, and other places. (see eg: Topica.com)
32. MBA Programme.
33. REPENSAR and UNIVERSITAS NUEVA CIVILIZACIÓN (New Civilization University) Santiago, Chile.
34. see Richards background.
35. see National Association of Consumer Bankruptcy Attorneys(NACBA).
36. Justicia members.
37. Richards 1994, Bloomberg books, also published by International Scholars Press, 1996. Letters from Quebec Vol 1 & 2 can be read online on Scribd.
38. Richards 2004 (Peace Education Books) was originally published by Maadhyam in 2000.
39. “Constitutive rules constitute (and also regulate) an activity the existence of which is logically dependent on the rules.” Richards, 2010.
40. Betty Reardon, (foreword).
41. Richards & Swanger 2008
42. Basic cultural structure: see eg Richards What the World Needs Now.
43. Andersson & Richards 2012.
44. Richards & Swanger 2011
45. Richards 2012
46. Jane Stillwater (review)
47. Hoppers & Richards 2012
48. T. Pilay and van der Westhuizen (reviews).
49. Andersson & Richards 2015
50. González Meyer & Richards 2012. See: J.J. Nagata in "Espacios" Jnl, Nr 2. Vol.1 Dec. 2011. (review).
51. see: Anand P. Mavalankar, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (Comment on H.R. Nehru lectures.).

External links

• Against Foucault: Toward an Epistemology of Hope (12 Conversations).
• Economía Solidaria Economy of Solidarity
• Howard Richards Professor of Peace and Global Studies.
• Peace and Global Studies Program (PAGS) Earlham College
• Professor Richards' Video Conversations
• Repensar. (Rethinking the Economy - Chile).
• Seriti Institute Seriti Institute South Africa.
• The Theory of Growth Points. (see PDF for transcript).
• Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (scroll down to 'R').
• Twelve Things We Can Do Every Day for World Peace and Justice.
• Unbounded Organization (with Gavin Andersson) (3 Conversations).
• Unbounded Organization Website.
• A Vision of a World without Poverty or Economic Insecurity.