Amiri Baraka

Amiri Baraka

Baraka in 2013
Born Everett LeRoi Jones
(1934-10-07)October 7, 1934
Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
Died January 9, 2014(2014-01-09) (aged 79)
Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
Pen name LeRoi Jones, Imamu Amear Baraka[1]
Occupation Actor, teacher, theater director, theater producer, writer, activist, poet
Nationality American
Period 1961–2014
Genre Poetry, drama
Spouse
  • Hettie Cohen ~1958-div
  • Amina Baraka née Sylvia Robinson, ~1966-2014
Children Kellie Jones, Lisa Jones, Dominique di Prima, Maria Jones, Shani Baraka, Obalaji Baraka, Ras J. Baraka, Ahi Baraka, Amiri Baraka, Jr.[2]

Military career

Allegiance  United States
Service/branch United States Air Force
Years of service 1954–57
Rank Sergeant[3][4]
Website
amiribaraka.com

Amiri Baraka (born Everett LeRoi Jones; October 7, 1934 – January 9, 2014), previously known as LeRoi Jones and Imamu Amear Baraka,[1] was an African-American writer of poetry, drama, fiction, essays and music criticism. He was the author of numerous books of poetry and taught at several universities, including the State University of New York at Buffalo and the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He received the PEN Open Book Award, previously known as the Beyond Margins Award, in 2008 for Tales of the Out and the Gone.[5]

Baraka's career spanned nearly 50 years, and his themes range from black liberation to white racism. Some poems that are always associated with him are "The Music: Reflection on Jazz and Blues", "The Book of Monk", and "New Music, New Poetry", works that draw on topics from the worlds of society, music, and literature.[6] Baraka's poetry and writing have attracted both high praise and condemnation. Within the African-American community, some compare Baraka to James Baldwin and recognize him as one of the most respected and most widely published black writers of his generation.[7] Others have said his work is an expression of violence, misogyny, homophobia and racism.[8] Regardless of viewpoint, Baraka's plays, poetry, and essays have been defining texts for African-American culture.[9]

Baraka's brief tenure as Poet Laureate of New Jersey (2002–03) involved controversy over a public reading of his poem "Somebody Blew Up America?", accusations of anti-semitism, and some negative attention from critics and politicians.[10][11]

Biography

Early life (1934–65)

Baraka was born Everett LeRoi Jones in Newark, New Jersey, where he attended Barringer High School. His father, Colt Leverette Jones, worked as a postal supervisor and lift operator. His mother, Anna Lois (née Russ), was a social worker.[12]

He won a scholarship to Rutgers University in 1951, but a continuing sense of cultural dislocation prompted him to transfer in 1952 to Howard University, from which, in 1954, he earned a Bachelor of Arts in English. His classes in philosophy and religion helped lay a foundation for his later writings. Baraka subsequently studied at Columbia University and the New School for Social Research without obtaining a degree.

In 1954, he joined the US Air Force as a gunner, reaching the rank of sergeant. His commanding officer received an anonymous letter accusing Baraka of being a communist.[13] This led to the discovery of Soviet writings in Baraka's possession, his reassignment to gardening duty and subsequently a dishonorable discharge for violation of his oath of duty.[13] He later described his experience in the military as "racist, degrading, and intellectually paralyzing."[14] While he was stationed in Puerto Rico, he worked at the base library which allowed him ample reading time and it was here that, inspired by Beat poets back in America, he began to write poetry.

The same year, he moved to Greenwich Village working initially in a warehouse for music records. His interest in jazz began during this period. At the same time he came into contact with avant-garde Black Mountain poets and New York School poets. In 1958 he married Hettie Cohen, with whom he had two daughters, Kellie Jones (b. 1959) and Lisa Jones (b.1961). He and Hettie founded Totem Press, which published such Beat icons as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.[15] They also jointly founded a quarterly literary magazine Yugen, which ran for eight issues (1958–62).[16]

Baraka also worked as editor and critic for the literary and arts journal Kulchur (1960–65). With Diane di Prima he edited the first twenty-five issues (1961–63) of their little magazine The Floating Bear.[9] In the autumn of 1961 he co-founded the New York Poets Theatre with di Prima, choreographers Fred Herko and James Waring, and actor Alan S. Marlowe. He had an extramarital affair with Diane di Prima for several years; their daughter, Dominique di Prima, was born in June 1962.

Baraka visited Cuba in July 1960 with a Fair Play for Cuba Committee delegation and reported his impressions in his essay "Cuba Libre".[17] There he encountered openly rebellious artists who declared him to be a "cowardly bourgeois individualist"[18] more focused on building his reputation than trying to help those who were enduring oppression. This encounter caused a dramatic change in his writing and goals, causing him to become emphatic about supporting black nationalism.

In 1961 Baraka co-authored a Declaration of Conscience in support of Fidel Castro's regime.[19] Baraka also was a member of the Umbra Poets Workshop of emerging Black Nationalist writers (Ishmael Reed, and Lorenzo Thomas among others) on the Lower East Side (1962–65).

In 1961 a first book of poems, Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note, was published. Baraka's article "The Myth of a 'Negro Literature'" (1962) stated that "a Negro literature, to be a legitimate product of the Negro experience in America, must get at that experience in exactly the terms America has proposed for it in its most ruthless identity." He also states in the same work that as an element of American culture, the Negro was entirely misunderstood by Americans. The reason for this misunderstanding and for the lack of black literature of merit was according to Jones:

“ In most cases the Negroes who found themselves in a position to pursue some art, especially the art of literature, have been members of the Negro middle class, a group that has always gone out of its way to cultivate any mediocrity, as long as that mediocrity was guaranteed to prove to America, and recently to the world at large, that they were not really who they were, i.e., Negroes. ”

As long as black writers were obsessed with being an accepted middle class, Baraka wrote, they would never be able to speak their mind, and that would always lead to failure. Baraka felt that America only made room for white obfuscators, not black ones.[20]

In 1963 Baraka (under the name Jones) published Blues People: Negro Music in White America, his account of the development of black music from slavery to contemporary jazz.[21] When the work was re-issued in 1999, Baraka wrote in the Introduction that he wished to show: "The music was the score, the actually expressed creative orchestration, reflection of Afro-American life.... That the music was explaining the history as the history was explaining the music. And that both were expressions of and reflections of the people."[22] Baraka argued that though the slaves had brought their musical traditions from Africa, the blues were an expression of what black people became in America: "The way I have come to think about it, blues could not exist if the African captives had not become American captives."[23]

Baraka (under the name Jones) authored an acclaimed, controversial play Dutchman, in which a white woman accosts a black man on the New York subway. The play premiered in 1964 and received the Obie Award for Best American Play in the same year.[24] A film of the play, directed by Anthony Harvey, was released in 1967.[25] The play has been revived several times, including a 2013 production staged in the Russian and Turkish Bathhouse in the East Village, Manhattan.[26]

After the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, Baraka left his wife and their two children and moved to Harlem. In Harlem, Baraka founded The Black Arts Repertory/Theater School since the Black Arts Movement created a new visual representation of art. However, Baraka moved back to Newark after allegations surfaced that he was using federal anti-poverty welfare to fund his theater.[27]

Baraka became a leading advocate and theorist for the increase in black art during this time.[21] Now a "black cultural nationalist," he broke away from the predominantly white Beats and became very critical of the pacifist and integrationist Civil Rights movement. His revolutionary poetry now became more controversial.[9] A poem such as "Black Art" (1965), according to academic Werner Sollors from Harvard University, expressed his need to commit the violence required to "establish a Black World".[28]

Baraka even uses onomatopoeia in “Black Art” to express that need for violence: “rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr . . . tuhtuhtuhtuhtuhtuht . . .” More specifically, lines in “Black Art” such as “Let there be no love poems written / until love can exist freely and cleanly” juxtaposed with “We want a black poem. / And a Black World” demonstrate Baraka’s cry for political justice during a time when racial injustice was rampant – despite the Civil Rights Movement.[29]

"Black Art" quickly became the major poetic manifesto of the Black Arts Literary Movement and in it, Jones declaimed "we want poems that kill," which coincided with the rise of armed self-defense and slogans such as "Arm yourself or harm yourself" that promoted confrontation with the white power structure.[7] Rather than use poetry as an escapist mechanism, Baraka saw poetry as a weapon of action.[30] His poetry demanded violence against those he felt were responsible for an unjust society.

Baraka also promoted theatre as a training for the "real revolution" yet to come, with the arts being a way to forecast the future as he saw it. In "The Revolutionary Theatre," Baraka wrote "We will scream and cry, murder, run through the streets in agony, if it means some soul will be moved." [31] In opposition to the peaceful protests that Martin Luther King Jr. inspired, Baraka believed that a physical uprising must follow the literary one.

1966–80

In 1966, Baraka married his second wife, Sylvia Robinson, who later adopted the name Amina Baraka.[32] The two would open a facility in Newark known as Spirit Hose, a combination playhouse and artists’ residence.[27] In 1967, he lectured at San Francisco State University. The year after, he was arrested in Newark for having allegedly carried an illegal weapon and resisting arrest during the 1967 Newark riots, and was subsequently sentenced to three years in prison. His poem "Black People", published in the "Evergreen Review" of December 1967, was read by the judge in court,[33] including the memorable phrase: "All the stores will open if you say the magic words. The magic words are: "Up against the wall motherfucker this is a stick up!"[34] Shortly afterward an appeals court reversed the sentence based on his defense by attorney Raymond A. Brown.[35] He later joked that he was charged with holding "two revolvers and two poems".[31]

Not long after the 1967 riots, Baraka generated controversy when he went on the radio with a Newark police captain and Anthony Imperiale, a politician and private business owner, and the three of them blamed the riots on "white-led, so-called radical groups" and "Communists and the Trotskyite persons."[36] That same year his second book of jazz criticism, Black Music, came out, a collection of previously published music journalism, including the seminal Apple Cores columns from Down Beat magazine. Around this time he also formed a record label called Jihad, which produced and issued only three LPs, all released in 1968:[37] Sonny's Time Now with Sunny Murray, Albert Ayler, Don Cherry, Louis Worrell, Henry Grimes, and Baraka; A Black Mass, featuring Sun Ra; and Black & Beautiful – Soul & Madness by the Spirit House Movers, on which Baraka reads his poetry.[38][39]

In 1967, Baraka (still Leroi Jones) visited Maulana Karenga in Los Angeles and became an advocate of his philosophy of Kawaida, a multifaceted, categorized activist philosophy that produced the "Nguzo Saba," Kwanzaa, and an emphasis on African names.[7] It was at this time that he adopted the name Imamu Amear Baraka.[1] Imamu is a Swahili title for "spiritual leader", derived from the Arabic word Imam (إمام). According to Shaw, he dropped the honorific Imamu and eventually changed Amear (which means "Prince") to Amiri.[1] Baraka means "blessing, in the sense of divine favor."[1]

In 1970 he strongly supported Kenneth A. Gibson's candidacy for mayor of Newark; Gibson was elected the city's first Afro-American Mayor.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Baraka courted controversy by penning some strongly anti-Jewish poems and articles, similar to the stance at that time of the Nation of Islam. Historian Melani McAlister points to an example of this writing "In the case of Baraka, and in many of the pronouncements of the NOI [Nation of Islam], there is a profound difference, both qualitative and quantitative, in the ways that white ethnicities were targeted. For example, in one well-known poem, Black Arts [originally published in The Liberator January 1966], Baraka made offhand remarks about several groups, commenting in the violent rhetoric that was often typical of him, that ideal poems would 'knockoff ... dope selling wops' and suggesting that cops should be killed and have their 'tongues pulled out and sent to Ireland.' But as Baraka himself later admitted [in his piece I was an AntiSemite published by The Village Voice on December 20, 1980 vol 1], he held a specific animosity for Jews, as was apparent in the different intensity and viciousness of his call in the same poem for 'dagger poems' to stab the 'slimy bellies of the ownerjews' and for poems that crack 'steel knuckles in a jewlady's mouth.'"[40]

Prior to this time, Baraka prided himself on being a forceful advocate of black cultural nationalism; however, by the mid-1970s, he began finding its racial individuality confining.[9] Baraka's separation from the Black Arts Movement began because he saw certain black writers – capitulationists, as he called them – countering the Black Arts Movement that he created. He believed that the groundbreakers in the Black Arts Movement were doing something that was new, needed, useful, and black, and those who did not want to see a promotion of black expression were "appointed" to the scene to damage the movement.[20]

Around 1974, Baraka distanced himself from Black nationalism and became a Marxist and a supporter of third-world liberation movements.

In 1979 he became a lecturer in the State University of New York at Stony Brook's Africana Studies Department in the College of Arts and Sciences due to the urging of faculty member Leslie Owens. Articles about Baraka appeared in the University's print media from Stony Brook Press, Blackworld, and other student campus publications. These articles included an expose about his positions on page one of the inaugural issue of Stony Brook Press on October 25, 1979 discussing his protests "against what he perceived as racism in the Africana Studies Department, as evidenced by a dearth of tenured professors." Baraka was later hired as an assistant professor at Stony Brook to assist "the struggling Africana Studies Department."[41]

In June 1979 Baraka was arrested and jailed at Eighth Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. Different accounts emerged around the arrest, all sides agree that Baraka and his wife, Amina, were in their car arguing over the cost of their children's shoes. The police version of events holds that they were called to the scene after a report of an assault in progress. They maintain that Baraka was striking his wife and when they moved to intervene he attacked them as well, whereupon they used the necessary force to subdue him. Amina's account contrasted with that of the police, she held a news conference the day after the arrest accusing the police of lying. A grand jury dismissed the assault charge but the resisting arrest charge moved forward.[42] In November 1979 after a seven-day trail a Criminal Court jury found Baraka guilty of resisting arrest. A month later he was sentenced to 90 days at Riker's Island (the maximum he could have been sentenced to was one year). Amina declared that her husband was "a political prisoner". Baraka was released after a day in custody pending his appeal. At the time it was noted if he was kept in prison "he would be unable to attend a reception at the White House in honor of American poets." Baraka's appeal continued up to the State Supreme Court. During the process his lawyer William M. Kunstler told the press Baraka "feels it's the responsibility of the writers of America to support him across the board." Backing for his attempts to have the sentence cancelled or reduced came from "letters of support from elected officials, artists and teachers around the country."[42] Amina Baraka continued to advocate for her husband and at one press conference stated "Fascism is coming and soon the secret police will shoot our children down in the streets."[43] In December 1981 Judge Benrard Fried ruled against Baraka and ordered him to report to Rikers Island to serve his senetence on weekends occurring between January 9, 1982 through November 6, 1982. The judge noted that by having Baraka serve his 90 days on weekends this would allow him to continue his teaching obligations at Stony Brook.[44] Rather than serve his sentence at the prison Baraka was allowed to serve his 48 consecutive weekends in a Harlem halfway house. While serving his sentence he wrote The Autobiography tracing his life from birth to his conversion to socialism.[45]

1980–2014

In 1980 Baraka published an essay in the Village Voice that was titled Confessions of a Former Anti-Semite. Baraka insisted that a Village Voice editor entitled it and not himself. In the essay Baraka went over his life history including his marriage to Hettie Cohen who was of Jewish descent. He stated that after the assassination of Malcolm X he found himself thinking "As a Black man married to a white woman, I began to feel estranged from her … How could someone be married to the enemy?" So he divorced Hettie and left her with their two bi-racial daughters. In the essay Baraka went on to say "We also know that much of the vaunted Jewish support of Black civil rights organizations was in order to use them. Jews, finally, are white, and suffer from the same kind of white chauvinism that separates a great many whites from Black struggle. …these Jewish intellectuals have been able to pass over the into the Promised Land of American privilege." In the essay he also defended his position against Israel saying "Zionism is a form of racism." Near the end of the essay Baraka stated "Anti-Semitism is as ugly an idea and as deadly as white racism and Zionism …As for my personal trek through the wasteland of anti-Semitism, it was momentary and never completely real. ...I have written only one poem that has definite aspects of anti-Semitism…and I have repudiated it as thoroughly as I can."[46] The poem Baraka referenced was For Tom Postell, Dead Black Poet which contained lines including “...Smile jew. Dance, jew. Tell me you love me, jew. I got something for you... I got the extermination blues, jewboys. I got the hitler syndrome figured...So come for the rent, jewboys...one day, jewboys, we all, even my wig wearing mother gonna put it on you all at once."[8][46]

Baraka addressing the Malcolm X Festival from the Black Dot Stage in San Antonio Park, Oakland, California while performing with Marcel Diallo and his Electric Church Band

During the 1982–83 academic year, Baraka was a visiting professor at Columbia University, where he taught a course entitled "Black Women and Their Fictions." In 1984 he became a full professor at Rutgers University, but was subsequently denied tenure.[47] In 1985, Baraka returned to Stony Brook, eventually becoming professor emeritus of African Studies. In 1987, together with Maya Angelou and Toni Morrison, he was a speaker at the commemoration ceremony for James Baldwin.

In 1989 Baraka won an American Book Award for his works as well as a Langston Hughes Award. In 1990 he co-authored the autobiography of Quincy Jones, and 1998 was a supporting actor in Warren Beatty's film Bulworth. In 1996, Baraka contributed to the AIDS benefit album Offbeat: A Red Hot Soundtrip produced by the Red Hot Organization.

In July 2002, Baraka was named Poet Laureate of New Jersey by Governor Jim McGreevey. The position was to be for two years and came with a $10,000 stipend.[48] Baraka held the post for a year mired in controversy and after substantial political pressure and public outrage demanding his resignation. During the Geraldine R. Dodge Poetry Festival in Stanhope, New Jersey, Baraka read his 2001 poem on the September 11th attacks "Somebody Blew Up America?", which was criticized for anti-Semitism and attacks on public figures. Because there was no mechanism in the law to remove Baraka from the post, the position of state poet laureate was officially abolished by the State Legislature and Governor McGreevey.[49]

Baraka collaborated with hip-hop group The Roots on the song "Something in the Way of Things (In Town)" on their 2002 album Phrenology.

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante included Amiri Baraka on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[50]

In 2003, Baraka's daughter Shani, aged 31, and her lesbian partner, Rayshon Homes, were murdered in the home of Shani's sister, Wanda Wilson Pasha, by Pasha's ex-husband, James Coleman.[51][52] Prosecutors argued that Coleman shot Shani because she had helped her sister separate from her husband.[53] A New Jersey jury found Coleman (also known as Ibn El-Amin Pasha) guilty of murdering Shani Baraka and Rayshon Holmes, and he was sentenced to 168 years in prison for the 2003 shooting.[54]

His son, Ras J. Baraka (born 1970), is a politician and activist in Newark, who served as principal of Newark's Central High School, as an elected member of the Municipal Council of Newark (2002–06, 2010–present) representing the South Ward. Ras J. Baraka became Mayor of Newark, July 1, 2014. See 2014 Newark mayoral election.

Death

Amiri Baraka died on January 9, 2014, at Beth Israel Medical Center in Newark, New Jersey, after being hospitalized in the facility's intensive care unit for one month prior to his death. The cause of death was not reported initially, but it is mentioned that Baraka had a long struggle with diabetes.[55] Later reports indicated that he died from complications after a recent surgery.[56] Baraka's funeral was held at Newark Symphony Hall on January 18, 2014.[57]

Controversies

Baraka's writings, and the covers of his early notebooks with large images of erect penises which were on open display in the Greenwich Village cafes where he sat, have generated controversy over the years, particularly his advocacy of rape and violence towards, at various times, women, gay people, white people, and Jews.

Author Jerry Gafio Watts contends that Baraka's homophobia and misogyny stem from his efforts to conceal his own history of same-sex encounters. Watts writes that Baraka "knew that popular knowledge of his homosexuality would have undermined the credibility of his militant voice. By becoming publicly known as a hater of homosexuals, Jones was attempting to defuse any claims that might surface linking him with a homosexual past."[8] Critics of his work have alternately described such usage as ranging from being vernacular expressions of Black oppression to outright examples of the sexism, homophobia, antisemitism, and racism they perceive in his work.[58][59][60][61]

In Rain Taxi, Richard Oyama criticized Baraka’s militant aesthetic, writing that Baraka’s "career came to represent a cautionary tale of the worst 'tendencies' of the 1960s—the alienating rejections, the fanatical self-righteousness, the impulse toward separatism and Stalinist repression versus multi-racial/class coalition-building...In the end, Baraka’s work suffered because he preferred ideology over art, forgetting the latter outlasts us all."[62]

White people

The following is from a 1965 essay:

Most American white men are trained to be fags. For this reason it is no wonder their faces are weak and blank.…The average ofay [white person] thinks of the black man as potentially raping every white lady in sight. Which is true, in the sense that the black man should want to rob the white man of everything he has. But for most whites the guilt of the robbery is the guilt of rape. That is, they know in their deepest hearts that they should be robbed, and the white woman understands that only in the rape sequence is she likely to get cleanly, viciously popped.[63]

In 2009, he was again asked about the quote, and placed it in a personal and political perspective:

Those quotes are from the essays in Home, a book written almost fifty years ago. The anger was part of the mindset created by, first, the assassination of John Kennedy, followed by the assassination of Patrice Lumumba, followed by the assassination of Malcolm X amidst the lynching, and national oppression. A few years later, the assassination of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy. What changed my mind was that I became a Marxist, after recognizing classes within the Black community and the class struggle even after we had worked and struggled to elect the first Black Mayor of Newark, Kenneth Gibson.[64]

September 11 attacks

In July 2002, ten months after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center, Baraka wrote a poem entitled "Somebody Blew Up America?"[65] that was controversial and met with harsh criticism. The poem is highly critical of racism in America, and includes angry depictions of public figures such as Trent Lott, Clarence Thomas, and Condoleezza Rice. It also contains lines claiming Israel's involvement in the World Trade Center attacks:

Who know why Five Israelis was filming the explosion
And cracking they sides at the notion
[...]
Who knew the World Trade Center was gonna get bombed
Who told 4000 Israeli workers at the Twin Towers
To stay home that day
Why did Sharon stay away?

Baraka said that he believed Israelis and President George W. Bush had advance knowledge of the September 11 attacks,[66] citing what he described as information that had been reported in the American and Israeli press and on Jordanian television. He denied that the poem is antisemitic, and points to its accusation, which is directed against Israelis, rather than Jews as a people.[10][11] The Anti-Defamation League though, denounced the poem as antisemitic,[67] though Baraka and his defenders defined his position as anti-Zionism.

After the poem's publication, then-governor Jim McGreevey tried to remove Baraka from the post of Poet Laureate of New Jersey, to which he had been appointed following Gerald Stern in July 2002. McGreevey learned that there was no legal way, according to the law authorizing and defining the position, to remove Baraka. On October 17, 2002, legislation was introduced in the State Senate to abolish the post which was subsequently signed by Governor McGreevey and became effective July 2, 2003.[68]

Baraka ceased being poet laureate when the law became effective. In response to legal action filed by Baraka, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ruled that state officials were immune from such suits, and in November 2007 the Supreme Court of the United States refused to hear an appeal of the case.[69]

Honors and awards

Baraka served as the second Poet Laureate of New Jersey from July 2002 until the position was abolished on July 2, 2003. In response to the attempts to remove Baraka as the state's Poet Laureate, a nine-member advisory board named him the poet laureate of the Newark Public Schools in December 2002.[70]

Baraka received honors from a number of prestigious foundations, including: fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts, the Langston Hughes Award from the City College of New York, the Rockefeller Foundation Award for Drama, an induction into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and the Before Columbus Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award.[71]

A short excerpt from Amiri Baraka's poetry was selected to be used for a permanent installation by artist Larry Kirkland in New York City's Pennsylvania Station.[72][73]

I have seen many suns
use
the endless succession of hours
piled upon each other

Carved in marble, this installation features excerpts from the works of several New Jersey poets (from Walt Whitman, William Carlos Williams, to contemporary poets Robert Pinsky and Renée Ashley) and was part of the renovation and reconstruction of the New Jersey Transit section of the station completed in 2002.[72]

Works

Poetry

Drama

Fiction

Non-fiction

Edited works

Filmography

Discography

With Billy Harper

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Shaw, Lytle. Fieldworks: From Place to Site in Postwar Poetics. (Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 2013), 107.
  2. ↑ Bonamo, Mark (July 1, 2014). "Newark mayor's new chief of staff Amiri Baraka, Jr.: "I've got my brother's back"". Politicker NJ.
  3. ↑ Schudel, Matt (January 10, 2014). "Amiri Baraka, 79: Architect of Black Arts Movement". Washington Post. p. B5.
  4. ↑ "Amiri Baraka - Poets.org - Poetry, Poems, Bios & More". Academy of American Poets. Retrieved January 10, 2014. He served in the Air Force from 1954 until 1957...
  5. ↑ "Open Book/Beyond Margins Award Winners". PEN American Center. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
  6. ↑ "Amiri Baraka". Amiri Baraka.com. Celeste Bateman and Associates. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 Salaam, Kaluma. “Historical Overviews of The Black Arts Movement” in The Oxford Companion to African American Literature (Oxford University Press, 1997); see also Nelson, Cary (ed.), Modern American Poetry: An Online Journal and Multimedia Companion to Anthology of Modern American Poetry (Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2002).
  8. 1 2 3 Watts, Jerry Gafio. Amiri Baraka: The Politics and Art of a Black Intellectual, New York: New York University Press, 2001.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Nelson, Cary (2000). Anthology of Modern American Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 997.
  10. 1 2 Stevens, Katherine (February 25, 2003). "Baraka refutes criticism. Controversial N.J. poet laureate denies accusations of racism". Yale Daily News. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  11. 1 2 Pearce, Jeremy (February 9, 2003). "When poetry seems to matter". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Amiri Baraka, legendary poet who never abandoned Newark, dead at 79". NJ.com. January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  13. 1 2 "Imamu Amiri Baraka African American Author". Citrus County, Florida: Black History in America. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
  14. ↑ Gates, Jr., Henry Louis (2014). The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 661.
  15. ↑ In cooperation with Corinth, Totem published books by LeRoi Jones and Diane DiPrima, Ron Loewinsohn, Michael McClure, Charles Olson, Paul Blackburn, Frank O'Hara, Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen, Ed Dorn, Joel Oppenheimer and Gilbert Sorrentino. An anthology of four young woman poets featured Carol Berge, Barbara Moraff, Rochelle Owens, Diane Wakoski.
  16. ↑ Birmingham, Jed. "Yugen", RealityStudio, April 30, 2006. Accessed January 18, 2010
  17. ↑ The Fair Play for Cuba Committee was brought to nation-wide attention through an April 1960 advertisement in the New York Times funded by Castro. FPCC's founder and first leader was CBS newsman Robert Taber. The FPCC fast had 7,000 members in 25 adult chapters and 40 student councils. The July trip included writers Julian Mayfield, Harold Cruse, historian John Henrik Clarke and militant NAACP leader Robert F. Williams. In December 1960, a 326-member-strong FPCC delegation visited the island. "Cuba libre" was first published in the Evergreen Review, Vol. 4, No. 15, November–December 1960.
  18. ↑ Gates (2014). The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. p. 662.
  19. ↑ The Declaration of Conscience was written and signed by Margaret Randall, Marc Schleifer (now a Jewish convert to Islam), Elaine de Kooning, Leroi Jones, Diane DiPrima, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Norman Mailer and published in the Monthly Review.
  20. 1 2 Martin, Reginald. “Historical Overviews of The Black Arts Movement”, in The Oxford Companion to Women's Writing in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Modern American Poetry: An Online Journal and Multimedia Companion to Anthology of Modern American Poetry, ed. Cary Nelson. Department of English, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2002.
  21. 1 2 "Amiri Baraka 1934-2014". www.poetryfoundation.org. Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  22. ↑ LeRoi Jones (Amiri Baraka), Blues People: Negro Music in White America, Harper Perennial, 2002, pp. ix-x.
  23. ↑ LeRoi Jones (Amiri Baraka), Blues People, 2002, p. 17.
  24. ↑ "Dutchman". SamuelFrench.com. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
  25. ↑ "Dutchman". IMDb.com. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
  26. ↑ Kennedy, Randy (October 31, 2013). "A Play That's Sure to Make You Sweat". The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
  27. 1 2 "Amiri Baraka, legendary poet who never abandoned Newark, dead at 79". nj.com. January 9, 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  28. ↑ Sollors, Werner. Amiri Baraka / LeRoi Jones: The Quest for a "Populist Modernism". Columbia University Press, 1978.
  29. ↑ Nelson (2000). Anthology of Modern American Poetry. pp. 998–999.
  30. ↑ Harris, William J. The Poetry and Poetics of Amiri Baraka: The Jazz Aesthetic. University of Missouri Press, 1985.
  31. 1 2 Gates (2014). The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. p. 542.
  32. ↑ See back cover of his book Funk Lore.
  33. ↑ "Amiri Baraka: The Politics and Art of a Black Intellectual", by Jerry Watts, pg 299
  34. ↑ A phrase co-opted by the Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers and used as a slogan by other radical groups.
  35. ↑ Berger, Joseph, "Raymond A. Brown, Civil Rights Lawyer, Dies at 94", The New York Times, October 11, 2009. Accessed October 12, 2009.
  36. ↑ Ronald Porambo, No Cause for Indictment; An Autopsy of Newark, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
  37. ↑ "Various US labels (2) - jazz album covers". Birkajazz.com. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  38. ↑ Spirit House Movers (Jihad). "Spirit House Movers (Jihad) : Black & Beautiful – Soul & Madness (CD)". Dusty Groove. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  39. ↑ "Jihad Records", Nothing Is V2.0, November 24, 2008.
  40. ↑ Melani McAlister (September 1999). "One Black Allah: The Middle East in the Cultural Politics of African American Liberation, 1955-1970". American Quarterly. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 51 (3): 646.
  41. ↑ "Poet, Playwright and Political Activist Amiri Baraka (1934-2014) Taught at Stony Brook". Stony Brook University.
  42. 1 2 "Judge Delays Ruling for a Month on Sentencing of Imamu Baraka". Associated Press. February 24, 1981.
  43. ↑ John Corry (June 28, 1983). "TV: Documentary Film Examines Amiri Baraka". The New York Times.
  44. ↑ "Names in the News". The Telegraph. December 18, 1981. p. 36.
  45. ↑ Amiri Baraka, Imamu Amiri Baraka (1991). William J. Harris, ed. The LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka Reader. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 340.
  46. 1 2 Suzy Hansen (October 17, 2002). "Amiri Baraka stands by his words". Salon.
  47. ↑ Hanley, Robert (May 11, 1990). "Rutgers Students' Sit-In Turns Mellow". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  48. ↑ John Sutherland (January 27, 2003). "How the governor of New Jersey appointed a radical poet laureate - and immediately wished he hadn't". London, UK: The Guardian.
  49. ↑ "The bizzaro history of the poet laureate". Toronto Star, July 7, 2016. Bruce Demara.
  50. ↑ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
  51. ↑ Hanley, Robert (August 14, 2003). "Daughter of Controversial Poet Is Killed at Her Sister's Home". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  52. ↑ Zook, Kristal Brent (2006). Black Women's Lives: Stories of Pain and Power. Nation Books. p. 44. ISBN 1-56025-790-3.
  53. ↑ Serrano, Ken. "Man again seeks to overturn conviction for murder of two women in Piscataway". mycentraljersey.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  54. ↑ "Metro Briefing: New Jersey: New Brunswick: Conviction In 2 Killings". The New York Times. July 12, 2005. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  55. ↑ Giambusso, David. "Amiri Baraka, former N.J. poet laureate and prolific author, dead at 79", The Star-Ledger, 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  56. ↑ Chawkins, Steve. "Amiri Baraka dies at 79; provocative poet lauded, chided for social passion", The Los Angeles Times, 9 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  57. ↑ Giambusso, David. "Amiri Baraka's funeral to be held at Newark Symphony Hall", The Star-Ledger, January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
  58. ↑ David L. Smith, "Amiri Baraka and the Black Arts of Black Art", boundary 2. Vol. 15, No. 1/2 (Autumn, 1986), pp. 235–254.
  59. ↑ Rowell, Charles H. "An Interview With Henry Louis Gates, Jr", Callaloo. Vol. 14, No. 2 (Spring 1991), pp. 444–463.
  60. ↑ Ross, Marlon B. "Camping the Dirty Dozens: The Queer Resources of Black Nationalist Invective", Callaloo. Vol. 23, No. 1, Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender: Literature and Culture (Winter 2000), pp. 290–312.
  61. ↑ Liukkonen, Petri. "Amiri Baraka". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015.
  62. ↑ Oyama, Richard, "On Amiri Bakara: Who Was That Masked Man?" Rain Taxi, Summer 2014.
  63. ↑ Watts (2001), Amiri Baraka: The Politics and Art of a Black Intellectual, p. 332.
  64. ↑ Erskine, Sophie (June 4, 2009). "Art is a Weapon in the Struggle of Ideas: Interviewing Amiri Baraka". 3:AM Magazine. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
  65. ↑ "Amiri Baraka-Bio". Amiribaraka.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2010. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  66. ↑ "Amiri Baraka vs Connie Chung – CNN, October 2002". Youtube.com. April 28, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  67. ↑ "Amiri Baraka: a long history of hostility to Jews and Jewish concerns". Adl.org. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  68. ↑ New Jersey State Legislature, Laws of the State of new Jersey, P.L.2003, c.123.
  69. ↑ Via Associated Press. "Newark: Court Will Not Hear Poet’s Lawsuit", The New York Times, November 14, 2007. Accessed November 26, 2007.
  70. ↑ Jacobs, Andrew. "Criticized Poet Is Named Laureate of Newark Schools", The New York Times, December 19, 2002. Accessed September 19, 2008. "A longtime Newark resident who was pivotal in the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s, Mr. Baraka has ignored calls from Gov. James E. McGreevey and others that he resign the post, which pays a stipend of $10,000."
  71. ↑ "Amiri Baraka". Poets.org. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  72. 1 2 New Jersey Transit. "Commissioner Fox Unveils New 7th Avenue Concourse at Penn Station N.Y.: Built For Today’s Crowds and Tomorrow’s Capacity Needs" (news release) (September 18, 2002). Retrieved July 6, 2013.
  73. ↑ Strauss, Robert. "Ode to Joi(sey)", The New York Times, April 27, 2003. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
  74. ↑ Strub, Whitney. "Recovering the New-Ark: Amiri Baraka’s Lost Chronicle of Black Power in Newark, 1968", Bright Lights Film Journal, April 17, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  75. ↑ Whitty, Stephen. "Amiri Baraka's lost Newark film, found and coming home" in NJ.com, April 18, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2014.

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