Incivility

See also: Civility

Incivility is a general term for social behaviour lacking in civility or good manners, on a scale from rudeness or lack of respect for elders, to vandalism and hooliganism, through public drunkenness and threatening behaviour.[1] The word "incivility" is derived from the Latin incivilis, meaning "not of a citizen".[2]

The distinction between plain rudeness, and perceived incivility as threat, will depend on some notion of civility as structural to society; incivility as anything more ominous than bad manners is therefore dependent on appeal to notions like its antagonism to the complex concepts of civic virtue or civil society. It has become a contemporary political issue in a number of countries.[3]

Uncivil communication

Civil behavior requires that people communicate with respect, restraint, and responsibility, and uncivil communication occurs when people fail to do so.[4] Universal pragmatics, a term coined by Jürgen Habermas, suggests that human conflict arises from miscommunication,[5] so communicative competence is needed to reduce conflict. Communication competence "involves the ability to communicate in a such a way that: (1) the truth claim of an utterance is shared by both speaker and hearer; (2) the hearer is led to understand and accept the speaker’s intention; and (3) the speaker adapts to the hearer’s world view."[6] If people disagree about the truth or appropriateness of their interaction, conflict will occur.

According to Habermas, we should establish communicative norms that lead to rational conversations by creating the social coordination needed for interactants to pursue their goals while recognizing the truth or appropriateness of their interaction.[7] Such norms, or social rules, include: "all participants must be allowed to speak freely, all participants must be allowed to speak for themselves (to enable them to establish their own ethos or "selfhood"), and that communication should be equal, with no one participant commanding more attention from the others than is afforded to them on their turn."[4]

Some examples of uncivil communication include rude gestures, vulgar language, interrupting, and loudly having private discussions in public spaces.[4] Recent poll data suggests that Americans believe uncivil communication is a serious problem, and believe it has led to an increase in physical violence.[8] The 2013 study on Civility in America: A Nationwide Survey, conducted by global public relations firm Weber Shandwick and public affairs firm Powell Tate in partnership with KRC Research found that 70 percent of Americans believe incivility has reached crisis proportions.[8] Of those who expect civility to rise, 34 percent blame Twitter.[8] The study found that Americans encounter incivility, on average, 17.1 times per week, or 2.4 times per day.[8] Some studies suggest that uncivil communication may have real consequences, including increased health problems due to stress, decreased work productivity, more auto accidents caused by aggressive driving, and vandalism.[4]

Political incivility

Political incivility is different from the everyday incivility described above. According to face negotiation theory, politeness norms require us to avoid challenging others, but political incivility is different because, since it is specific to the political sphere, contestation of views and confrontation are required for a democracy to occur.[9] According to Thomas Benson, "Where there is disagreement, there is a risk of incivility; in many cases, incivility is itself a tactic in political discourse, employed as an indicator of sincerity, as the marker of the high stakes in a disagreement."[10]

Civil discourse is "the free and respectful exchange of different ideas".[11] Eight out of 10 Americans believe that the lack of civil discourse in the political system is a serious problem.[12] Eighty-two percent of American respondents to a 2011 survey felt that political advertisements were too "nasty" and 72 percent believed that political commercials that attacked the opponent were "inappropriate".[13] Research has linked political incivility to reduced trust in the legitimacy of political candidates, political polarization, and policy gridlock.[14]

In his article The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964), Habermas explains that the public sphere is "a realm of our social life in which something approaching public opinion can be formed… Although state authority is so to speak the executor of the political public sphere, it is not a part of it."[15] Political incivility threatens the features of the rhetorical model of the public sphere,[16] which include:

  1. It is discourse-based as opposed to class-based.
  2. Norm of reasonableness, meaning the success of an argument depends on participants agreeing that it makes sense.
  3. It "emphasizes indeterminate bracketing of discursive exchanges", meaning the public sphere is made up of many smaller conversations that happen independently of each other.
  4. Values communication that leads to shared judgments.[16]

Examples of incivility in political discourse include name calling, derisive or disrespectful speech and vulgarity, intentional lies, and misrepresentation.[9] Another type of uncivil behavior is "outrage speech", which includes name calling, insulting, character assassination, mockery, and emotional displays.[17][18] There are disagreements among researchers about whether or not emotional speech – using anger, fear, or hatred – should be considered uncivil.[14]

Stryker et al. assert that "political incivility is usefully distinguished from interpersonal politeness outside of politics." Their research found consensus among survey respondents concerning the types of political speech and behavior that "count" as "political incivility".[14]

Workplace incivility

Main article: Workplace incivility

A 2011 report in USA Today defined Workplace incivility as "a form of organizational deviance... characterized by low-intensity behaviors that violate respectful workplace norms, appearing vague as to intent to harm."[19] The article asserts further that researchers had announced at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association that "Workplace incivility is on the rise.[19] Uncivil behaviors are characteristically rude and discourteous, displaying a lack of regard for others."[20] Incivility is distinct from violence. Examples of workplace incivility include insulting comments, denigration of the target's work, spreading false rumors, and social isolation.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Definition of 'Incivility'". AskOxford. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  2. ↑ Catherine Soanes, Angus Stevenson (Eds.), ed. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of English (revised edition). Oxford University Press.
  3. ↑ "Incivility in Political Discourse (The Coming Apogee of the Moonbat Hordes)". InDC Journal. 2004-10-13. Retrieved 2006-11-25. External link in |work= (help)
  4. 1 2 3 4 Lane; McCourt. "Uncivil Communication in Everyday Life: A Response to Benson's "The Rhetoric of Civility."". Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric. 3.
  5. ↑ Habermas, Jurgen (1979). Communication and the Evolution of Society. Toronto, Canda: Beacon Press.
  6. ↑ Herrick, James (2005). The History and Theory of Rhetoric. Boston: Pearson Education.
  7. ↑ Habermas, Jurgen (1984). Theory of Communicative Action, trans. Thomas McCarthy. Boston: Beacon Press.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "News - Civility in America 2013: Incivility has reached crisis levels - Weber Shandwick". www.webershandwick.com. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
  9. 1 2 Massaro; Stryker (2012). "Freedom of speech, liberal democracy and emerging evidence on civility and effective democratic engagement". Arizona Law Review. 54.
  10. ↑ Benson, Thomas (2011). "The Rhetoric of Civility: Power, Authenticity, and Democracy". Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric.
  11. ↑ Coe; Kenski; Rains. "Online and uncivil? Patterns and determinants of incivility in newspaper website commentary". Journal of Communication. 64. doi:10.1111/jcom.12104.
  12. ↑ "Americans Say Elections More Negative than Past, Lack of Civility as Major Problem - PRRI". PRRI. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
  13. ↑ Fridkin, Kim L.; Kenney, Patrick (2011-04-01). "Variability in Citizens' Reactions to Different Types of Negative Campaigns". American Journal of Political Science. 55 (2): 307–325. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00494.x. ISSN 1540-5907.
  14. 1 2 3 Stryker, Robin; Conway, Bethany Anne; Danielson, J. Taylor (2016-10-01). "What is political incivility?". Communication Monographs. 83 (4): 535–556. doi:10.1080/03637751.2016.1201207. ISSN 0363-7751.
  15. ↑ Habermas, Jürgen; Lennox, Sara; Lennox, Frank (1974-01-01). "The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964)". New German Critique (3): 49–55. doi:10.2307/487737.
  16. 1 2 Hauser, Gerard (1999). Vernacular Voices: The Rhetoric of Publics and Public Spheres. The University of South Carolina Press. pp. 61–64.
  17. ↑ Sobieraj, Sarah; Berry, Jeffrey M. (2011-02-09). "From Incivility to Outrage: Political Discourse in Blogs, Talk Radio, and Cable News". Political Communication. 28 (1): 19–41. doi:10.1080/10584609.2010.542360. ISSN 1058-4609.
  18. ↑ Sobieraj; Berry (2013). The outrage industry: Political opinion media and the new incivility. Oxford University Press.
  19. 1 2 "Most Popular E-mail Newsletter". USA Today. 2011-08-07.
  20. ↑ Andersson, Lynne M.; Pearson, Christine M. (July 1999). "Tit for Tat? The Spiraling Effect of Incivility in the Workplace". The Academy of Management Review. 24 (3): 452–71. doi:10.2307/259136. JSTOR 259136.

Further reading

Quotes

External links

Movements and organizations promoting civility

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