Intel MCS-51

Intel P8051 microcontroller.
SAB-C515-LN by Infineon is based on the 8051

The Intel MCS-51 (commonly termed 8051) is an internally Harvard architecture, complex instruction set computing (CISC) instruction set, single chip microcontroller (µC) series developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems.[1] Intel's original versions were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s and enhanced binary compatible derivatives remain popular today.

Intel's original MCS-51 family was developed using N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) technology like its predecessor Intel MCS-48, but later versions, identified by a letter C in their name (e.g., 80C51) used complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology and consume less power than their NMOS predecessors. This made them more suitable for battery-powered devices.

The family was continued in 1996 with the enhanced 8-bit MCS-151 and the 8/16/32-bit MCS-251 family of binary compatible microcontrollers.[2] While Intel no longer manufactures the MCS-51, MCS-151 and MCS-251 family, enhanced binary compatible derivatives made by numerous vendors remain popular today. Some derivatives integrate a digital signal processor (DSP). Beyond these physical devices, several companies also offer MCS-51 derivatives as IP cores for use in field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs.

Important features and applications

i8051 microarchitecture

The 8051 architecture provides many functions (central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), input/output (I/O), interrupt logic, timer, etc.) in one package:

One feature of the 8051 core is the inclusion of a boolean processing engine which allows bit-level boolean logic operations to be carried out directly and efficiently on select internal registers, ports and select RAM locations. This feature helped cement the 8051's popularity in industrial control applications because it reduced code size by as much as 30%. Another feature is the inclusion of four bank selectable working register sets which greatly reduce the amount of time required to complete an interrupt service routine. With one instruction, the 8051 can switch register banks versus the time consuming task of transferring the critical registers to the stack, or designated RAM locations. These registers also allowed the 8051 to quickly perform a context switch.

Once a UART, and a timer if necessary, has been configured, the programmer needs only write a simple interrupt routine to refill the send shift register whenever the last bit is shifted out by the UART and/or empty the full receive shift register (copy the data somewhere else). The main program then performs serial reads and writes simply by reading and writing 8-bit data to stacks.

Derivate features

As of 2013, new derivates are still developed by many major chipmakers, and major compiler suppliers such as IAR Systems, Keil and Altium Tasking continuously release updates.

MCS-51 based microcontrollers typically include one or two UARTs, two or three timers, 128 or 256 bytes of internal data RAM (16 bytes of which are bit-addressable), up to 128 bytes of I/O, 512 bytes to 64 KB of internal program memory, and sometimes a quantity of extended data RAM (ERAM) located in the external data space. External RAM and ROM share the data and address buses. The original 8051 core ran at 12 clock cycles per machine cycle, with most instructions executing in one or two machine cycles. With a 12 MHz clock frequency, the 8051 could thus execute 1 million one-cycle instructions per second or 500,000 two-cycle instructions per second. Enhanced 8051 cores are now commonly used which run at six, four, two, or even one clock per machine cycle, and have clock frequencies of up to 100 MHz, and are thus capable of an even greater number of instructions per second. All Silicon Labs, some Dallas and a few Atmel devices have single cycle cores.

8051 variants may include built-in reset timers with brown-out detection, on-chip oscillators, self-programmable Flash ROM program memory, built-in external RAM, extra internal program storage, bootloader code in ROM, EEPROM non-volatile data storage, I²C, SPI, and USB host interfaces, CAN or LIN bus, ZigBee or Bluetooth radio modules, PWM generators, analog comparators, A/D and D/A converters, RTCs, extra counters and timers, in-circuit debugging facilities, more interrupt sources, extra power saving modes, more/less parallel ports etc. Intel manufactured a mask programmed version, 8052AH-BASIC, with a BASIC interpreter in ROM, capable of running user programs loaded into RAM.

In many engineering schools the 8051 microcontroller is used in introductory microcontroller courses.

Family naming conventions

8051 is the original name by Intel with 4 KiB ROM and 128 byte RAM. Variants starting with 87 have a user programmable EPROM memory, sometimes UV erasable. Variants with a C as the third character are some kind of CMOS. 8031 and 8032 are ROM-less versions, with 128 and 256 bytes RAM. The last digit can indicate memory size, e.g. 8052 with 8 KiB ROM, 87C54 16 KiB EPROM, and 87C58 with 32 KiB EPROM, all with 256 RAM.

Memory architecture

The MCS-51 has four distinct types of memory – internal RAM, special function registers, program memory, and external data memory.

The 8051 is designed as a strict Harvard architecture; it can only execute code fetched from program memory, and has no instructions to write to program memory.

Most 8051 systems respect this distinction, and so are unable to download and directly execute new programs. The strict Harvard architecture has the advantage of making such systems immune to most forms of malware, except those that reuse existing program code.[5] Some 8051 systems have (or can be modified to have) some "dual-mapped" RAM, making them act somewhat more like von Neumann architecture, as external ROM and RAM share data and address buses and the mapping can be designed to allow R/W data access to program memory. This (partial) von Neumann architecture has the advantage of making it possible for a boot loader running on the 8051 to write new native code to RAM and then execute it, leading to faster incremental and interactive programming cycles than strict Harvard systems.[6][7]

Internal RAM

Internal RAM (IRAM) has an 8-bit address space, allowed addresses 0 through 0xFF. IRAM from 0x00 to 0x7F can be accessed directly. The 8052 added IRAM from 0x80 to 0xFF, which must be accessed indirectly; the address is loaded into R0 or R1, and the memory is accessed using the @R0 or @R1 syntax. Most 8051 clones also have a full 256 bytes of IRAM.

The 32 bytes from 0x00–0x1F memory-map the 8 registers R0–R7. 8 bytes are used at a time; 2 program status word bits select between four possible banks,

The 16 bytes (128 bits) at IRAM locations 0x20–0x2F are bit-addressable.

Special function registers

Special function registers (SFR) are located in the same address space as IRAM, at addresses 0x80 to 0xFF, and are accessed directly using the same instructions as for the lower half of IRAM. They can not be accessed indirectly via @R0 or @R1; indirect access to those addresses will access the second half of IRAM.

16 of the SFRs (those whose addresses are multiples of 8) are also bit-addressable.

Program memory

Program memory (PMEM, though less common in usage than IRAM and XRAM) is up to 64 KiB of read-only memory, starting at address 0 in a separate address space. It may be on- or off-chip, depending on the particular model of chip being used. Program memory is read-only, though some variants of the 8051 use on-chip flash memory and provide a method of re-programming the memory in-system or in-application.

In addition to code, it is possible to store read-only data such as lookup tables in program memory, retrieved by the MOVC A, @A+DPTR or MOVC A,@A+PC instructions. The address is computed as the sum of the 8-bit accumulator and a 16-bit register (PC or DPTR).

Special jump and call instructions (AJMP and ACALL) make access within the same 2 KiB of program memory slightly smaller.[8]

External data memory

External data memory (XRAM) is a third address space, also starting at address 0, and allowing 16 bits of address space. It can also be on- or off-chip; what makes it "external" is that it must be accessed using the MOVX (Move eXternal) instruction. Many variants of the 8051 include the standard 256 bytes of IRAM plus a few KB of XRAM on the chip.

The first 256 bytes of XRAM may be accessed using the MOVX A,@R0, MOVX A,@R1, MOVX @R0, A, and MOVX @R1, A instructions. The full 64K may be accessed using MOVX A,@DPTR and MOVX @DPTR,A.

Registers

The only register on an 8051 that is not memory-mapped is the 16-bit program counter PC. This specifies the address of the next instruction to execute. Relative branch instructions supply an 8-bit signed offset which is added to the PC.

8 general-purpose registers R0–R7 may be accessed with instructions 1 byte shorter than others. They are mapped to IRAM between 0x00 and 0x1F. Only 8 bytes of that range are used at any given time, determined by the two bank select bits in the PSW.

The following is a partial list of the 8051's registers, which are memory-mapped into the special function register space:

256 single bits are directly addressable. These are the 16 IRAM locations from 0x20–0x2F, and the 16 special function registers 0x80, 0x88, 0x90, …, 0xF8. Any bit of these bytes may be directly accessed by a variety of logical operations and conditional branches.

Note that the PSW does not contain the common N (negative) and Z (zero) flags. Instead, because the accumulator is a bit-addressible SFR, it is possible to branch on its most significant bit directly. There is also an instruction to jump if the accumulator is zero or non-zero. There is also a "compare and jump" operation that takes two operands.

Instruction set

Instructions are all 1 to 3 bytes long, consisting of an initial opcode byte, followed by up to 2 bytes of operands.

 3⁄4 of the opcode bytes are assigned to 16 basic ALU instructions. One operand is flexible, while the second (if any) is specified by the operation: the accumulator, an immediate constant, or a RAM address. The most significant nibble of the opcode byte specifies the operation, and the least significant nibble specifies one of the following addressing modes for the flexible operand:

The operations are as follows. Not all support all addressing modes; the immediate mode in particular is unavailable if the flexible operand is written to. Instruction mnemonics use destination, source operand order.

Only the ADD, ADDC and SUBB instructions set PSW flags. The INC, DEC, and logical instructions do not. The CJNE instructions modify the C bit only, to the borrow that results from operand1−operand2.

The 64 opcodes x0–x3, plus the few opcodes not used in the above range, are used for other instructions with more limited operand-specification capabilities:

8051/8052 irregular instructions
Opcode x0 x1 x2 x3 x4
0y NOP AJMP page0 LJMP addr16 RR A (rotate right) INC A
1y JBC bit,offset ACALL page0 LCALL addr16 RRC A DEC A
2y JB bit,offset AJMP page1 RET RL A (rotate left) (ADD A,#data)
3y JNB bit,offset ACALL page1 RETI RLC A (ADDC A,#data)
4y JC offset AJMP page2 ORL address,A ORL address,#data (ORL A,#data)
5y JNC offset ACALL page2 ANL address,A ANL address,#data (ANL A,#data)
6y JZ offset AJMP page3 XRL address,A XRL address,#data (XRL A,#data)
7y JNZ offset ACALL page3 ORL C,bit JMP @A+DPTR MOV A,#data
8y SJMP offset AJMP page4 ANL C,bit MOVC A,@A+PC DIV AB
9y MOV DPTR, #imm16 ACALL page4 MOV bit,C MOVC A,@A+DPTR (SUBB A,#data)
Ay ORL C,/bit AJMP page5 MOV C,bit INC DPTR MUL AB
By ANL C,/bit ACALL page5 CPL bit CPL C CJNE A,#data,offset
Cy PUSH address AJMP page6 CLR bit CLR C SWAP A
Dy POP address ACALL page6 SETB bit SETB C DA A (decimal adjust)
Ey MOVX A,@DPTR AJMP page7 MOVX A,@R0 MOVX A,@R1 CLR A
Fy MOVX @DPTR,A ACALL page7 MOVX @R0,A MOVX @R1,A CPL A
A5 B5 D6 D7
Other (unused) CJNE A,address,offset XCHD A,@R0 XCHD A,@R1

The AJMP/ACALL opcodes combine the three most significant bits of the opcode byte with the following byte to specify an 11-bit destination. For larger addresses, the LJMP and LCALL instructions allow a 16-bit destination.

One of the reasons for the 8051's popularity is its range of operations on single bits. Bits are always specified by absolute addresses; there is no register-indirect or indexed addressing. Instructions that operate on single bits are:

Although most instructions require that one operand is the accumulator or an immediate constant, it is possible to perform a MOV directly between two internal RAM locations.

Programming

There are various high-level programming language compilers for the 8051. Several C compilers are available for the 8051, most of which allow the programmer to specify where each variable should be stored in its six types of memory, and provide access to 8051 specific hardware features such as the multiple register banks and bit manipulation instructions. There are many commercial C compilers.[9] Small Device C Compiler (SDCC) is a popular open source C compiler.[10] Other high level languages such as C++, Forth,[6][7][11][12] BASIC, Object Pascal, Pascal, PL/M and Modula-2 are available for the 8051, but they are less widely used than C and assembly.

Because IRAM, XRAM, and PMEM (read only) all have an address 0, C compilers for the 8051 architecture provide compiler-specific pragmas or other extensions to indicate where a particular piece of data should be stored (i.e. constants in PMEM or variables needing fast access in IRAM). Since data could be in one of three memory spaces, a mechanism is usually provided to allow determining to which memory a pointer refers, either by constraining the pointer type to include the memory space, or by storing metadata with the pointer.

Related processors

Intel 8031 processors

The 8051's predecessor, the 8048, was used in the keyboard of the first IBM PC, where it converted keypresses into the serial data stream which is sent to the main unit of the computer. The 8048 and derivatives are still used today for basic model keyboards.

The 8031 was a cut down version of the original Intel 8051 that had no internal program memory (read-only memory (ROM)). To use this chip, external ROM had to be added containing the program that the 8031 would fetch and execute. An 8051 chip could be sold as a ROM-less 8031, as the 8051's internal ROM is disabled by the normal state of the EA pin in an 8031-based design. A vendor might sell an 8051 as an 8031 for any number of reasons, such as faulty code in the 8051's ROM, or simply an oversupply of 8051s and undersupply of 8031s.

The 8052 was an enhanced version of the original 8051 that featured 256 bytes of internal RAM instead of 128 bytes, 8 KB of ROM instead of 4 KB, and a third 16-bit timer. The 8032 had these same features except for the internal ROM program memory. Most modern 8051-compatible microcontrollers include these features.

Intel discontinued its MCS-51 product line in March 2007;[13][14] however, there are plenty of enhanced 8051 products or silicon intellectual property added regularly from other vendors.

The 80C537 and 80C517 are CMOS versions, designed for the automotive industry. Enhancements mostly include new peripheral features and expanded arithmetic instructions. The 80C517 has fail-safe mechanisms, analog signal processing facilities and timer capabilities and 8 KB on-chip program memory. Other features include:

Derivate vendors

Current vendors of MCS-51 compatible processors include more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies (formerly Siemens AG), Maxim Integrated Products (via its Dallas Semiconductor subsidiary), NXP (formerly Philips Semiconductor), Microchip Technology, Nuvoton (formerly Winbond), ST Microelectronics, Silicon Laboratories (formerly Cygnal), Texas Instruments, Ramtron International, Silicon Storage Technology, Cypress Semiconductor and Analog Devices.[15]

ICs or IPs compatible with the MCS-51 have been developed by:

Use as intellectual property

Today, 8051s are still available as discrete parts, but they are mostly used as silicon intellectual property cores. Available in high-level language source code (VHDL or Verilog) or FPGA netlist forms, these cores are typically integrated within embedded systems, in products ranging from USB flash drives to washing machines to complex wireless communication systems on a chip. Designers use 8051 silicon IP cores, because of the smaller size, and lower power, compared to 32 bit processors like ARM Cortex-M series, MIPS and BA22.

Modern 8051 cores are faster than earlier packaged versions. Design improvements have increased 8051 performance while retaining compatibility with the original MCS 51 instruction set. The original Intel 8051 ran at 12 clock cycles per machine cycle, and most instructions executed in one or two machine cycles. A typical maximum clock frequency of 12 MHz meant these old 8051s could execute one million single-cycle instructions, or 500,000 two-cycle instructions, per second. In contrast, enhanced 8051 silicon IP cores now run at one clock cycle per machine cycle, and have clock frequencies of up to 450 MHz. That means an 8051-compatible processor can now execute 450 million instructions per second.

MCU based on 8051

Digital signal processor (DSP) variants

Several variants with an additional 16-bit digital signal processor (DSP) (for example for MP3 or OGG coding/decoding) with up to 675 million instructions per second (MIPS)[16] and integrated USB 2.0 interface[17] or as intellectual property[18] exist.

Enhanced 8-bit binary compatible microcontroller: MCS-151 family

1996 Intel announced the MCS-151 family, an up to 6 times faster variant.[2] 8051 fully binary and instruction set compatible, but with pipelined CPU, 16 bit internal code bus and 6x speed. The MCS-151 family was also discontinued by Intel, but is widely available in binary compatible and partly enhanced variants.

8/16/32-bit binary compatible microcontroller: MCS-251 family

The 80251 8/16/32-bit microcontroller with 16 MB (24-bit) address-space and 6 times faster instruction cycle was introduced by Intel in 1996.[2][19] It can perform as an 8-bit 8051, has 24-bit linear addressing, an 8-bit ALU, 8-bit instructions, 16-bit instructions, a limited set of 32-bit instructions, 16 8-bit registers, 16 16-bit registers (8 16-bit registers which do not share space with any 8-bit registers, and 8 16-bit registers which contain 2 8-bit registers per 16-bit register), and 10 32-bit registers (2 dedicated 32-bit registers, and 8 32-bit registers which contain 2 16-bit registers per 32-bit register).[20]

It features extended instructions[21] – see also the programmer's guide[22] – and later variants with higher performance,[23] also available as intellectual property (IP).[24] It is 3-stage pipelined. The MCS-251 family was also discontinued by Intel, but is widely available in binary compatible and partly enhanced variants from many manufacturers.

See also

References

  1. ↑ John Wharton: An Introduction to the Intel MCS-51 Single-Chip Microcomputer Family, Application Note AP-69, May 1980, Intel Corporation.
  2. 1 2 3 Intel MCS 151 and MCS 251 Microcontrollers
  3. ↑ John Wharton: Using the Intel MCS-51 Boolean Processing Capabilities Application Note AP-70, May 1980, Intel Corporation.
  4. ↑ 8051 Tutorial: Interrupts
  5. ↑ Francillon, Aurélien; Castelluccia, Claude (2008-01-01). "Code Injection Attacks on Harvard-architecture Devices". Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. CCS '08. New York, NY, USA: ACM: 15–26. doi:10.1145/1455770.1455775. ISBN 9781595938107.
  6. 1 2 Bradford J. Rodriguez. "CamelForth/8051".
  7. 1 2 Brad Rodriguez. "Moving Forth Part 7: CamelForth for the 8051".
  8. ↑ ACALL is a 2-byte subroutine calling instruction, it can access locations within the same 2 KiB segment of memory. The absolute memory address is formed by the high 5 bit of the PC and the 11 bits defined by the instruction.
  9. ↑ Han-Way Huang. "Embedded System Design with C8051". p. 238.
  10. ↑ Lewin A. R. W. Edwards. "So, You Wanna be an Embedded Engineer: The Guide to Embedded Engineering, from Consultancy to the Corporate Ladder". 2006. p. 51.
  11. ↑ "8051 SwiftX Forth development".
  12. ↑ "MPE VFX Forth 7 cross compilers".
  13. ↑ Ganssle, Jack (2006-05-29). "Intel bows out, discontinues MCS-51".
  14. ↑ "MCS 51, MCS 251 and MCS 96 Microcontroller Product Lines, the Intel 186, Intel386 and Intel486 Processors Product Lines, and the i960 32 Bit RISC Processor, PCN 106013-01, Product Discontinuance, Reason for Revision: Add Key Milestone information and revise description of change" (PDF). Intel. 2006-05-02.
  15. ↑ http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/data_sheets/ADUC832.pdf
  16. ↑ TI Delivers new low-cost, high-performance audio DSP for Home and Car w/ 8051
  17. ↑ Atmel AT85C51SND3 Audio DSP Data Sheet with USB 2.0
  18. ↑ Integration of 8051 With DSP in Xilinx FPGA
  19. ↑ The 8051 microcontroller By Kenneth J Ayala Google books
  20. ↑ http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/MCS51/DATASHTS/27262001.PDF
  21. ↑ Temic TSC80251 Architecture
  22. ↑ Atmel TSC80251 Programmers Guide
  23. ↑ DQ80251 32bit Microcontroller DCD
  24. ↑ R80251XC 32bit Microcontroller Evatronix

Further reading

Books
Intel

External links

This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.

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