Intratubular germ cell neoplasia
| Intratubular germ cell neoplasia | |
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| Intratubular germ cell neoplasia. H&E stain. | |
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Intratubular germ cell neoplasia, abbreviated ITGCN or IGCN and also known as testicular intratubular germ cell neoplasia and intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the testis, is considered a precursor lesion for many types of testicular germ cell tumors.[1]
The common, unspecified variant of the entity was once considered to be a carcinoma in situ[2] although the term "carcinoma in situ" is no longer preferred for ITGCN, unspecified type (ITGCNU) lesions because they are not epithelial lesions.[3]
The entity will be known as germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) in the next WHO classification which is likely to be published in 2016.
Classification
The World Health Organisation classification of testicular tumours[4] subdivides ITGCN into (1) a more common, unspecified type (ITGCNU), and (2) other specific subtypes. The most common specific subtypes are intratubular embryonal carcinoma and intratubular seminoma.
Cancer risk
ITGCNU is seen in the following settings:[3]
- Almost all invasive germ cell tumours of the testis in adults
- Fifty percent of patients with ITGCNU developed invasive germ cell tumours within five years of initial diagnosis.
- Five percent of contralateral testes in men with a history of prior testicular germ cell tumour.
- Less than five percent of cryptorchid testes.
- Less than one percent of patients with infertility.
Germ cell tumors that do not arise from ITGCNU
Not all germ cell tumors (GCTs) arise from intratubular germ cell neoplasia. The following testicular GCTs do not arise from ITGCN:
- Spermatocytic seminoma[5]
- Pediatric Yolk sac tumors (endodermal sinus tumour).[6] This is currently an area of controversy as some authors dispute the absence of ITGCN in these cases.[3]
- Teratoma (rare exceptions)[3]
Diagnosis
ITGCN is not palpable, and not visible on macroscopic examination of testicular tissue. Microscopic examination of affected testicular tissue most commonly shows germ cells with enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli and clear cytoplasm. These cells are typically arranged along the basement membrane of the tubule, and mitotic figures are frequently seen. The sertoli cells are pushed toward the lumen by the neoplastic germ cells, and spermatogenesis is almost always absent in the affected tubules. Pagetoid spread of ITCGN into the rete testis is common. Immunostaining with placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) highlights ITGCNU cell membranes in 95 percent of cases. OCT3/4 is a sensitive and specific nuclear stain of ITGCNU.[3]
Treatment
ITGCN is generally treated by radiation therapy and/or orchiectomy. Chemotherapy used for metastatic germ cell tumours may also eradicate ITGCN.[3]
See also
Additional images
ITGCN. H&E stain.
References
- ↑ Bettocchi C, Coker CB, Deacon J, Parkinson C, Pryor JP (1994). "A review of testicular intratubular germ cell neoplasia in infertile men". J. Androl. 15 Suppl: 14S–16S. PMID 7721669.
- ↑ ,Dieckmann KP, Skakkebaek NE (December 1999). "Carcinoma in situ of the testis: review of biological and clinical features". Int. J. Cancer. 83 (6): 815–22. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991210)83:6<815::AID-IJC21>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 10597201.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mills, S (ed.) 2009.Sternberg's Diagnostic Pathology. 5th Edition. ISBN 978-0-7817-7942-5
- ↑ Eble J.N., Sauter G., Epstein J.I., Sesterhenn I.A. (Eds.): World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. IARC Press: Lyon 2004. ISBN 92-832-2412-4
- ↑ Müller J, Skakkebaek NE, Parkinson MC (February 1987). "The spermatocytic seminoma: views on pathogenesis". Int. J. Androl. 10 (1): 147–56. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00176.x. PMID 3583416.
- ↑ Manivel JC, Simonton S, Wold LE, Dehner LP (June 1988). "Absence of intratubular germ cell neoplasia in testicular yolk sac tumors in children. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 112 (6): 641–5. PMID 2837162.
External links
- Intratubular germ cell neoplasia - uptodate.com.
- ITGCN micrographs - gfmer.ch.