Iron harvest

Small German artillery shell from World War I left beside a field for disposal near Ypres, Belgium

The iron harvest is the annual "harvest" of unexploded ordnance, barbed wire, shrapnel, bullets and congruent trench supports collected by Belgian and French farmers after ploughing their fields. The harvest generally applies to the material from World War I, which is still found in large quantities across the former Western Front.[1]

Unexploded munitions

Stokes trench mortar shell from World War I left in a telegraph pole for disposal in 2004 near Ieper in Belgium
Shell pieces and other battlefield artifacts deposited next to a farmer's bin at Passendale

During World War I an estimated one tonne of explosives was fired for every square metre of territory on the Western front.[2] As many as one in every three shells fired did not detonate.[3] In the Ypres Salient, an estimated 300 million projectiles that the British and the Germans forces fired at each other during World War I were duds, and most of them have not been recovered.[4] In 2013, 160 tonnes of munitions, from bullets to 15 inch naval gun shells, were unearthed from the areas around Ypres.[4]

Unexploded weapons—in the form of shells, bullets, and grenades—buried themselves on impact or were otherwise quickly swallowed in the mud. As time passes, construction work, field ploughing, and natural processes bring the rusting shells to the surface. Most of the iron harvest is found during the spring planting and autumn ploughing as the region of northern France and Flanders are rich agricultural areas.[5] Farmers collect the munitions and place them along the boundaries of fields or other collection points for authorities.[5]

Dangers

Despite the condition of the shells, they remain very dangerous. The French Département du Déminage (Department of Mine Clearance) recovers about 900 tons of unexploded munitions every year. Since 1945, approximately 630 French clearers have died handling unexploded munitions.[6] Two died handling munitions outside Vimy, France as recently as 1998.[7] Over 20 members of Belgian Explosive Ordnance Disposal (DOVO) have died disposing of First World War munitions since the unit was formed in 1919.[4] Civilian deaths are also common. In just the area around Ypres, 260 people have been killed and 535 have been injured by unexploded munitions since the end of the First World War.[4] Shells containing poisonous gas remain viable and will corrode and release their gas content.[8] Close to five per cent of the shells fired during the First World War contained poisonous gas and ordnance disposal experts continue to suffer burns from mustard gas shells that were split open.[4]

Disposal

In Belgium, iron harvest discovered by farmers is carefully placed around field edges, or in gaps in telegraph poles, where it is regularly collected by the Belgian army for disposal by controlled explosion at a specialist centre in Poelkapelle.[4] The depot was built after ocean dumping of shells stopped in 1980. Once extracted by the army, the gas chemicals are burned and destroyed at high temperatures at specialized facilities and the explosives detonated.

References

  1. ↑ Staff (2006). "Finding the Fallen, Unearthing the past". National Army Museum. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
  2. ↑ BBC News "Legacies of the Great War" 3 November 1998, accessed 1 November 2005
  3. ↑ Toronto Globe and Mail, quoted in The Orderley Room 20 April 2001, accessed 27 April 2006
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Mustard gas blisters and a daily risk of death: Bravery of soldiers still clearing the 'iron harvest' of World War I shells from beneath Flanders' fields". Daily Mail. 10 November 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  5. 1 2 Ehlen, Judy; Haneberg, William; Larson, Robert. Humans as Geologic Agents. Geological Society of America,. p. 60.
  6. ↑ The Atlantic online "The Wonderful, Horrible Life of Humankind" December 2004, accessed 1 November 2005
  7. ↑ (French) l'Humanité "Armes. Quand le passé explose" 11 October 2003
  8. ↑ Albright, Richard (2011). Cleanup of Chemical and Explosive Munitions: Location, Identification and Environmental Remediation. Oxford: William Andrew. p. 120.

Further reading

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