James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge

James Stuart
Duke of Cambridge; Earl of Cambridge; Baron of Dauntsey
c. 1666–7 portrait by John Michael Wright. James is shown wearing the robes and top-hat of the Order of the Garter. This is the only portrait of James painted from life.
Born	12 July 1663 St James's Palace
Died	20 June 1667 (aged 3) Richmond Palace
Burial	26 June 1667 Westminster Abbey
House	Stuart
Father	James, Duke of York
Mother	Anne Hyde
Religion	Anglicanism

James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge KG (12 July 1663 – 20 June 1667) was the second son of James, Duke of York (later James II of England) and his first wife, Anne Hyde. In 1664, the infant James became the first Duke of Cambridge and Baron of Dauntsey, but both titles became temporarily extinct after Cambridge died young.

Cambridge was especially close with his uncle, King Charles II, who created him Duke of Cambridge and Baron of Dauntsey, titles that were created especially for him. The King also appointed Cambridge a Knight of the Garter, but never invested him due to his untimely death. Cambridge received a yearly pension of £3,000 from the king. After his death, it was still issued to his father, in hopes of supporting Cambridge's siblings.

Cambridge was also very loved by his sister Lady Mary, who, while Princess of Orange, commissioned two portraits by Willem Wissing: one representing her mother and one representing Cambridge. She placed the latter over the door of the Queen's Drawing Room of the Garden House at Windsor Castle. Had Cambridge survived his early years, there were strong chances that he would actually have succeeded to the crown, as the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, which deposed his father, relied on a Protestant succession and in consequence Cambridge, being raised as Protestant and male heir, would become monarch instead of his sisters Mary and Anne.

Life

Cambridge was born at 1:22 a.m. on 12 July [O.S. 22 July] 1663, at St. James's Palace, the second but first surviving son and child of James Stuart, Duke of York (later James II of England) and his Duchess, Anne Hyde.^[1] He was a grandson of Charles I of England and great-grandson of Henry IV of France. His baptism took place at St. James's Palace on 22 July [O.S. 1 August] 1663, and was performed by Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury.^[2] His godparents were his uncle King Charles II and his maternal grandfather Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. Queen mother Henrietta Maria stood as godmother. Also present were Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans and Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich.^[2] James was held by Mary Fairfax, Duchess of Buckingham.^[2]

James was the great-grandson of King James VI of Scotland and I of England, the first Stuart king of England. During the English Civil War, his uncle King Charles II had escaped to France.^[3] Just three years prior to Cambridge's birth, he had been called back to England and thus, Cambridge was born as the nephew of the King.^[4] The Duke of York was a member of the Church of England during Cambridge's lifetime and all of his children were raised as Anglicans. Two years after Cambridge's death, York converted to Roman Catholicism.^[5]

On 23 August [O.S. 2 September] 1664, he was created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Cambridge and Baron of Dauntsey by his uncle, the King.^[6][7] Of the four sons of the Duke of York who bore the title Duke of Cambridge, only two were ever formally created so: Cambridge and his brother Edgar.^[8] In 1665, a younger sister named Anne was born; she would ascend the throne one day. Anne was the only sister at whose birth Cambridge was still alive. In 1666, Cambridge was joined by a brother, the short-lived Duke of Kendal.

On 3 December 1666, Cambridge was appointed Knight of the Garter. After Charles II and some other Knights installed themselves at a round table in the King's private quarters, Cambridge was escorted into the King's presence by James Scott (Cambridge's 17-year-old illegitimate cousin; son of the king) and Edward Montagu. Afterwards, Cambridge kneeled before the King, who put the necklace of the Order on his neck and gave the sash of the Order to Prince Rupert of the Rhine. The King then kissed Cambridge and the ceremony was officially over.^[9] By this time it looked unlikely that his uncle would have any legitimate offspring from his barren wife, so Cambridge was already being treated as the heir to the throne after his father. In May 1665, King Charles II issued letters patent that granted Cambridge a yearly pension of £3,000. The money would not be controlled by Cambridge until his fourteenth year; until then the money was likely controlled by his parents or his nannies.^[10]

Death

Cambridge became ill during late April 1667, probably on the 27th or 28th of the month.^[11] The disease was probably smallpox or bubonic plague, as an eyewitness account given by Samuel Pepys states that Cambridge was "full of spots" and that his physician, Dr. Frazier, did not know how to treat this disease.^[12] On 30 May, Kendal, who was also sick from convulsions, died at St. James's Palace and Cambridge was transferred to Richmond.^[13] His mother feared for his life after the Duke of Kendal died, because he was very sick.^[14] Another entry in Pepys's diary stated that the royal family lost all hopes of his survival during June 1667.^[15] An entry dated 6 June 1667, Pepys wrote that the nation lost all hopes of Cambridge surviving.^[16] However, an entry date 9 June stated that Cambridge was recovering pretty well and was expected to survive.^[17]

His death on 20 June [O.S. 30 June] 1667 came as a shock to the nation, who saw it as the doom of the House of Stuart, as the Duke of York was left with no male issue.^[18] He lay in state in the Palace of Westminster before his funeral, nearly a week after his death, on 26 June [O.S. 6 July] 1667. He was interred in Westminster Abbey. His tomb reads (in Latin): "Deposit of the Most Illustrious Prince James Duke of Cambridge & second-born son and Heir of the Most Powerful Prince James Duke of York who in the Queen's Hall of Richmond fell asleep on the twentieth day in his fourth year, AD 1667."^[19]

Aftermath

Pepys wrote that during Cambridge's illness, the English were very concerned of what would happen if Cambridge was to die, thus they were disappointed when this really did happen.^[20] Additionally, there was no mourning when Cambridge died, possibly due to poor organizing or to the King not sending a formal letter that appointed the court to mourn.^[21]

A portrait of Cambridge painted by Willem Wissing, commissioned by the future Mary II, used to hung above the door of the Queen's Drawing Room of the Garden House at Windsor Castle.^[22] Had Cambridge survived, he would have possibly blocked the inheritance for his sister Anne and his cousin George of Hanover. Cambridge's pension continued to be issued to his father, in hopes of supporting his other children.^[23]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Coat of arms as Duke of Cambridge

Titles and styles

• 12 July 1663 – 20 June 1667: His Highness the Duke of Cambridge^[24][25]

Honours

• KG (Knight of the Garter): 3 December 1666 (only appointed, but never invested)

Arms

During his short life, James bore a coat of arms, as a grandson of a British Sovereign, consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of five points ermine.^[26]

Ancestry

Ancestors of James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge

16. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley               8. James I of England                       17. Mary, Queen of Scots               4. Charles I of England                             18. Frederick II of Denmark               9. Princess Anne of Denmark                       19. Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin               2. James II of England                                   20. Antoine of Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme               10. Henry IV of France                       21. Jeanne III of Navarre               5. Princess Henrietta Maria of France                             22. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany               11. Marie de' Medici                       23. Archduchess Johanna of Austria               1. James, Duke of Cambridge                                         24. Lawrence Hyde               12. Henry Hyde                       25. Anne Sibell               6. Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon                             26. Edward Langford               13. Mary Langford                       27. Mary St Barbe               3. Anne Hyde                                   28. William Aylesbury               14. Sir Thomas Aylesbury, 1st Baronet                       29. Anne Poole               7. Frances Aylesbury                             30. Francis Denman               15. Anne Denman                       31. Anne Blount

References

Notes

1. Sheppard 1894, p. 6.
2. Jesse 1840, p. 302.
3. Purkiss 2007, p. 406.
4. Hutton 1989, p. 131.
5. "BBC History: James II". BBC. bbc.co.uk. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
6. Banks 1826, p. 450.
7. Lundy, Darryl (January 20, 2011). "James Stuart, 1st and last Duke of Cambridge". thePeerage. thepeerage.com. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
8. Lundy, Darryl. "Index to Dukes and Duchesses". thePeerage. thepeerage.com. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
9. Smeeton 1820, p. 6.
10. Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1664-5, September 1667 (Volume 120)
11. Armstrong 2000, p. 189.
12. Armstrong 2000, p. 192.
13. Armstrong 2000, p. 214.
14. Armstrong 2000, p. 235.
15. Armstrong 2000, p. 252.
16. Armstrong 2000, p. 253.
17. Armstrong 2000, p. 255.
18. Armstrong 2000, p. 283.
19. Velde, François (2011). "Styles of the children of the Duke of York". Heraldica. heraldica.org. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
20. Beresford 1924, p. 149.
21. Strickland 1848, p. 8.
22. James, Duke of Cambridge (1663-7) by Willem Wissing at the Royal Collection.
23. Calendar of Treasury Books: 1667–1668, September 1667 (Volume 2)
24. Both his sisters were styled as their Highnesses.
25. Although not formally created Duke of Cambridge until 1664, he held the honorific title since birth: see thePeerage.
26. Velde, François (2011). "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family". Heraldica. heraldica.org. Retrieved April 16, 2012.

Bibliography

• Armstrong, William A. (2000) [1667]. The Diary of Samuel Pepys. 8 (illustrated ed.). California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22699-9.
• Banks, Thomas Christopher (1826). The dormant and extinct baronage of England. Minnesota: University of Minnesota.
• Beresford, John (1924) [Ayer Publishing]. Gossip of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (reprinted ed.). ISBN 978-0-8369-0199-3.
• Hutton, Ronald (1989). Charles II: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822911-9.
• Jesse, John Heneage (1840). Memoirs of the court of England during the reign of the Stuarts. 1. Massachusetts: Harvard University.
• Purkiss, Diane (2007). The English Civil War: A People's History. New York City: Harper Perennial.
• Sheppard, Edgar (1894). Memorials of St. James's palace. 2. London: Longmans, Green & co. ISBN 978-0-00-715062-5.
• Smeeton, George (1820). An Historical Account of the Most Illustrious Prince, James, Duke of Monmouth.
• Strickland, Agnes (1848). Lives of the queens of England: from the Norman conquest (2nd ed.). H. Colburn.

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