James George Barbadoes

James George Barbadoes
Born c.1796
Boston, Massachusetts
Died June 22, 1841
Jamaica
Occupation Hairdresser
Known for African American Leader

James George Barbadoes (c.1796—June 22, 1841)[1] was an African-American, Community Leader, and Abolitionist in Boston, Massachusetts in the early 19th century. Dedicated to improving the lives of people of color at the local level, as well as the national level.

Family History

Grandparents

James G. Barbadoes' grandfather Quawk Abel Barbadoes (xxxx-1757) perhaps from Barbadoes was a slave of John Simonds (1729-1812) Lexington, Massachusetts.[2] Abel and Kate were "received into the church" on April 19, 1754 in Lexington, Massachusetts. He died three years later a free man of color. They had three children: Isaac Barbadoes (1755-1777) who died in service to his country, 15th Massachusetts Regiment, Revolutionary War, Mercy Barbadoes (1755-xxxx), and Abel Barbadoes (1756-1817).[2]

Parents

James G. Barbadoes father Abel Barbadoes (1756-1817) was born in Lexington, Massachusetts and his mother and Chloe Holloway (1759-1843), was born in Hollowell, Maine. Abel and Chloe were married on September 27, 1782 at the First Baptist Church in Boston, Massachusetts. They had nine children: Abel Bardadoes (1785-1820), Mary Barbadoes (1790-1859) married Charles Elsbury (1790-xxxx), Clarissa Ann Barbadoes (1795-xxxx) married Coffin Pitts (1788-1871), Robert H. Barbadoes (1799-xxxx), Catherine L. Barbadoes (1802–1888), Sarah A. Barbadoes (1803-xxx) married Levis Bayley, Elizabeth Barbadoes (1804-xxxx) married Thomas Fisher, Isaac Barbadoes (1805–1873) married Susan Bensen (1812-1875), and Joseph Barbadoes.[1]

The 1798 Federal Dwellings Tax showed Abel and Chloe Barbadoes and their family living at the rear of 19 Belknap Street on the north slope of Beacon Hill before the filling process was completed on the south side by 1805. This should lay to rest the notion that the African American community on the north slope “developed as servant quarters for blacks employed by wealthy Beacon Hill families,” for it preceded the lion’s share of development of the affluent part of Beacon Hill, considering the intervening embargoes and War of 1812, by more than two decades.[3]

Wives and Children

James G. Barbadoes married his first wife, Almira Long, on May 28, 1818 in Boston, Massachusetts.[2] He married his second wife, Mary Ann Willis (1803-1828), on October 14, 1821 in the Second Congregational Church Dorchester, Massachusetts.[2] They had four children: Mary Ann Barbadoes (1822-1858) married Osmore Lew Freeman (1820-1905) grandson of Barzillai Lew, James George Barbadoes, Jr. (1823-1823), Frederick G. Barbadoes (1825-1899) married Rebecca A. Cowes (1836-xxxx), James George Barbadoes, Jr. (1826-1841).[2] He married his third wife, Rebecca Brint (1802-1874), on December 22, 1829 in Boston, Massachusetts.[2] They had seven children: James A. Barbadoes (1831-1832), William G. Barbadoes (1832-1832), Rebecca B. Barbadoes (1833-1921), Garrison K. Barbadoes (1834-xxxx), Jeanette Pier Barbadoes (1836-1915) married Lewis H. Williams (1845-xxxx), Elizar S. Barbadoes (1838-xxxx), Emeline / Evelyne Barbadoes (1839-xxx) married Horace Wycoff Fleet (1849-xxx).[2]

Community and Abolition Activities

Prince Hall Freemasonry

African Lodge #1

Prior to 1775, Prince Hall and fourteen other free black men petitioned for admittance to the white Grand Lodge of Massachusetts and were turned down. Having been rejected by colonial Freemasonries, Hall and the others sought and were initiated into the Masonry by members of the Grand Lodge of Ireland on March 6, 1775 - African Lodge #1 was established and Hall was named Grand Master.

African Lodge #459

In 1784, the African Lodge #1 applied to and received a charter from the Premier Grand Lodge of England and was renamed African Lodge #459. In 1827, the African Lodge #459 declared its independence from the Grand Lodge of England and became the Prince Hall Freemasonry.[4]

Prominent African Lodge #459 Members:[5]

Massachusetts General Colored Association

In 1826, several members of the African Lodge #459 Prince Hall Freemasonry in Boston, Massachusetts, including James G. Barbadoes, met and established the Massachusetts General Colored Association "to promote the welfare of the race by working for the destruction of slavery."[6] The Association was an early supporter of William Lloyd Garrison. Association members were also active in organizations to furthered their objectives, such as the African Society, the Abiel Smith School, and the African Meeting House.[7]

The organization was especially concerned with the following Issues:[7]

Elected Officers:[8]

Other Founding Members included:[9]

Frederick Brimley; Thomas Cole; Hosea Easton; Joshua Easton; John T. Hilton; Walker Lewis; Coffin Pitts, husband of Clarissa Ann Barbadoes, brother-in-law of James G. Barbadoes; John E. Scarlett; David Walker.

The Liberator

One month before the first edition of The Liberator, December 10, 1830, William Lloyd Garrison spoke to a gathering of “colored citizens” in Boston, Massachusetts; among those present was James Barbadoes, who writes to Garrison in a February 12, 1831 edition of the paper. The Editor is addressed as “Esteemed Friend”, and his speech is commended. Barbadoes says, "...nothing was ever uttered more important and beneficial to our color...full of virtue and consolation, perfect in explanation, and it furnished a rule to live by and to die by."[10]

First Annual Convention of Free People of Color

In 1831, the following African Americans represented Massachusetts as delegates to the First National Convention of Free People of Color, held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - James G. Barbadoes, a hairdresser, Reverend Hosea Easton, Henry H. Moody, Robert Roberts, a printer, and Reverend Samuel Snowden. Barbadoes was appointed vice president.[11]

American Colonization Society

On February 15, 1831, pursuant to public notice, a meeting was held by the colored citizens of Boston, Massachusetts, at their school-house, for the purpose of expressing their sentiments in a remonstrance against the doings of the State Colonization Society a chapter of the American Colonization Society. It was called to order by James G. Barbadoes. Mr. Robert Roberts was elected President, and James G. Barbadoes, secretary.[12]

New England Anti-Slavery Society

In 1831, the New England Anti-Slavery Society (1831–1835) was organized by William Lloyd Garrison editor of The Liberator. Based in Boston, Massachusetts, members of the New England Anti-Slavery Society supported immediate abolition and viewed slavery as immoral and non-Christian. It was particularly opposed to the American Colonization Society which proposed sending African Americans to Africa.

The Society sponsored lecturers or "agents" who traveled throughout New England and New York, speaking in local churches or halls, and also selling abolitionist tracts or "The Liberator." Whenever possible, the Society's agents would encourage the formation of local anti-slavery societies. By 1833 there were 47 local societies in ten northern states, 33 of them in New England. The Society also sponsored mass mobilizations such as yearly anti-slavery conventions.

Memoir of William Cooper Nell

"The colored race have been generally considered by their enemies, and sometimes even by their friends, as deficient in energy and courage. Their virtues have been supposed to be principally negative ones. This little collection of interesting incidents, made by a colored man, will redeem the character of the race from this misconception, and show how much injustice there may often be in a generally admitted idea."

"I remember, when a boy, in January, 1832, looking in at the vestry window of Belknap Street Church, while the Editor of The Liberator and a faithful few organized the first Anti-Slavery Society. The immediate result of the labors of the Anti-Slavery press and the public lecturers, was the formation of exclusive organizations among the colored people. They, and the great body of the Abolitionists, did not then see eye to eye in the matter of combined action, for many of the latter supposed their Anti-Slavery mission was ended when they had publicly protested against slavery, without being careful to exemplify their principles in every-day practice. Many of the colored people, too, seemed to think that enough of heaven was opened unto them, when white people would talk Anti-Slavery; the idea of social political equality seemingly never being dreamed of by them. In accordance with this view, a society was formed, called the Massachusetts General Colored Association. The object of this Association was the promulgation of Anti-Slavery truth. In January, 1833, it made application to be received as an auxiliary to the Massachusetts then New England Anti-Slavery Society through the following letter:-- At this meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society, Rev. Samuel Snowden was elected a Counsellor; the next year, James G. Barbardoes and Joshua Easton; and subsequently, John T. Hilton was appointed, who, with Charles Lenox Remond, is now Vice President."

"The Massachusetts General Colored Association, cordially approving the objects and principles of the New England Anti-Slavery Society, would respectfully communicate their desire to become auxiliary thereto. They have accordingly chosen one of their members to attend the annual meeting of the Society as their delegate, Mr. Joshua Easton, North Bridgewater, solicit his acceptance in that capacity."

  • Thomas Dalton, President
  • William G. Nell, Vice President
  • James G. Barbadoes, Secretary
"Of course, this request was cordially granted; but they and their white friends soon learned that complexional Anti-Slavery societies, as such, were absurdities, to say the least, and hence, such distinctions soon melted into thin air; and if the spirit of Susan Paul takes cognizance of events familiar to her when in the flesh, she is now rejoicing in her association with the Anti-Slavery societies of that time, their "Martyr Acre," and her share in the perils consequent upon the burning of Pennsylvania.[13]

Affidavit of James G, Barbadoes

In 1833, James G. Barbadoes, Boston, a member of the New England Anti-Slavery Society Convention states, among five cases of kidnapping within his knowledge, one was of his own brother.[14]

"About eighteen years ago, Robert H. Barbadoes was kidnapped in New Orleans, imprisoned, handcuffed and chained, for about five months or longer, and deprived every way of communication his situation to his parents. His protection was taken from him, and torn up. He was often severely flogged, to be made submissive, and deny that that he was free born. He was unluckily caught with a letter wrote with a stick, and with the blood drawn from his own veins, for the purpose of communicating to his father his situation; but this project failed, for the letter was torn was away from him and destroyed, and he very severely flogged. He then lost most every hope; but at length the above Peter Smith was kidnapped again in this garden of paradise of freedom, and being lodged in the same cell with his, he communicated to Smith the particulars of his suffering. At the examination of Smith, he was found to have free papers, signed by the Governor, in consequence of which, he was set at liberty, He then wrote Barbadoes' parents, and likewise arrived in Boston as soon as the letter. Free papers were immediately obtained, and signed by his father and Mrs. Mary Turel, Mr. ____ Giles, and Thomas Clark, town clerk; and by the Governor of the State, demanding him without delay. He was returned to his native town, Boston, where all these persons belonged. The above wrote by James G. Barbadoes. Testified by him and others of the connexions. Suffolk, as: Boston, Nov. 20, 1833. Subscribed and sworn, before me, David L. Child, Justice of the Peace."

American Anti-Slavery Society

On his way to the 1833 National Anti-Slavery Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, "James G. Barbadoes was compelled (though in feeble state of health) to remain on the deck of a Providence, Rhode Island steamboat all night, without shelter, in the wintery month of December: in consequences of which exposure, he was prostrated with sickness for many weeks, and perhaps never fully recovered from the effects of it to the day of his death. So brutal, so murderous, is the spirit of prejudice in this country toward our colored population."[15]

Perhaps recalling the service of his Uncle Isaac Barbadoes during the Revolutionary War to his country, it is reported that while on this miserable passage to Philadelphia, James G. Barbadoes warned: "that in the revolutionary struggle for Britain, our fathers were called upon to fight for liberty, and promptly did they obey the summons--gallantly contenting, shoulder to shoulder, with those who then made no distinction as to the color of a man's skin, that they might secure to themselves and their children the rights and privileges of freemen."[16]

In December 1833, James G. Barbadoes, Massachusetts, was one of sixty-two delegates from eleven States who met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to establish demanding immediate emancipation. This organization would become one of the most important American abolition groups the American Anti-Slavery Society. Delegates represented a cross-section of those who were to lead the abolition movement over the next three decades. Barbadoes was elected to the American Antislavery Society's Board of Managers.[17]

Signers of the American Anti-Slavery Society's "Declaration of Sentiments" included white Abolitionists: William Lloyd Garrison, Samuel J. May, Arthur Tappan, Lewis Tappan, John G. Whittier, Elizur Wright, and three African Americans: James George Barbadoes, Boston, James McCrummill, Philadelphia, a barber and dentist, and Robert Purvis, Philadelphia, handsome and urbane, who, despite his light complexion, proudly identified himself as an African American.

"Whereas the Most High God "hath made of one blood all nations of men to dwell on all the face of the earth," and hath commanded them to love their neighbors as themselves...we believe that it is practicable, by appeals to the consciences, hearts, and interests of the people, to awaken a public sentiment throughout the nation [to oppose] the continuance of Slavery in any part of the Republic."[18]

The Split in the Antislavery Movement

When William Lloyd Garrison reported in 1836 that the American Anti-Slavery Society’s “impetus is increasing,” he could not foretell that in four years the society would be rent asunder by the defection of the anti-Garrisonian abolitionists. There were strong personality issues in the split. Various charges were brought against Garrison personally. He was charged with having a “deliberate and well-matured design to make the anti-slavery organization subservient to the promotion of personal and sectarian views on the subjects of Women’s Rights … Civil Government, the Church, the Ministry, and the Sabbath.” Basically, however, the split was the result of genuine ideological differences.[19]

African American abolitionists also split on the same issues dividing white antislavery men and women. James G. Barbadoes, William Cooper Nell, Charles Remond, and William P. Powell supported William Lloyd Garrison and continued to work inside the American Anti-Slavery Society, while Samuel Cornish, Christopher Rush (founder and second bishop of the African Episcopal Zion church), and Charles B. Ray, then an editor of the Colored American, became members of the first executive committee of the new American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. Henry Highland Garnet, too, was one of the founders of the new organization and a speaker for the Liberty Party.

A resolution published in The Liberator concluded:

"...of Mr. Garrison we can truly add, that we doubt not that the day will come, when many an emancipated slave will say of him, while weeping over his monument, “This was my best friend and benefactor. I here bathe his tomb with the tears of that liberty, which his services and sufferings achieved for me.” "Resolved, That to slander Garrison, and pronounce him a hypocrite is certainly the most unkind and ungrateful expression that could ever escape the lips of any colored man, and in what we least expected to hear, after so much toil and suffering in our behalf; and we rejoice that such spirits are few and far between."

On the other side, Charles B. Ray wrote an interesting letter to Henry Stanton and James Birney, suggesting that people of color might be feeling somewhat “less warmth of feeling” for Garrison because there were now so many efficient antislavery workers in addition to the editor of The Liberator and also because there was something left to be desired in the “spirit with which Brother Garrison has conducted his own paper since the controversy commenced.”

Although Garrison was able to maintain his hold over Boston’s black population, most African Americans elsewhere were not so firm in their support. The rivalry between those who supported Garrison and those who opposed him was to become a major feature in the North during the two decades before the Civil War.[19]

Education for Boston's Children of Colored

African School

In 1787, Prince Hall petitioned the Massachusetts legislature for African American access to the public school system, but was denied. Eleven years later, after petitions by the black parents for separate schools were also denied, black parents organized a community school in the home of Primus Hall, Prince Hall's son, on the corner of West Cedar and Revere Streets on Beacon Hill. In 1808, the grammar school in the Hall home on the northeast corner of West Cedar and Revere Streets was moved to the first floor of the African Meeting House.

In 1815, white businessman Abiel Smith died and bequeathed $4,000 to the Town of Boston for the education of African American children. Boston’s School Committee used the money to fund the already existing African School and establish two primary schools in the 1820s.

Abiel Smith School

Boston School Integration

In the 1830s and 1840s, James G. Barbadoes and many other parents complained because the Abiel Smith School conditions and teacher quality was not maintained by the Boston School Committee. Children of color were excluded from Boston High School and Boston Latin School. The efforts to create a separate but equal school system in Boston failed.[20]

In the mid-1840s, through successful lawsuits, the towns of Nantucket, Massachusetts and Salem, Massachusetts were forced to integrate their schools. Thomas Dalton led seventy other fellow citizens in a renewed effort to gain access for their children into the white public schools of Boston. Together with William Cooper Nell and attorney Robert Morris, they sent petitions imploring the Boston School Committee: "It is very hard to retain self-respect if we see ourselves set apart and avoided as a degraded race by others...Do not say to our children that however well-behaved their very presence is in a public school, is contamination to your children. They said that black schools were not providing the same level of education as the multiple forms of white schools, including "primary, grammar, Latin and High Schools."[21]

Regarding attempts at school integration, Arthur T. White wrote:

"Movement by black and white abolitionists to integrate Boston's schools cam from the black community, integrationists John T. Hilton, a barber, and Thomas Dalton, a tailor, with as many as eighty-eight others had petitioned the Boston School Committee three times between 1844 and 1846. They earnestly requested that 'exclusive schools be abolished' and that their children be allowed to attend schools in their respective districts. Consistently refused, blacks boycotted in the late 1840s, lowering African School attendance by 65%. In the state legislature, they lobbied a bill outlawing race as a criterion for school admission. By 1848, blacks had engaged Robert Morris, one of the first black lawyers in America, to file suit in the court of common pleas against the city of Boston to test the constitutionality of school segregation."[22] Repeated petitions and demands to integrate Boston's schools were resisted by the Boston School Committee for eleven years. Finally in 1855, the Massachusetts legislature reversed the Boston School Committee's policy by outlawing race as a criterion for admission to a public school in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts."[22]

Obituary

The Obituary for James George Barbadoes appeared in The Liberator on August 6, 1841.

Intelligence has been received that our late worthy colored citizen, Mr. James G. Barbadoes, died at St. Ann’s Bay, (Jamaica) on the 22nd of June last, of the ‘West Indies fever,’ aged 45. Mr. Barbadoes was among the emigrants who went from this section of the country, last year, to the island of Jamaica, hoping to better his condition; but in common with them, he soon found that he had been duped by the flattering representations that had been held out by persons in the pay of the West India proprietors. Two of his children died before him. His afflicted widow, with the remainder of her family, is now probably on her way to Boston.[23]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Dorman, Frank. "Twenty Families of Color." Boston: New England Historical Society, 1998.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988.
  3. ↑ Grover, Kathryn and Jane Da Silva "Historic Resource Study - National Park Service."
  4. ↑ Wallace, Maurice Wallace “Are We Men?: Prince Hall, Martin Delany, and the Masculine Ideal in Black Freemasonry,” American Literary History, Vol. 9, No. 3.
  5. ↑ Hinks, Peter P. "Awaken My Afflicted Brethren: David Walker and the Problem of Antebellum Slave Resistance."
  6. ↑ Appiah, Kwame Anthony and Henry Louis gate, Jr., editors. "Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience."
  7. 1 2 Mjagkij, Nina, editor. Organizing Black America: An Encyclopedia of African American Associations.
  8. ↑ "The Liberator" http://www.primaryresearch.org/bh/liberator/g_show.php?file=738.jpg&id=738.
  9. ↑ Cromwell, Adelaide M. "Other Brahmins, Boston Black Upper Class."
  10. ↑ Searchable for James Barbadoes. Garrison, William Lloyd http://www.theliberatorfiles.com/
  11. ↑ Minutes and Proceedings http://coloredconventions.org/files/original/ac85e3e4946420e997dde81fd319106b.pdf.
  12. ↑ William Lloyd Garrison "Thoughts on African Colonization."
  13. ↑ Nell, William Cooper "The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, With Sketches of Several Distinguished Colored Persons: To Which Is Added a Brief Survey of the Condition And Prospects of Colored Americans."
  14. ↑ Child, David Lee "The Despotism of Freedom, Or, The Tyranny and Cruelty of American Republican."
  15. ↑ Eighth Annual Report of the Board of Managers of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society https://archive.org/details/ASPC0005031300.
  16. ↑ Kantrowitz, Stephen "More Than Freedom: Fighting for Black Citizenship in a White Republic, 1829-1889."
  17. ↑ Stewart, James Brewer Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery."
  18. ↑ Garrison, William lloyd http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/abolitn/abeswlgct.html.
  19. 1 2 Foner, Philip "From the Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom to the Eve of the Compromise of 1850."
  20. ↑ White, Arthur "The Black Leadership Class and Education in Antebellum Boston."
  21. ↑ Moss, Hilary J. Schooling Citizens: The .Struggle for African American Education in Antebellum America."
  22. 1 2 White, Arthur T. "A Portrait of Charles Sumner — Advocate for Civil Rights, 1840-1874: Implications for Educational Leadership in the 21st Century."
  23. ↑ The Liberator http://www.theliberatorfiles.com/death-of-james-g-barbadoes/.
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