Jean Jannon

The matrices of Jannon's Imprimerie nationale type.

Jean Jannon (born April 1580, Geneva; d. December 20, 1658, Sedan) was a French type designer, punchcutter and typefounder active in Sedan early in the seventeenth century. Jannon was a Protestant in mostly Catholic France, and began his career as printer for the Protestant Academy at Sedan in what is now north-eastern France before taking up punchcutting, in his thirties by his report.[1] Sedan at the time enjoyed an unstable independence as a principality at a time when the French government had conceded through the Edict of Nantes to allowing a complicated system of restricted liberties for Protestants.[2] Despite this, Jannon was commissioned in 1641 to provide matrices, moulds used to cast metal type, for the royal printing office. These matrices survive and remain in the government collection.

Jannon worked as a printer along with his career as a punchcutter, and in 1640 left Sedan for Paris. His career continued to meet with official hostility; four years later his printing office in Caen was raided by authorities concerned that he may have been publishing banned material. While not imprisoned, Jannon ultimately returned to Sedan and spent the rest of his life there.[3][4]

Career

Jannon began his career as a printer, taking up engraving metal type quite late in life by the standards of the period, in his thirties by his report. Jannon wrote in his 1621 specimen that:

Seeing that for some time many persons have had to do with the art [of printing] who have greatly lowered it…the desire came upon me to try if I might imitate, after some fashion, some one among those who honourably busied themselves with the art, [men whose deaths] I hear regretted every day [Jannon mentions some eminent printers of the previous century]…and inasmuch as I could not accomplish this design for lack of types which I needed…[some typefounders] would not, and others could not furnish me with what I lacked [so] I resolved, about six years ago, to turn my hand in good earnest to the making of punches, matrices and moulds for all sorts of characters, for the accommodation both of the public and of myself.[5]

Jannon was one of the few punchcutters active in early seventeenth century France. This is perhaps owing to an economic decline over the previous century and due to pre-existing typefaces made during the mid-sixteenth century saturating the market.[6]

Garamond misattribution

Despite a distinguished career as a printer, Jannon is perhaps most famous for a long-lasting historical misattribution. In 1641, the Imprimerie royale, or royal printing office, purchased matrices, the moulds used to cast metal type, from him.[lower-alpha 1] By the mid-nineteenth century, Jannon's matrices formed the only substantial collection of printing materials in the Latin alphabet left in Paris from before the eighteenth century.[10] The matrices came to be attributed to Claude Garamond (d. 1561), a revered punchcutter of the sixteenth century who was known to have made punches for the government in the Greek alphabet, albeit a century before the Imprimerie was established.[1][5][11][12] The attribution came to be considered certain by the Imprimerie's director Arthur Christian. Doubt began to be raised by historian Jean Paillard in 1914, but he died in the First World War soon after publishing his conclusions and his work remained little-read.[1][8][13][14]

Several early revivals of Jannon's type were made under the name of 'Garamond'.[8] The mistake was finally disproved in 1926 by Beatrice Warde, based on the work of Paillard and her discovery of material printed by Jannon himself in London and Paris libraries.[lower-alpha 2]

'Garamond' fonts actually based on Jannon's work include Monotype Garamond, the version included with Microsoft Office, and Linotype's Garamond No. 3. František Štorm's 2010 revival, Jannon Pro, is one of the few modern revivals of Jannon's work released under his name.[17][18][19]

Caractères de l'Université

By the nineteenth century, Jannon's matrices had come to be known as the Caractères de l'Université (Characters of the University).[1][9][10] The origin of this name is uncertain. It has sometimes been claimed that this term was an official name designated for the Jannon type by Cardinal Richelieu,[20] while Warde in 1926 more plausibly suggested it might be a garbled recollection of Jannon's work with the Sedan Academy, which operated much like a university despite not using the name. Carter in the 1970s followed this conclusion.[7] Mosley, however, concludes that no report of the term (or much use of Jannon's type at all) exists before the nineteenth century, and it may originate from a generic term of the previous century simply meaning older or more conservative typeface designs, perhaps those preferred in academic publishing.[10]

Notes

  1. ↑ (The contract is actually made for one 'Nicholas Jannon', which historians have concluded to be a simple mistake.[7]) Despite the purchase, it is not clear that the office ever much used Jannon's type: historian James Mosley has reported being unable to find books printed by the Imprimerie that use more than a few specific sizes of italic, although "it is not easy to prove a negative".[8][9]
  2. ↑ Warde's article was published pseudonymously as the work of 'Paul Beaujon', a persona Warde later said she imagined to have "[a] long grey beard, four grandchildren, a great interest in antique furniture and a rather vague address in Montparesse." Typifying her sense of humour, she reported her conclusions to her editor Stanley Morison, a convert to Catholicism, with a telegram beginning "JANNON SPECIMEN SIMPLY GORGEOUS SHOWS ALL SIZES HIS TYPES WERE APPROPRIATED BY RAPACIOUS PAPIST GOVERNMENT..."[15] She noted in later life that her readers were surprised to see an article supposedly by a Frenchman quoting The Hunting of the Snark.[16]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Mosley, James. "Garamond or Garamont". Type Foundry blog. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  2. ↑ Maag, Karin (2002). "The Huguenot academies: an uncertain future". In Mentzer, Raymond; Spicer, Andrew. Society and culture in the Huguenot world : 1559–1685. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–156. ISBN 9780521773249. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  3. ↑ Malcolm, Noel (2002). Aspects of Hobbes. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 267–8. ISBN 9780191529986. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  4. ↑ Shalev, Zur (2012). "Samuel Bochart's Protestant Geography". Sacred words and worlds: geography, religion, and scholarship, 1550–1700. Leiden: Brill. pp. 141, 164. ISBN 9789004209350. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  5. 1 2 Warde, Beatrice (1926). "The 'Garamond' Types". The Fleuron: 131–179.
  6. ↑ Vervliet, Hendrik D.L. (2010). French Renaissance Printing Types: a Conspectus. New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Press. pp. 23–32. ISBN 978-1584562719.
  7. 1 2 Morison, Stanley; Carter, Harry (1973). Carter, Harry, ed. A Tally of Types. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 Mosley, James (2006). "Garamond, Griffo and Others: The Price of Celebrity". Bibiologia: 17–41. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  9. 1 2 Mosley, James. "The types of Jean Jannon at the Imprimerie royale". Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 Mosley, James. "Caractères de l'Université". Type Foundry. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  11. ↑ "Jannon". French Ministry of Culture.
  12. ↑ Haley, Allan (1992). Typographic milestones ([Nachdr.]. ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 125–127. ISBN 978-0-471-28894-7.
  13. ↑ Morison, Stanley; Carter, Harry (1973). A tally of types (New ed. with additions by several hands ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-0-521-09786-4.
  14. ↑ Paillard, Jean (1914). Claude Garamont, graveur et fondeur de lettres. Paris: Ollière. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  15. ↑ Haley, Allan. Typographic Milestones. John Wiley. p. 126. ISBN 9780471288947. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  16. ↑ De Bondt, Sara. "Beatrice Warde: Manners and type". Eye Magazine. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  17. ↑ "Jannon Pro". MyFonts. Storm Type. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  18. ↑ Storm, František. "Storm Jannon specimen". Storm Type. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  19. ↑ Storm, František. "Jannon Sans". Storm Type. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  20. ↑ Loxley, Simon. Type. pp. 41–2. ISBN 978-0-85773-017-6.
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