First Manchu invasion of Korea

Part of Korean–Jurchen conflicts, Qing conquest of the Ming

Date	January - March 3, 1627
Location	Northern Korean Peninsula
Result	The peace treaty between Korea and Manchu.

Belligerents

Korea: Joseon dynasty
China: Ming dynasty

Later Jin, Manchu

Commanders and leaders

Korea:
Jeong Bong-su
Yi Rip
Jang Man
Kim Sang-yong
China:
Mao Wenlong

Amin
Gang Hong-rip
Jirgalang
Ajige
Yoto
Li Yongfang 李永芳

Strength

Unknown

30,000

First Manchu invasion of Korea
Hangul	정묘호란
Hanja	丁卯胡亂
Revised Romanization	Jeongmyo-Horan
McCune–Reischauer	Chŏngmyo-Horan

The first Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1627, when Hong Taiji led the Manchu army against Korea's Joseon dynasty. It was followed by the second Manchu invasion of Korea.

Background

Joseon helped Ming China with 10,000 soldiers when Ming China attacked Manchurian Later Jin under Nurhaci in 1619, but Korean General Gang Hong-rip surrendered to Nurhaci. Gang insisted that Korea did not hold anything against the Manchus and that he sent reinforcements only to repay an obligation to Ming.

In Korea, the Western faction deposed the realist King Gwanghaegun (Hangul: 광해군, Hanja: 光海君) and installed King Injo in 1623. This faction took explicit pro-Ming, anti-Manchu policies. In addition, Ming Mobile Corps Commander Mao Wenlong (Hanja: 毛文龍) engaged in guerrilla warfare, based in an island off the Korean peninsula.

The first Manchu expedition was triggered by Yi Gwal's rebellion against King Injo in 1624. The revolt was soon crushed but remnants fled to Manchuria. They recommended Hong Taiji to invade Korea.

War

In 1627, Hong Taiji dispatched Amin, Jirgalang, Ajige and Yoto to Korea, guided by Gang Hong-rip and other Koreans. The Manchus managed to march deep into Korean territory. They defeated Mao Wenlong's troops but failed to capture the commander. When the Manchus advanced southward to Hwangju, King Injo fled from Hanseong (Seoul) to Ganghwa Island in panic.

Despite the favorable situation, the Manchus pushed for peace negotiations, probably because Hong Taiji was concerned about the home defence. They offered peace to Korea, which was soon accepted, despite the opposition of some anti-Manchu statesmen who failed to appreciate the strong position of Manchus. The following settlement was agreed upon in Ganghwa Island:

Korea abandons the Ming era name Tianqi (天啓).
Korea offers Yi Gak as a hostage as a substitute for a royal prince.
(Later) Jin and Korea will not violate each other's territory.

Meanwhile, in Pyongyang, Amin looted the city for days before he was ordered by Hong Taji to sign the peace agreement. This agreement was more favorable to the Manchus. After the four-month expedition, the Manchu army withdrew to Mukden.

Aftermath

The two sides conducted postwar negotiations. The Manchus forced Korea to open markets near the borders because the long conflict with Ming brought economic hardship to the Manchus. Korea also returned the Warka tribe to Later Jin. The Manchus regularly exacted tribute from Korea.

The relationship between Joseon and Later Jin remained uncomfortable and bleak. While the first invasion was not as catastrophic to Korea as the second, nine years later, would be, it was bitterly resented by Confucian statesmen and scholars who believed that it was treacherous for Korea to abandon Ming China after the Chinese assistance against Japan during the Seven-Year War. This resentment was inflamed when in 1636 the Manchus demanded to change the terms of diplomatic relationship from equality to Suzerainty-Tributary. The Korean Court, dominated by anti-Manchu hawks, rejected the demand. This led to the second Manchu invasion of Korea in 1636.

Joseon dynasty of Korea

List of monarchs House of Yi

History	Tsushima expedition Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) Manchu invasions of Korea (First, Second) Treaty of Ganghwa Imo Incident Gapsin Coup Donghak Peasant Revolution Gabo Reform Eulmi Incident Korean Empire

Politics	Political factions in Joseon Dynasty Korean literati purges

Government	State Council of Joseon Six Ministries of Joseon Three offices of Joseon Border Defense Council of Joseon Secret royal inspector

Society	Neo-Confucianism yangban chungin sangmin cheonmin

Culture	Education in the Joseon Dynasty Five Grand Palaces Hanbok Hangul Buncheong ware Joseon white porcelain Korean tea ceremony Korean garden Sungkyunkwan Styles and titles

Cultural heritages	Changdeokgung Jongmyo Shrine Namhansanseong Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty Villages of Hahoe and Yangdong Annals of the Joseon Dynasty Hunminjeongeum Ilseongnok Nanjung Ilgi Seungjeongwon ilgi Uigwe

See also	Joseon Navy Joseon missions to Imperial China Joseon missions to Japan

Qing dynasty topics

History	Seven Grievances First Manchu invasion of Korea Second Manchu invasion of Korea Qing conquest of the Ming Battle of Shanhai Pass Great Clearance Revolt of the Three Feudatories Sino-Russian border conflicts Dzungar–Qing War Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Chinese Rites controversy Ten Great Campaigns Miao Rebellion (1735–36) Lhasa riot of 1750 Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa Sino-Nepalese War Miao Rebellion (1795–1806) White Lotus Rebellion First Opium War Sino-Sikh War Taiping Rebellion Nian Rebellion Red Turban Rebellion (1854–56) Miao Rebellion (1854–73) Nepalese–Tibetan War Panthay Rebellion Second Opium War Amur Acquisition Self-Strengthening Movement Dungan Revolt (1862–77) Mudan Incident (1871) Tianjin Massacre Margary Affair Northern Chinese Famine Qing reconquest of Xinjiang Sino-French War Sikkim Expedition Jindandao Incident First Sino-Japanese War Gongche Shangshu movement Dungan Revolt (1895–96) Hundred Days' Reform Boxer Rebellion Red Lanterns Eight-Nation Alliance New Policies British expedition to Tibet 1905 Tibetan Rebellion Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) Railway Protection Movement Xinhai Revolution Wuchang Uprising Xinhai Lhasa turmoil Mongolian Revolution of 1911 Xinhai Revolution in Xinjiang Manchu Restoration

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First Manchu invasion of Korea

Background

War

Aftermath

See also