John Andrew Singleton

John Andrew Singleton
Member of the Nebraska Legislature
from the 9th district
In office
1927–1928
Preceded by Walter Richard Johnson
Succeeded by Aaron Manasses McMillan
Personal details
Born (1895-07-30)July 30, 1895
Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.
Died August 1, 1970(1970-08-01) (aged 75)
Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Political party Republican
later Democrat
Spouse(s) Daisy M Goring
Alma mater Howard University
Occupation Dentist
Religion Episcopalian.[1]

John Andrew Singleton (July 30, 1895 - August 1, 1970) was a civil rights activist, dentist, and member of the Nebraska House of Representatives. He served as president of the Omaha, Nebraska and then the Jamaica, New York branches of the NAACP. He was an outspoken activist and received the nickname "the militant dentist" while living in Jamaica, New York.

Life

Singleton was born July 30, 1895 in Omaha, Nebraska to Millard F. Singleton, brother of Walter J. Singleton, and Blanch Ellen (Braxton).[1] M.F. Singleton was named a Justice of the Peace in Douglas County in 1885, two years after his arrival in Omaha. In 1896 he secured the Republican nomination for a state legislature seat, but lost the election. He continued to be active in political and social affairs over the next decades.[2]

Singleton attended Omaha public schools and Omaha Central High School[3] and was active in drama. He was a member of Omaha's Du Bois Dramatic Club where he starred in William Ward Russ's "The Strike, Or Under the Shadow of a Crime".[4] He also sang the lead role of David as a tenor in the cantana, "David, the Shephard Boy".[5] On October 2, 1917 he married Daisy M Goring who was born in the Virgin Islands.[1] Along with his brother, Clarence, John was Dentist, receiving his DDS from Howard University in Washington DC[6] and he also attended Creighton University for some period.[7]

He moved from Omaha to Jamaica, NY in 1934 where he continued to work as a dentist. In 1949 he moved to the Virgin Islands on the recommendation of his doctor. He died August 1, 1970 in St Thomas, Virgin Islands at age 75 leaving a daughter and two sons[8]

Career

Politics

An early example of Singleton's interest in civic activity came when he joined the leadership of Roosevelt Post No. 30, American Legion, where he was chosen as a Liaison Officer in 1924.[9] In 1926, he ran against Walter R Johnson and John J Berry for the ninth district of the Nebraska house of Representatives.[10] Previous to that date he had also held the position of Deputy Register of Deeds of Douglas County and had been a delegate to the Republican County Central Committee in 1926.[2] The election was very racially charge, with Republican Singleton claiming, "Democrats had never helped the colored race,",[11] and in the final election he defeated Berry (1,495 votes to 1,131).[12] Along with Ferdinand L. Barnett, he was one of two black men elected to the Nebraska House of Representatives that year. However, in 1928 he was defeated in the primary election by fellow Black Republican Aaron Manasses McMillan.[13] He ran again in 1930, losing in the primary to E F Fogarty[14] and to Johnny Owen in 1932.[15]

In general, Singleton was supportive of the cities Republican mayors, saying that Mayor Dahlman and Mayor Richard Lee Metcalfe were friends to blacks.[16] In 1926 he supported Omaha political boss Tom Dennison's Square Seven ticket and participated in an anti-KKK raly where he and other Republicans themselves dressed as KKK members in a cross burning of their own meant to smear opponents of Dennison's political machine.[17]

Omaha branch of the NAACP

In 1929, Singleton was elected president of the Omaha branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, a post he held until 1933. In 1929, Singleton was active opposing segregation of prisoners at the girls youth prison in Geneva, Nebraska.[18] He also played an important role in support of black living in North Platte who faced mob violence in that city after a police officer was killed on July 15, 1926. He, along with Harrison J. Pinkett and E W Killingsworth worked closely with the governor in reducing tension and allowing the people to return to their homes.[19] He was endorsed by Governor Arthur J. Weaver and Mayor James Dahlman and received the support of Emmett Jay Scott for minister of the US to Liberia.[6]

On the evening of April 16, 1930, two men placed an iron cross covered with oil-soaked burlap on the lawn of the Singleton home and set it afire. John's father, Millard, arrived and tore down the cross in front of a large crowd.[20] In the period before that date he had presided over a visit and speech by national NAACP secretary, William Pickens, and was campaigning again in support of the square seven ticket, but no explicit cause was identified and the perpetrators were not caught.

In 1930, there was no law prohibiting blacks attending city pools. However, when blacks began visiting the McKinley Park pool June 6, 1930, whites at the pool and in the neighborhood reacted strongly. Confrontations over the following weeks occasionally turned violent and the pool was closed and drained for a period. Singleton supported desegregation of the pool and was generally against the mayor's plan to open new pools for blacks.[21] He also spoke out against lynching and murder of Raymond Gunn in Maryville, Missouri.[22] In 1931, a Negro regiment was stationed at Fort Omaha in the Miller Park neighborhood to great protest from whites in the area. Singleton along with Killingsworth (past commander of the Roosevelt Post of the American Legion) and Gene Thomas (past commander of the Legion Post of Spanish War Veterans) were instrumental in support of the troops[23] In 1933 he left Omaha for Jamaica, Long Island, New York.[7]

Jamaica branch of the NAACP

While in New York he served as president of the Jamaica branch of the NAACP from 1937 until at least 1942.[24][25][26][27] By 1940 he had switched to the Democratic party and served as and was serving Assistant National Director of the Colored Division of the Democratic Party.[7] For his activism, especially in support of housing for the poor black of the city, he was called "militant dentist of Jamaica"[28] and he was an important member of the 1941-1947 March on Washington Movement and worked closely with its leaders from the NAACP such as Walter Francis White.[29] On January 2, 1945 he was elected to the NAACP Board of Directors.[30]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "1928 Nebraska Blue Book”, http://nlcs1.nlc.state.ne.us/statepubsonline/pubs/legisbios/leg1928-1929.pdf
  2. 1 2 "Patterns on the Landscape: Heritage Conservation in North Omaha", Omaha City Planning Department, Omaha,NE: Klopp Printing Company,1984. http://landmark.cityofomaha.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Patterns-on-the-Landscape.pdf
  3. ↑ "Negros Nominated". Omaha World Herald. Friday, August 13, 1926. page 2
  4. ↑ "Play for Benefit of African Methodists",Omaha World-Herald. Tuesday, March 3, 1914. Page: 1
  5. ↑ "Chorus Gives Cantana 'David, the Shepherd Boy'". Omaha World Herald. Tuesday, August 7, 1917. page 5
  6. 1 2 "Would Make Omahan Minister to Liberia". Omaha World Herald. Wednesday, August 21, 1929. page 1
  7. 1 2 3 "Negro Democrats to Hear Singleton". Omaha World Herald. Wednesday, October 30, 1940. page 10
  8. ↑ "Negro Dentist is Dead at 75" Omaha World Herald. Friday, August 14, 1970. page 40
  9. ↑ "Killingsworth Head of Roosevelt Post". Omaha World Herald. Sunday, November 30, 1924 page 15
  10. ↑ "Who's Who in the Primary". Omaha World Herald. Saturday, August 7, 1926. page 4
  11. ↑ "Democrats Active on the North Side", Omaha World Herald. October 23, 1926, page 23
  12. ↑ "Jerry Howard Beaten for the Legislature". Omaha World Herald. Wednesday, November 3, 1926. page 2
  13. ↑ "Baldwin only Loser of County Officers". Omaha World Herald. Wednesday, April 11, 1928. page 11
  14. ↑ "Legislative Races Receive Final Count" Omaha World Herald. Thursday, August 14, 1930. page 2
  15. ↑ "Official Ballot Count on State Legislature" Omaha World Herald. Monday, November 28, 1932. page 11
  16. ↑ "Solve Race Problem, Negro Leader Urges". Omaha World Herald. Monday, March 10, 1930. page 4
  17. ↑ KKK figure Edward Young Clark visited Omaha in 1921 and claimed 750 KKK members, and the KKK was a useful scapegoat of Dennison although not necessarily significant in Omaha in that era. Dennis N Mihelich, “Boom Bust: Prince Hall Masonry in Nebraska During the 1920s,” Nebraska History 79 (1998): 74-84
  18. ↑ "Protests Segregating Negro Girls at Geneva" Omaha World Herald. Wednesday, March 13, 1929. page 4
  19. ↑ The accused man, who was black, was found dead that same day, either by suicide or killed by the police. "Sorenson Predicts Early 'Mob Arrests'". Omaha World Herald, July 16, 1929. page: 2
  20. ↑ "Take Flaming Cross from Singleton Home". Omaha World Herald, April 17, 1930, page 4
  21. ↑ "Mayor Offers Plan for Peace at Pools". Omaha World Herald. Friday, July 11, 1930. page 2
  22. ↑ "Prosecution is Urged in Lynching of Gunn". Omaha World Herald. Thursday, January 15, 1931. page 30
  23. ↑ "Miller Park Protests on Troop Transfer". Omaha World Herald. Saturday, August 22, 1931, page 2
  24. ↑ "Branch News". The Crisis Jan 1937 Vol. 44, No. 1 ISSN 0011-1422 Published by The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc
  25. ↑ "Branch News". The Crisis Dec 1938 Vol. 45, No. 12 ISSN 0011-1422 Published by The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc
  26. ↑ "Branch News". The Crisis Mar 1940 Vol. 47, No. 3 ISSN 0011-1422 Published by The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc
  27. ↑ "Branch News". The Crisis Dec 1942 Vol. 49, No. 12 ISSN 0011-1422 Published by The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc
  28. ↑ Gregory, Seven. "Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community" Princeton University Press, 28 Mar 2011
  29. ↑ Winning the War for Democracy: The March on Washington Movement, 1941-1946 Front Cover David Lucander University of Illinois Press, 13 Nov 2014
  30. ↑ "No Headline". The Crisis Apr 1945 Vol. 52, No. 4 ISSN 0011-1422 Published by The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc
Preceded by
Walter Richard Johnson		 Nebraska House of Representatives District 9
1927-1928 		Succeeded by
Aaron Manasses McMillan
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