John Fenwick (Jesuit)
Blessed John Fenwick, real surname Caldwell (1628–1679) was an English Jesuit, executed at the time of the fabricated Popish Plot. He is a Catholic martyr, beatified in 1929 by Pope Pius XI.[1]
Life
He was born in county Durham, of Protestant parents who disowned him when he became a Roman Catholic convert. He took his course of humanities at the College of St. Omer, was sent to Liège for his theology, and entered the Society of Jesus at Watten on 28 September 1660. Having completed his studies, he was ordained a priest, and spent several years, from 1662, as procurator or agent at the College of St. Omer. He was made a professed father in 1676, and was sent to England the same year.[2]
Popish Plot
He resided in London as procurator of St. Omer's College, and was also one of the missionary fathers there. In 1678 he was summoned, on the information of Titus Oates, to appear before the Privy Council, and committed to Newgate Prison.[3] His correspondence was seized, but to the Crown's disappointment it turned out to be completely innocuous: as he forcefully pointed out at his second trial, among at least a thousand letters there was not one word which could be construed as treasonable. He was tried for high treason with William Ireland, in that they had conspired to kill King Charles II, a charge fabricated by Oates and later embellished by other informers. As the evidence of treason was insufficient, he was remanded back to prison. [4]
It was however unthinkable given the political climate of the time that so prominent a Jesuit should be allowed to escape retribution : accordingly he was arraigned a second time at the Old Bailey on 13 June 1679, before all the judges of England, together with four other Jesuit fathers (John Gavan, William Harcourt, Thomas Whitebread and Anthony Turner[5]}. Oates and two other notorious informers, William Bedloe and Stephen Dugdale, were the main witnesses against them, and in accordance with the direction of Lord Chief Justice William Scroggs the jury found the prisoners guilty, despite their spirited defence. At the end of the prosecution case Fenwick made a vigorous protest:
"I have had a thousand letters taken from me: not any of these letters had anything of treason in them. All the evidence comes but to this: there is but saying and swearing."[6]
Execution
The five Jesuits suffered death at Tyburn on 20 June 1679: as an act of clemency the King, who was well aware that they were innocent, but realised that it would be politically unthinkable to grant a royal pardon or reprieve, ordered that they be allowed to hang until they were dead, and be spared the indignity of drawing and quartering. [7] In a sign that public synpathy was turning against the Plot, the large crowd heard their final speeches from the scaffold in respectful silence, as each maintained his innocence.[8] Fenwick's remains were buried in the churchyard of St. Giles-in-the-Fields.[2]
An account of the trial and condemnation of the five Jesuits for High Treason, in conspiring the Death of the King, the Subversion of the Government and Protestant Religion was published by authority at London, 1679.[2]
Notes
- ↑ http://saints.sqpn.com/saintj6z.htm
- 1 2 3 s:Fenwick, John (1628-1679) (DNB00)
- ↑ Kenyon, J.P. The Popish Plot Phoenix Press reissue 2000 p.82
- ↑ Kenyon p.144
- ↑ "English and Welsh Martyrs". Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ↑ Kenyon p.183
- ↑ Kenyon pp.190-191
- ↑ Kenyon p.206
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Fenwick, John (1628-1679)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.