John Williams Gunnison

This article is about the American explorer. For other uses, see Gunnison (disambiguation).
John Williams Gunnison
Born (1812-11-11)November 11, 1812
Goshen, New Hampshire
Died October 26, 1853(1853-10-26) (aged 40)
Millard County near Delta, Utah
Cause of death Murder by Pahvant Indians
Resting place 39°16′51″N 112°46′41″W / 39.280789°N 112.778008°W / 39.280789; -112.778008[1]
Citizenship United States
Alma mater United States Military Academy at West Point, New York
Occupation Captain in the Corps of Topographical Engineers - Surveyor
Employer United States Army
Known for Exploration and surveying of Florida, the Great Lakes and the Western United States
Spouse(s) Martha A. Delony (m. 1841–53)

John Williams Gunnison (November 11, 1812 – October 26, 1853) was an American military officer and explorer.

Biography

Gunnison was born in Goshen, New Hampshire in 1812 and attended Hopkinton Academy. He graduated from West Point in 1837, second in his class of fifty cadets. His military career began as an artillery officer in Florida, where he spent a year in the campaign against the Seminoles. Due to his poor health he was reassigned to the Corps of Topographical Engineers the next year. Initially he explored unknown areas of Florida, searching for provision routes. However, his health soon forced him out of Florida entirely.[2]

From 1841-1849 Gunnison explored the area around the Great Lakes. He surveyed the border between Wisconsin and Michigan, the Western coast of Lake Michigan, and the coast of Lake Erie. On May 9, 1846 he was promoted to First Lieutenant.[2]

In the spring of 1849 Gunnison was assigned as second in command of the Howard Stansbury Expedition to explore and survey the Valley of the Great Salt Lake. That winter was particularly heavy and the expedition was unable to leave the valley. Gunnison took the opportunity to befriend some Mormons and study The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. When he finally returned to Washington, DC, he wrote a book titled The Mormons or Latter-Day Saints, in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake: A History of Their Rise and Progress, Peculiar Doctrines, Present Condition.[2]

Gunnison returned to the Great Lakes from 1851–1853, mapping the Green Bay area, and was promoted to Captain on March 3, 1853.

Gunnison–Beckwith Expedition

On May 3, 1853 he received orders to take charge of an expedition to survey a route for a Pacific railroad between the 38th and 39th parallels. The surveying party left St. Louis, Missouri in June 1853 and arrived by mid-October in Manti, Utah Territory. In Utah Territory, with Lieutenant E. G. Beckwith as assistant commander, Gunnison began the survey of a possible route, surveying areas across the Rocky Mountains via the Herfano River, through Cochetopa Pass, and by way of the present Gunnison and Green rivers to the Sevier River. His journey took him through the Tomichi Valley in Colorado, where the town of Gunnison is named in his honor. After crossing the Tomichi Valley, the survey team encountered the Black Canyon, carved by the Gunnison River which was also named in his honor. The team was forced to turn South to get around the canyon.[2][3]

Attack and massacre

Two small markers at the site, 2008

The weather was beginning to turn "cold and raw" with snow flurries and Captain Gunnison sought to speed up mapping before returning to winter quarters. At Lake Sevier, the team was divided into two detachments. On the morning of October 26, 1853, Gunnison and the eleven men in his party were attacked by a band of Pahvants (Ute.) In the resulting massacre, Gunnison and seven of his men were killed. Several survivors of the attack alerted the other detachment of the survey team who rode to aid Gunnison and his party. An additional survivor of the attack and the bodies of the victims were retrieved later that day.[4] The remains of the eight dead were found in a mutilated state. Killed with Gunnison were Richard H. Kern (topographer and artist), F. Creuzfeldt (botanist), Wiliam Potter (a Mormon guide), Private Caulfield, Private Liptoote, Private Mehreens, and John Bellows (camp roustabout.).[2][5][6] The site of the massacre was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.[7]

Gunnison Massacre Site
Nearest city Hinckley, Utah
Coordinates 39°16′45.7″N 112°46′43.7″W / 39.279361°N 112.778806°W / 39.279361; -112.778806Coordinates: 39°16′45.7″N 112°46′43.7″W / 39.279361°N 112.778806°W / 39.279361; -112.778806
Area 81 acres (33 ha)
Built 1853
NRHP Reference # 76001819[7]
Added to NRHP April 30, 1976

Investigations and allegations

Most contemporary accounts of the massacre maintain that the Mormons warned Gunnison that his party might be in danger from local bands of Pahvant Utes. It seems that Gunnison had entered Utah in the midst of the Walker War, a sometimes bloody conflict between the Mormons and the Ute Chief Walkara. Indeed, Lt. Beckwith later wrote that the expedition found the local Mormons "all gathered into a village for mutal protection against the Utah Indians."[8] But after the killings, rumors circulated that the Pahvants involved in the massacre were acting under the direction of Brigham Young and an alleged secret militia known as the Danites. Some claim that leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were initially concerned that the railway would increase the influx of non-Mormon settlers and non-Mormon economic concerns into the territory. However, the Utah Legislature (dominated by LDS officials) had repeatedly petitioned Congress for both a transcontinental railroad and telegraph lines to pass through the region.[9] Indeed, when the railroad finally came to Utah, LDS leaders organized cadres of Mormon workers to build the railway, welcoming the income for the economically depressed settlers.

Martha Gunnison, widow of Captain Gunnison, was one of those who maintained that the attack was planned and orchestrated by militant Mormons under the direction of Brigham Young. Gunnison’s letters to his wife throughout the expedition left her with the impression that “the Mormons were the directors of my husband’s murder.” She wrote to Associate Justice W.W. Drummond, the 1855 federal appointee to the Supreme Court of the Territory of Utah. She received confirmation of this belief in his response to her letter.[10] Drummond drew this conclusion from informant and witness testimonies in several trials after the murders. He cited numerous reports by whites and natives of white attackers dressed up as Indians during the massacre.[11]

However, Lt. Beckwith concluded that the Mormons had nothing to do with the attack and that the Pahvants acted alone. He wrote in his official report that the "statement which has from time to time appeared (or been copied) in various newspapers...charging the Mormons or Mormon authorities with instigating the Indians to, if not actually aiding them in, the murder of Captain Gunnison and his associates, is, I believe, not only entirely false, but there is no accidental circumstance connected with it affording the slightest foundation for such a charge."[12]

Nevertheless, the Gunnison Massacre resulted in much controversy and added additional strain to the relationship between Governor Brigham Young of the Utah Territory and the Federal Government. This incident and related events, including the Mountain Meadows massacre, where Mormons killed over 100 settlers of the Baker–Fancher wagon train, eventually culminated in the Utah War, wherein President Buchanan sent the U.S. Army to the Utah Territory in order to stop a reported Mormon insurrection.

Legacy

Several places have been named in honor of Gunnison:

His childhood home and probable birthplace has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Publications

References

  1. ↑ "Gunnison Massacre Site". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "ohn W. Gunnison Expedition". National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  3. ↑ "West Point in the Making of America". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  4. ↑ Schiel 1957, pp. 101-102
  5. ↑ Schiel 1957, pp. 20, 154-155
  6. ↑ Beckwith 1856, pp. 72-74
  7. 1 2 National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  8. ↑ Beckwith, E.G.; Gunnison, J.W. (1856). Report of explorations for a route for the Pacific railroad: near the 38th and 39th parallels of north latitude : from the mouth of the Kansas River, Mo., to the Sevier Lake, in the Great Basin. Washington [D.C.]: War Dept.. OCLC 8497072, p. 71.
  9. ↑ Acts Resolutions and Memorials Passed by the First Annual and Special Sessions of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, 1851; Act and Resolutions, Passed at the Second Annual Session of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah 1852.
  10. ↑ Drummond 1857
  11. ↑ Fielding 1993, pp. 366-368
  12. ↑ Beckwith, E.G.; Gunnison, J.W. (1856). Report of explorations for a route for the Pacific railroad: near the 38th and 39th parallels of north latitude : from the mouth of the Kansas River, Mo., to the Sevier Lake, in the Great Basin. Washington [D.C.]: War Dept.. OCLC 8497072, p. 74.
  13. ↑ "Town History". Town of Goshen, NH. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  14. ↑ War Department Document No. 243, Office of the Military Secretary, "Index of General Orders and Circulars," "US Army War Department, Washington, DC - General Orders No. 194, December 27th, 1904, Page 5: "(Section) I - Under the provisions of paragraph 198, Army Regulations, names of seacoast batteries are announced as follows:" -- "{On the Fort Hancock, New Jersey, Military Reservation]"... "Battery John Gunnison, in honor of Captain John W. Gunnison, U.S. Topographical Engineers, who was killed by Mormons and Indians near Sevier Lake, Utah, October 26 1853." https://books.google.com/books?id=QzwtAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA287&lpg=RA1-PA287&dq=us+army+general+order+battery+john+gunnison&source=bl&ots=eoQsjZivpO&sig=gM8Dlcdp240Xd1Ox3gZ3bqtMx58&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp0ouUoJvOAhXH7B4KHTAFCAQQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=us%20army%20general%20order%20battery%20john%20gunnison&f=false
  15. ↑ Fort Wiki Battery Gunnison Page http://fortwiki.com/Battery_Gunnison
  16. ↑ US National Park Service, Fort Hancock & Sandy Hook Proving Ground National Historic Landmark page for Battery Gunnison https://www.nps.gov/gate/learn/historyculture/gunnison.htm
  17. ↑ Army Ground Forces Ass'n, a non-profit World War 2 US Army historical living history group, has been restoring Battery Gunnison to its 1943 configuration since 2002. http://www.armygroundforces.org/
  18. ↑ "BATTERY POTTER, MORTAR BATTERY, BATTERY GUNNISON - HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT," Sandy Hook Unit, Gateway National Recreation Area, By James J. Lee III, Architectural Conservator and Lauren Laham, Architectural Historian, Historic Architecture Program Northeast Region, National Park Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Lowell, Massachusetts 2007" https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/saho/batteries_hsr.pdf

Bibliography

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