Jungian cognitive functions

In Carl Jung's theories of psychological type the cognitive functions (sometimes known as mental functions) are defined as different ways of perceiving and judging. They are defined as "thinking", "feeling", "sensation" and "intuition".

History

The model in which the four cognitive functions combine to form different psychological types was conceived by Jung in his pioneering work Psychological Types (1921, ISBN 0-691-09770-4). Jung also posited that the functions formed a hierarchy within a person's psychological dynamics—the most developed function is referred to as the "dominant", with the remaining three filling the roles as "auxiliary" and "inferior" functions.

Jung never meant for eight cognitive functions but four basic functions, thinking, feeling, intuition, and sensation. (Jung, C.G. [1921] (1971). Psychological Types, Collected Works, Volume 6, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.)

A summary of Jung's ideas regarding functions and types is described in the following table.

General Attitude Type	Extraverted Types
Rational/Irrational Attitude type	Judging Types				Perceiving Types
Function Type	Extraverted Thinking Types		Extraverted Feeling Types		Extraverted Sensation Types		Extraverted Intuitive Types
Auxiliary Function	Sensation	Intuition	Sensation	Intuition	Thinking	Feeling	Thinking	Feeling
Primary: Most differentiated in the extraverted consciousness	Thinking	Thinking	Feeling	Feeling	Sensation	Sensation	Intuition	Intuition
Auxiliary: Less differentiated and assisting the primary	Sensation	Intuition	Sensation	Intuition	Thinking	Feeling	Thinking	Feeling
Inferior: Mostly undifferentiated. Can fall under the influence of introverted unconscious	Intuition	Sensation	Intuition	Sensation	Feeling	Thinking	Feeling	Thinking
Inferior: Mostly undifferentiated. Can fall under the influence of introverted unconscious	Feeling	Feeling	Thinking	Thinking	Intuition	Intuition	Sensation	Sensation

General Attitude Type	Introverted Types
Rational/Irrational Attitude type	Judging Types				Perceiving Types
Function Type	Introverted Thinking Types		Introverted Feeling Types		Introverted Sensation Types		Introverted Intuitive Types
Auxiliary Function	Sensation	Intuition	Sensation	Intuition	Thinking	Feeling	Thinking	Feeling
Primary: Most differentiated in the introverted consciousness	Thinking	Thinking	Feeling	Feeling	Sensation	Sensation	Intuition	Intuition
Auxiliary: Less differentiated and assisting the primary	Sensation	Intuition	Sensation	Intuition	Thinking	Feeling	Thinking	Feeling
Inferior: Mostly undifferentiated. Can fall under the influence of extraverted unconscious	Intuition	Sensation	Intuition	Sensation	Feeling	Thinking	Feeling	Thinking
Inferior: Mostly undifferentiated. Can fall under the influence of extraverted unconscious	Feeling	Feeling	Thinking	Thinking	Intuition	Intuition	Sensation	Sensation

Psychological functions

The four psychological functions may be subjugated to the control of consciousness, which can take two attitudes:

Extraversion: "a strong, if not exclusive, determination by the object."^[1] Consciously, in an extravert, the four basic cognitive functions follow the extraverted 'general attitude of consciousness': "Now, when the orientation to the object and to objective facts is so predominant that the most frequent and essential decisions and actions are determined, not by subjective values but by objective relations, one speaks of an extraverted attitude. When this is habitual, one speaks of an extraverted type. If a man so thinks, feels, and acts, in a word so lives, as to correspond directly with objective conditions and their claims, whether in a good sense or ill, he is extraverted."^[2]
Introversion: "a turning inwards of the libido, whereby a negative relation of subject to object is expressed. Interest does not move towards the object, but recedes towards the subject."^[1] Consciously, in an introvert, the four basic cognitive functions follow the introverted 'general attitude of consciousness'. "Everyone whose attitude is introverted thinks, feels, and acts in a way that clearly demonstrates that the subject is the chief factor of motivation while the object at most receives only a secondary value."^[1]

The difference between extraversion and introversion comes from the source of the decisive factor in forming motivation and developing ideas, whether it is objective (i.e. the external environment) or subjective (the collective unconscious, or "processes inherent in the psyche"^[1]). When discussing function types, Jung ascribed movements of the libido in both directions for each function in each function type, but with one direction being that final judge.

The four basic psychological functions, thought (or intellect), feeling, sensation, and intuition are "basic functions" that can be briefly defined as follows.

Thinking

According to Jung, thinking is "that psychological function which, in accordance with its own laws, brings given presentations into conceptual connection." Jung also made distinction between active and passive thinking: "The term 'thinking' should, in my view, be confined to the linking up of representations by means of a concept, where, in other words, an act of judgment prevails, whether such act be the product of one's intention or not The faculty of directed thinking, I term intellect: the faculty of passive, or undirected, thinking, I term intellectual intuition." The former, active thought, is what Jung considered a 'judging function'.^[3]

Later, some interpreted Jung's extraverted thinking and introverted thinking to mean other than the function of thought as represented in extraverts and introverts respectively, but specific set of skills:

Extraverted thinking (Te)

Extraverted thinking is the thinking function that is objective (being extraverted) and typically employs inductive reasoning.^[4] Extraverted thinking often places information such as facts in high order; Te is a process that is concerned with organisation and hierarchy of phenomena.

Although Te prefers data that is concrete and empirical in nature, the information only needs to be external and other phenomena that cannot be reduced to some form of objective nature will be ignored by the Te function. Te also employs a level of goal-setting and results within its function properties.^[5]

Introverted thinking (Ti)

Introverted thinking is the thinking function that is subjective (being introverted) and typically employs deductive reasoning.^[4] Ti is concerned with the general idea of phenomena and will attempt to explain a logical problem with subjective information. It contains a set of 'logical principles' that wishes to 'abstract' a system or structure to its bare principles. Hence, Ti is highly analytical; it also enforces a level of independence and individuality within its cognitive framework.^[6]

Feeling

Jung defined feeling as "primarily a process that takes place between the ego and a given content, a process, moreover, that imparts to the content a definite value in the sense of acceptance or rejection [...] Hence feeling is also a kind of judging, differing, however, from an intellectual judgment, in that it does not aim at establishing an intellectual connection but is solely concerned with the setting up of a subjective criterion of acceptance or rejection."^[7] Also Jung made distinctions between feeling as a judging function, and emotions (affect): "Feeling is distinguished from affect by the fact that it gives rise to no perceptible physical innervations."^[8]

Later, some interpreted Jung's extraverted feeling and introverted feeling to mean other than the function of feeling as represented in extraverts and introverts respectively, but specific set of skills:

Extraverted feeling (Fe)

Extraverted feeling (Fe) is the feeling function that is primarily concerned with connection and commonality to others. Since it is extraverted and objective, it encapsulates the system of 'value' outward in the form of common courtesy and etiquette.^[9]

Overall, Fe is concerned with phenomena to be harmonious with its external environment. Jung writes of extraverted feelers as those where feeling "loses its personal character -- it becomes feeling per se; it almost seems as though the personality were wholly dissolved in the feeling of the moment. Now, since in actual life situations constantly and successively alternate, in which the feeling-tones released are not only different but are actually mutually contrasting, the personality inevitably becomes dissipated in just so many different feelings."^[10]

Introverted feeling (Fi)

Introverted feeling (Fi) is the feeling function that is primarily concerned with authenticity, personal values and individuality. This is because it is focused inwardly and because of this, a dominant or auxiliary user of Fi can be quite reluctant to share their values, or be indifferent towards causes that are of no interest to the Fi user.^[10]

Fi is often seen as very hard to elucidate since so little of it is openly displayed. Jung writes of feeling in introverted feelers "[As feeling] continually seeking an image which has no existence in reality, but which it has seen in a kind of vision. It glides unheedingly over all objects that do not fit in with its aim. It strives after inner intensity, for which the objects serve at most as a stimulus. The depth of this feeling can only be guessed—it can never be clearly grasped. It makes people silent and difficult of access; it shrinks back like a violet from the brute nature of the object in order to fill the depths of the subject. It comes out with negative judgments or assumes an air of profound indifference as a means of defence."^[11]

Sensation

Jung presented sensation as "that psychological function which transmits a physical stimulus to perception. [...] not only to the outer stimuli, but also to the inner, i.e. to changes in the internal organs. Primarily, therefore, sensation is sense-perception, i.e. perception transmitted via the sense organs and 'bodily senses' (kinaesthetic, vaso-motor sensation, etc.)." Also, since the process of conscious perception is a psychological phenomenon representing a physical phenomenon, and not the physical phenomenon itself, he adds: "On the one hand, it is an element of presentation, since it transmits to the presenting function the perceived image of the outer object; on the other hand, it is an element of feeling, because through the perception of bodily changes it lends the character of affect to feeling."^[1]

Extraverted sensation (Se)

Extraverted sensation is the sensing function that perceives phenomena in a realistic and concretist way. Like extraverted thinking, Se concerns itself with the facts; however, this is not for sake of logical fulfillment or completion, but for sake of receiving the highest physiological pleasure as possible. Extraverted sensation has little time for hidden meanings—most phenomena are self-explanatory to the Se psyche.^[12]

Since an Se type's source of reward gravitates around perceiving and feeling external phenomena, a user of Se often has a good sense of aesthetic—whether this be the taste of food, or a new trend in clothing.^[11]

Due to this mindset, Jung writes of the Se type's morality, "For true enjoyment, [the extraverted sensation type] has its own special morality, its own moderation and lawfulness, its own unselfishness and devotedness. It by no means follows that he is just sensual or gross, for he may differentiate his sensation to the finest pitch of æsthetic purity without being the least unfaithful, even in his most abstract sensations, to his principle of objective sensation."^[12]

Introverted sensation (Si)

Introverted sensation is the sensing function that perceives phenomena in such a way as extraverted sensation does above, but in a subjective manner. As Jung notes that all introverted functions focus on the past, Si compares phenomena with past experiences ((this has never been said by Jung but a common internet misconception))^[13] and is very detailed in what it detects,^[11] thus creating a level of conscientiousness and procedure in their work.^[14]

Intuition

Intuition is also presented as a basic psychological function as hunches and visions provide an alternative means of perception to sensation: "It is that psychological function which transmits perceptions in an unconscious way. Everything, whether outer or inner objects or their associations, can be the object of this perception. Intuition has this peculiar quality: it is neither sensation, nor feeling, nor intellectual conclusion, although it may appear in any of these forms."^[15]

Extraverted intuition (Ne)

Extraverted intuition is the type of intuition that introspects in an extraverted and objective manner—thus, the extraverted intuitive type is the 'brainstormer', one who introspects many possibilities for certain situations. Because of this, the extraverted intuitive is known to have quite flighty judgement and a lack of decisiveness.^[11] Unlike its extraverted irrational counterpart, extraverted sensation, extraverted intuition looks for not what is but what may be.^[16]

Introverted intuition (Ni)

Introverted intuition is the intuition that acts in an introverted manner. Introverted intuition is a function that is often described as hard to explain,^[17] due to its highly inward and intangible nature. The introverted intuition type has the ability to 'thread' multiple sources of phenomena into a certain view or vision.^[18] This is contrary to its opposite, extraverted sensation, which sees things as they comes and in a very concrete manner.^[17] The lack of this extraverted sensation can often make the Ni type a very dogged character, ignoring what is apparent and focusing on their synthesised worldview.^[19]

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Myers' Dichotomies
Extraversion	Introversion
Sensing	iNtuition
Thinking	Feeling
Judging	Perceiving
Bold letters are used as shorthand labels

Isabel Myers, an early pioneer of psychometric testing whose ideas remain controversial within psychology, formalised these ideas and proposed that the mixture of types in an individual's personality could be measured through responses to a personality test she devised along with her mother, Katharine Cook Briggs, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. In this model, four "dichotomies" are defined, each labelled by two letters (one for each of the opposites in question), as shown by the emboldened letters in the table. Individuals' personalities fall into sixteen different categories depending on which side of each dichotomy they belong to, labelled by the four applicable letters (for example, an "ESFP" type is someone whose preferences are extraversion, sensing, feeling and perceiving).

Controversy over attitudes

Myers interpreted Jung as saying that the auxiliary, tertiary, and inferior functions are always in the opposite attitude of the dominant. In support of Myers' (and/or Briggs') interpretation, in one sentence Jung seems to state that the "three inferior" functions of an (extreme) extravert are introverted. The "most differentiated function is always employed in an extraverted way, whereas the inferior functions are introverted" (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 575).

Many, however, have found Jung's writing to be ambiguous, and those who study and follow Jung's theories (Jungians) are typically adamant that Myers is incorrect. Jungians interpret Jung as explicitly stating that the tertiary function is actually in the same attitude as the dominant, providing balance. More recently, typologists such as John Beebe and Linda Berens have introduced theoretical systems in which all people possess eight functions—equivalent to the four functions as defined by Jung and Myers but in each of the two possible attitudes—with the four in the opposite attitude to that measured known as the "shadow functions", residing largely in the unconscious.

There is controversy even within the Center for Applications of Psychological Type (CAPT), co-founded by Myers, regarding the attitude of the tertiary relative to the dominant. "The MBTI Qualifying Program", a binder given out during official training, puts the tertiary in the opposite attitude to the dominant on page 13; however, The Manual, which gives official instructions on how to use the test, has the tertiary in the same attitude on page 31. Charles Martin, former vice president of research at CAPT, writes the following on page 22 of the binder, "In what attitude is the tertiary? Isabel Myers read Jung to say that the auxiliary, tertiary, and inferior are all in the same attitude and opposite the dominant. Others (Harold Grant) read: tertiary is in the same attitude as the dominant."

To summarize Jung views, as discussed in Psychological Types and maintained until his death,^[20] Jung posited that each individual follows a "general attitude of consciousness" where every conscious act is directed by the tendency to follow introversion for introverts and extraversion for extraverts. Jung's definition of the general attitude was not limiting the individual from experiencing the opposing attitude, but offers the "decisive determination".^[21] The primary, or most developed, differentiated, and conscious function, is entirely positioned in the service of the conscious attitude of introversion or extraversion, but even if all other functions can be conscious and made to follow the general attitude, they are of less differentiation and are hence strongly affected by the opposing attitude of the unconscious.^[22]^[23] Later in the book, Jung describes the auxiliary function as being capable of some significant development or differentiation, if it remains less differentiated of that of the primary.^[24] His views on the primary and auxiliary functions both being of enough differentiation to be considered conscious and set aside with the primary as opposed to the most inferior two functions can be noted as early as Psychological Types.^[25]

Furthermore, the evidence given by Myers^[26] for the orientation of the auxiliary function relies on one sentence from Jung:

"For all the types appearing in practice, the principle holds good that besides the conscious main function there is also a relatively unconscious, auxiliary function which is in every respect different from the nature of the main function."^[20]

And in using this phrase to set an opposing attitude for the auxiliary function, Myers disregarded that in Jungian language, functions are separate from their orientation, as orientation is a property of consciousness as a whole, and also disregarded the examples Jung gave immediately afterwards in the text that do not speak of attitude:

"From these combinations well-known pictures arise, the practical intellect for instance paired with sensation, the speculative intellect breaking through with intuition, the artistic intuition which selects. and presents its images by means of feeling judgement, the philosophical intuition which, in league with a vigorous intellect, translates its vision into the sphere of comprehensible thought, and so forth."^[27]

And also disregards the context and language Jung used in speaking of the four functions:

"I differentiate these functions from one another, because they are neither mutually relatable nor mutually reducible. The principle of thinking, for instance, is absolutely different from the principle of feeling, and so forth."^[20]

Different models

The tables below give different theorists' ideas about personality types in terms of "cognitive functions".

Carl Jung

Carl Jung developed the theory of cognitive processes in his book Psychological Types in which he defined only four psychological functions which can take introverted or extraverted attitudes, as well as a judging (rational) or perceiving (irrational) attitude determined by the primary function (judging if thinking or feeling, and perceiving if sensation or intuition).^[20] He used the terms dominant, auxiliary, and inferior. Each individual follows a "general attitude of consciousness" in which the function is conscious. The more the function is conscious the more it is introverted for introverts and extraverted for extraverts.^[21] The less differentiation and are hence strongly affected by the opposing attitude of the unconscious, and manifest in "happening" to the person and not under conscious control.^[22]^[23]^[24] Therefore, there is a significant difference between Jung and the MBTI regarding the orientation of the functions.

Also, there is a difference between Jung and the MBTI regarding the designation of "inferior" function. While the MBTI clearly designates only the fourth function as the inferior, Jung uses a more flexible definition. "As a consequence of this one-sided development, one or more functions are necessarily retarded. These functions may properly be called inferior ..." (Jung, [1921] 1971:Def. Inferior Function, par. 763).

Isabel Myers

A diagram of the cognitive functions of each Myers-Briggs type. A type's background color represents its Dominant function, and its text color represents its Auxiliary function.

Isabel Myers created the original type table. In her table, diametrically opposite personality types (that is, those with no traits in common among the dichotomies) are separated by one block along diagonals.

Type	IS_IT_EJ	IS_IF_EJ	IN_IF_EJ	IN_IT_EJ
Dominant or first	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition
Auxiliary or second	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking
Tertiary or third	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling
Inferior or fourth	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing
Type	IS_ET_IP	IS_EF_IP	IN_EF_IP	IN_ET_IP
Dominant or first	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking
Auxiliary or second	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition
Tertiary or third	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing
Inferior or fourth	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling
Type	ES_ET_IP	ES_EF_IP	EN_EF_IP	EN_ET_IP
Dominant or first	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition
Auxiliary or second	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking
Tertiary or third	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling
Inferior or fourth	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing
Type	ES_IT_EJ	ES_IF_EJ	EN_IF_EJ	EN_IT_EJ
Dominant or first	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking
Auxiliary or second	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition
Tertiary or third	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing
Inferior or fourth	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling

John Beebe

Though John Beebe has not published a type table, the format that Isabel Myers devised can also be applied to his theory. Beebe describes the different cognitive functions' role in the overall personality in terms of various mythic archetypes. Just as in Myers's table, personality types whose primary four functions are completely opposite are separated by one block along diagonals. The same does not apply to the four "shadow" functions, however.

Type	IS_IT_EJ	IS_IF_EJ	IN_IF_EJ	IN_IT_EJ
1st - Hero/Heroine	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition
2nd - Good Parent	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking
3rd - Puer/Puella	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling
4th - Anima/Animus	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing
5th - Opposing Personality	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition
6th - Senex/Witch	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking
7th - Trickster	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling
8th - Daemon	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing
Type	IS_ET_IP	IS_EF_IP	IN_EF_IP	IN_ET_IP
1st - Hero/Heroine	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking
2nd - Good Parent	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition
3rd - Puer/Puella	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing
4th - Anima/Animus	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling
5th - Opposing Personality	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking
6th - Senex/Witch	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition
7th - Trickster	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing
8th - Daemon	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling
Type	ES_ET_IP	ES_EF_IP	EN_EF_IP	EN_ET_IP
1st - Hero/Heroine	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition
2nd - Good Parent	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking
3rd - Puer/Puella	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling
4th - Anima/Animus	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing
5th - Opposing Personality	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition
6th - Senex/Witch	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking
7th - Trickster	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling
8th - Daemon	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing
Type	ES_IT_EJ	ES_IF_EJ	EN_IF_EJ	EN_IT_EJ
1st - Hero/Heroine	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking
2nd - Good Parent	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition
3rd - Puer/Puella	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing
4th - Anima/Animus	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling
5th - Opposing Personality	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking
6th - Senex/Witch	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition
7th - Trickster	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing
8th - Daemon	Extraverted Feelings	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling

Linda Berens

The layout of Linda Berens's type table is unique and her terminology differs from that of Beebe; however, the ordering of cognitive processes in her and Beebe's models are the same.

	Engineer		Coordinator
Type	EN_ET_IP	IN_ET_IP	EN_IT_EJ	IN_IT_EJ
1st - Leading/Dominant	Extraverted Intuition	Introverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Introverted Intuition
2nd - Supporting/Overprotective	Introverted Thinking	Extraverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Extraverted Thinking
3rd - Relief/Unsettling	Extraverted Feeling	Introverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Introverted Feeling
4th - Aspirational/Projective	Introverted Sensing	Extraverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Extraverted Sensing
5th - Opposing/Backup	Introverted Intuition	Extraverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Extraverted Intuition
6th - Critical/Discovery	Extraverted Thinking	Introverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Introverted Thinking
7th - Deceiving/Comedic	Introverted Feeling	Extraverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Extraverted Feeling
8th - Devilish/Transformative	Extraverted Sensing	Introverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Introverted Sensing
	Mediator		Guide
Type	EN_EF_IP	IN_EF_IP	EN_IF_EJ	IN_IF_EJ
1st - Leading/Dominant	Extraverted Intuition	Introverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Introverted Intuition
2nd - Supporting/Overprotective	Introverted Feeling	Extraverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Extraverted Feeling
3rd - Relief/Unsettling	Extraverted Thinking	Introverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Introverted Thinking
4th - Aspirational/Projective	Introverted Sensing	Extraverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Extraverted Sensing
5th - Opposing/Backup	Introverted Intuition	Extraverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Extraverted Intuition
6th - Critical/Discovery	Extraverted Feeling	Introverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Introverted Feeling
7th - Deceiving/Comedic	Introverted Thinking	Extraverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Extraverted Thinking
8th - Devilish/Transformative	Extraverted Sensing	Introverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Introverted Sensing
	Expediator		Monitor
Type	ES_ET_IP	IS_ET_IP	ES_IT_EJ	IS_IT_EJ
1st - Leading/Dominant	Extraverted Sensing	Introverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Introverted Sensing
2nd - Supporting/Overprotective	Introverted Thinking	Extraverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Extraverted Thinking
3rd - Relief/Unsettling	Extraverted Feeling	Introverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Introverted Feeling
4th - Aspirational/Projective	Introverted Intuition	Extraverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Extraverted Intuition
5th - Opposing/Backup	Introverted Sensing	Extraverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Extraverted Sensing
6th - Critical/Discovery	Extraverted Thinking	Introverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Introverted Thinking
7th - Deceiving/Comedic	Introverted Feeling	Extraverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Extraverted Feeling
8th - Devilish/Transformative	Extraverted Intuition	Introverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Introverted Intuition
	Improvisor		Conservator
Type	ES_EF_IP	IS_EF_IP	ES_IF_EJ	IS_IF_EJ
1st - Leading/Dominant	Extraverted Sensing	Introverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Introverted Sensing
2nd - Supporting/Overprotective	Introverted Feeling	Extraverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Extraverted Feeling
3rd - Relief/Unsettling	Extraverted Thinking	Introverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Introverted Thinking
4th - Aspirational/Projective	Introverted Intuition	Extraverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Extraverted Intuition
5th - Opposing/Backup	Introverted Sensing	Extraverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Extraverted Sensing
6th - Critical/Discovery	Extraverted Feeling	Introverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Introverted Feeling
7th - Deceiving/Comedic	Introverted Thinking	Extraverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Extraverted Thinking
8th - Devilish/Transformative	Extraverted Intuition	Introverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Introverted Intuition

Lenore Thomson

Lenore Thomson offers yet another model of the cognitive functions. In her book, Personality Type: An Owners Manual, Thomson advances a hypothesis of a modular relationship of the cognitive functions paralleling left-right brain lateralization. In this approach the Judging functions are in the front-left and back-right brain and the Perception functions in the back-left and front-right brain. The extraverted functions are in the front of the brain, while the introverted functions are in the back of the brain. The order of the cognitive functions are then determined not by an archetypal hierarchy (as supposed by Beebe) but by an innate brain lateralization preference.

Brain Types by Lenore Thomson
Front of Left Brain	Front of Right Brain
Extraverted Thinking & Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Intuition & Extraverted Sensing
Introverted Sensation & Introverted Intuition	Introverted Feeling & Introverted Thinking
Back of Left Brain	Back of Right Brain

Type	IS_IT_EJ	IS_IF_EJ	IN_IF_EJ	IN_IT_EJ
Dominant	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition
Secondary	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking
Left-brain	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing
alternatives	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling
Right-brain	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking
double agents	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition
Tertiary	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling
Inferior	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing
Type	IS_ET_IP	IS_EF_IP	IN_EF_IP	IN_ET_IP
Dominant	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking
Secondary	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition
Right-brain	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling
alternatives	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing
Left-brain	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition
double agents	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking
Tertiary	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing
Inferior	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling
Type	ES_ET_IP	ES_EF_IP	EN_EF_IP	EN_ET_IP
Dominant	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition
Secondary	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking
Right-brain	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing
alternatives	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling
Left-brain	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking
double agents	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition
Tertiary	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling
Inferior	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing
Type	ES_IT_EJ	ES_IF_EJ	EN_IF_EJ	EN_IT_EJ
Dominant	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking
Secondary	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition
Left-brain	Extraverted Feeling	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Thinking	Extraverted Feeling
alternatives	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Intuition	Introverted Sensing	Introverted Sensing
Right-brain	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition
double agents	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking
Tertiary	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Intuition	Extraverted Sensing	Extraverted Sensing
Inferior	Introverted Feeling	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Thinking	Introverted Feeling

References

1 2 3 4 5 (Jung, [1921] 1971: Chapter XI. Definitions)
↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971: p.418)
↑ Jung, Carl G. (1971). Psychological Types. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.: para.830
1 2 "Why Te is Inductive and Ti is Deductive". CelebrityTypes. CelebrityTypes International. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
↑ Smith, Ryan (23 January 2014). "Jung in Plain Language, Part 1: Te and Ti Note: paywall". CelebrityTypes. CelebrityTypes International. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
↑ Robinson, Michael T. "Introverted Thinking (Ti)". Career Planner.com. CAREERPLANNER.COM ® Inc. Retrieved 10 June 2015. External link in |work= (help)
↑ Jung, Carl G. (1971). Psychological Types. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.: para.724
↑ Jung, Carl G. (1971). Psychological Types. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.: para.725
↑ "Te, Fi, and Fe as Social Functions | CelebrityTypes". www.celebritytypes.com. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
1 2 Jung, Carl G. (1971). Psychological Types. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.: Chapter X
1 2 3 4 Sharp, Daryl (1987). Personality Types – Jung's Model of Typology (PDF). Inner City Books. ISBN 978-0-919123-30-4.
1 2 Jung, Carl G. (December 2010). "Jung's Portrait of the ESTP / ESFP Types". CelebrityTypes. CelebrityTypes International. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
↑ "Introverted Sensing". CognitiveProcesses.com. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
↑ "Cognitive Functions at a Glance". CelebrityTypes. CelebrityTypes International. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
↑ Jung, Carl G. (1971). Psychological Types. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.: para.770
↑ "The Psychological Aesthetics of Ne". CelebrityTypes International. CelebrityTypes. 12 October 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
1 2 Beeson, Eric. "Cognitive Function Based Personality Type Quiz". Retrieved 7 September 2015.
↑ "Introverted iNtuiting - (Ni)". CognitiveProcesses.com. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
↑ Pierce, Michael (28 October 2014). "Pierce Presents: INTJ". CelebrityTypes. CelebrityTypes International. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
1 2 3 4 (Jung, [1921] 1971)
1 2 (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 418)
1 2 (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 427)
1 2 (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 515)
1 2 (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 514)
↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 517)
↑ Myers, Isabel Myers [1980] (1995). Gifts Differing, Palo Alto, C.A.: Davies-Black Publishing. ISBN 0-89106-074-X.
↑ Jung, [1921] 1971: Definitions: Function

External links

Carl Gustav Jung

Theories

Concepts

The psyche	Anima and animus Collective unconscious Complex Electra complex Inner child Personal unconscious Persona Self Shadow

Jungian archetypes	Apollo Trickster Wise Old Man and Wise Old Woman Wounded healer

Other	Active imagination Enantiodromia Extraversion and introversion Individuation Participation mystique

Works and
publications

Early	Psychology of the Unconscious Two Essays on Analytical Psychology Psychological Types

Later	Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self Answer to Job Synchronicity Symbols of Transformation

Posthumous	Man and His Symbols Memories, Dreams, Reflections Red Book Black Books Seven Sermons to the Dead

The Collected Works of C. G. Jung	Psychiatric Studies (1970) Experimental Researches (1973) Psychogenesis of Mental Disease (1960) Freud & Psychoanalysis (1961) Symbols of Transformation (1967, a revision of Psychology of the Unconscious, 1912) . Psychological Types (1971) Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (1967) Structure & Dynamics of the Psyche (1969) Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (1969) Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self (1969) Civilization in Transition (1970) Psychology and Religion: West and East (1970) Psychology and Alchemy (1968) Alchemical Studies (1968) Mysterium Coniunctionis (1970) Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature (1966) Practice of Psychotherapy (1966) Development of Personality (1954) The Symbolic Life (1977) General Bibliography (Revised Edition) (1990) General Index (1979)

People

Jungfrauen	Marie-Louise von Franz Barbara Hannah Jolande Jacobi Aniela Jaffé Emma Jung (wife) Toni Wolff

Colleagues	Sigmund Freud Wolfgang Pauli Sabina Spielrein Victor White Richard Wilhelm

Followers	Joseph Campbell James Hillman Erich Neumann Laurens van der Post Sonu Shamdasani June Singer Anthony Stevens

Organizations

Popular culture

Other

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