Voiceless uvular stop
| Voiceless uvular stop | |
|---|---|
| q | |
| IPA number | 111 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
q |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0071 |
| X-SAMPA |
q |
| Kirshenbaum |
q |
| Braille |
 |
| Sound | |
 source · help | |
The voiceless uvular stop or voiceless uvular plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is pronounced like a voiceless velar stop [k], except that the tongue makes contact not on the soft palate but on the uvula. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨q⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is q.
There is also the voiceless pre-uvular stop[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless uvular stop, though not as front as the prototypical voiceless velar stop. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨q̟⟩ or ⟨q˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨q⟩) or ⟨k̠⟩ (retracted ⟨k⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are q_+ and k_-, respectively.
Features
Features of the voiceless uvular stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza | хъацIа | [qat͡sʼa] | 'man' | ||
| Adyghe | атакъэ |  [ataːqa] | 'rooster' | ||
| Aleut[2] | ҟи́гаҟъ / qiighax̂ | [qiːɣaχ] | 'grass' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[3] | قط | [qɪtˤ] |
'cat' | See Arabic phonology |
| Gulf[4] | غداً | [qədæn] | 'tomorrow' | Many dialects. Corresponds to /ɣ/ in other dialects. | |
| Algerian | |||||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [qa] | 'for' | Corresponds to /k/ in the Urmian and Jilu varieties. | ||
| Archi | хъал | [qaːl] | 'human skin' | ||
| Bashkir | ҡайын | [qɑˈjɯ̞n] | 'birch tree' | ||
| Chechen | кхоъ / qo’ | [qɔʔ] | 'three' | ||
| Dawsahak | [qoq] | 'dry' | |||
| English | Australian[5] | caught | [ḵʰoːt] | 'caught' | Pre-uvular; allophone of /k/ before /ʊ oː ɔ oɪ ʊə/.[5] See Australian English phonology |
| Multicultural London[6][7] | cut | [qʌt] | 'cut' | Allophone of /k/ before back vowels.[7] | |
| Non-local Dublin[8] | back | [bɑq] | 'back' | Allophone of /k/ after /æ/ for some speakers.[8] | |
| Eyak | g̣u.jih | [quːtʃih] | 'wolf' | ||
| German | Chemnitz dialect[9] | Rock | [qɔkʰ] | 'skirt' | In free variation with [ʁ̞], [ʁ], [χ] and [ʀ̥].[9] Doesn't occur in the coda.[9] See Chemnitz dialect phonology |
| Greenlandic | illoqarpoq | [iɬːoqɑʁpɔq] | 'he has a house' | ||
| Hebrew | Iraqi | קול | [qol] | 'voice' | See Biblical Hebrew phonology |
| Hindustani | بَرق / बर्क़ | [bərq] | 'lightning' | Mostly in loanwords from Arabic. Hindi speakers tend to use [k] instead. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Inuktitut | ᐃ"ᐃᑉᕆᐅᖅᑐᖅ/ihipqiuqtuq’ | [ihipɢiuqtuq] | 'explore' | Represented by a ⟨ᖅ⟩. See Inuit phonology | |
| Iraqw | [qeːt] | 'break' | |||
| Kabardian | къэбэрдей | [qabardej] | 'Kabardian' | ||
| Kabyle | ⵜⴰⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ taqbaylit تاقبايليت | [taqβæjliθ] | 'Kabyle language' | May be voiced [ɢ]. | |
| Kavalan | qaqa | [qaqa] | 'elder brother' | ||
| Kazakh | Қазақстан | [qɑzɑqˈstɑn] | 'Kazakhstan' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels | |
| Ket | қан | [qan] | 'begin' | ||
| Klallam | qəmtəm | [qəmtəm] | 'iron' | ||
| Kutenai | qaykiťwu | [qajkitʼwu] | 'nine' | ||
| Nivkh | тяқр̆ | [tʲaqr̥] | 'three' | ||
| Persian | Kermani dialect | قورباغه | [quːrbɒɣe] | 'frog' | See Persian phonology |
| Quechua[10] | qallu | [qaʎu] | 'tongue' | ||
| Sahaptin | qu | [qu] | 'heavy' | ||
| Seediq | Seediq | [ˈsəːdʑɪq] | 'Seediq' | ||
| Seereer-Siin[11] | — | — | |||
| Somali | qaab | [qaːb] | 'shape' | See Somali phonology | |
| St’át’imcets | teq | [təq] | 'to touch' | ||
| Tajik | қошуқ | [qɔʃuq] | 'spoon' | ||
| Tlingit | ghagw | [qɐ́kʷ] | 'tree spine' | Tlingit contrasts six different uvular stops | |
| Tsimshian | gwildmḵa̱p'a | [ɡʷildmqɑpʼa] | 'tobacco' | ||
| Ubykh | [qʰɜ] | 'grave' | One of ten distinct uvular stop phonemes. See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Uyghur | ئاق / aq | [ɑq] | 'white' | ||
| Uzbek[12] | qo'l | [q̟oɫ] | 'arm' | Pre-uvular; sometimes realized as an affricate [q͡χ˖].[12] | |
| Western Neo-Aramaic | Bakh'a | Pre-uvular, though in Ma'loula it is slightly more front. | |||
| Ma'loula | |||||
| Yup'ik | meq | [məq] | 'fresh water' | ||
| Yukaghir | Northern | маарх | [maːrq] | 'one' | |
| Southern | атахл | [ataql] | 'two' | ||
| !Xóõ | !qhàà | [ǃ͡qʰɑ̀ː] | 'water' | ||
See also
References
- ↑ Instead of "pre-uvular", it can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "pre-uvular".
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ↑ Watson (2002), p. 13.
- ↑ McCarus (1977), p. 266.
- 1 2 Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ↑ Torgersen, Kerswill & Fox (2007).
- 1 2 "John Wells's phonetic blog: k-backing". 27 July 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- 1 2 "Glossary". Retrieved 10 February 2015.
- 1 2 3 Khan & Weise (2013), p. 235.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 149.
- ↑ Mc Laughlin (2005), p. 203.
- 1 2 Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
Bibliography
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- McCarus, Hamdi A. Qafisheh (1977), A short reference grammar of Gulf Arabic, Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, ISBN 0-8165-0570-5
- Mc Laughlin, Fiona (2005), "Voiceless implosives in Seereer-Siin", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 201–214, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002215
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Torgersen, Eivind; Kerswill, Paul; Fox, Susan (2007), "Phonological innovation in London teenage speech", 4th Conference on Language Variation in Europe (PDF)
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
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