Karakalpak language

Karakalpak
Qaraqalpaq tili, Қарақалпақ тили
Native to	Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan
Region	Karakalpakstan
Native speakers	583,410 (2010)[1]
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak Kipchak–Nogai[2] Karakalpak
Official status
Official language in	Uzbekistan  Karakalpakstan
Language codes
ISO 639-2	kaa
ISO 639-3	kaa
Glottolog	kara1467[2]
Map showing locations of Karakalpak (red) within Uzbekistan

Karakalpak is a Turkic language spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan. It is divided into two dialects: Northeastern Karakalpak, Southeastern Karakalpak. The language is closely related to Kazakh.^[3]

Classification

Karakalpak is a member of the Kypchak branch of Turkic languages, which includes Tatar, Kumyk, Nogai, and Kazakh. Due to its proximity to Uzbek, much of Karakalpak's vocabulary and grammar has been influenced by Uzbek. Like Turkish, Karakalpak has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is usually subject–object–verb.

Geographic distribution

Karakalpak is spoken mainly in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic of Uzbekistan. Approximately 2,000 people in Afghanistan and smaller diaspora in parts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, and other parts of the world speak Karakalpak.

Official status

Karakalpak has official status in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic.

Dialects

The Ethnologue identifies two dialects of Karakalpak: Northeastern and Southwestern. Menges mentions a third possible dialect spoken in the Fergana Valley. The Southwestern dialect has /tʃ/ for the Northeastern /ʃ/.

Sounds

Karakalpak has 21 native consonant phonemes and regularly uses four non-native phonemes in loan words. Non-native sounds are shown in parentheses.

Karakalpak vowels, from Menges (1947:?)

Consonant phonemes

	Labial		Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Glottal
Nasal	m		n				ŋ
Plosive	p	b	t	d			k	ɡ	q
Affricate			(t͡s)		(t͡ʃ)
Fricative	(f)	(v)	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	x	ɣ			h
Rhotic			r
Approximant			l		j		w

Vowel harmony

Vowel harmony functions in Karakalpak much as it does in other Turkic languages. Words borrowed from Russian or other languages may not observe rules of vowel harmony, but the following rules usually apply:

Vowel	May be followed by:
ɡ	a, ɯ
æ	e, i
e	e, i
i	e, i
o	a, o, u, ɯ
œ	e, i, œ, y
u	a, o, u
y	e, œ, y
o	a, ɯ

Vocabulary

Personal pronouns

men I, sen you (singular), ol he, she, it, that, biz we, siz you (plural), olar they

Numbers

bir 1, eki 2, uʻsh 3, toʻrt 4, bes 5, altiʻ 6, jeti 7, segiz 8, togʻiʻs 9, on 10, juʻz 100, miʻnʻ 1000

Writing system

Bashkir Arabic script

March 2006. A photo laboratory in Nukus – with the signboard written in Karakalpak language using Latin letters

Karakalpak was written in the Arabic and Persian script until 1928, in the Latin script (with additional characters) from 1928 to 1940, after which Cyrillic was introduced. Following Uzbekistan's independence in 1991, the decision was made to drop Cyrillic and revert to the Latin alphabet. Whilst the use of Latin script is now widespread in Tashkent, its introduction into Karakalpakstan remains gradual. The Cyrillic and Latin alphabets are shown below with their equivalent representations in the IPA. Cyrillic letters with no representation in the Latin alphabet are marked with asterisks.

Cyrillic	Latin	IPA		Cyrillic	Latin	IPA		Cyrillic	Latin	IPA
Аа	Aa	/a/		Ққ	Qq	/q/		Фф	Ff	/f/
Әә	Aʻaʻ	/æ/		Лл	Ll	/l/		Хх	Xx	/x/
Бб	Bb	/b/		Мм	Mm	/m/		Ҳҳ	Hh	/h/
Вв	Vv	/v/		Нн	Nn	/n/		Цц	Cc	/ts/
Гг	Gg	/a/		Ңң	Nʻnʻ	/ŋ/		Чч	CHch	/tʃ/
Ғғ	Gʻgʻ	/ɣ/		Оо	Oo	/o/		Шш	SHsh	/ʃ/
Дд	Dd	/d/		Өө	Oʻoʻ	/œ/		Щщ*	sh	/ʃ/
Ее	Ee	/e/		Пп	Pp	/p/		Ъъ*
Ёё*	yo	/jo/		Рр	Rr	/r/		Ыы	Iʻiʻ	/o/
Жж	Jj	/ʒ/		Сс	Ss	/s/		Ьь*
Зз	Zz	/z/		Тт	Tt	/t/		Ээ	Ee	/e/
Ии	Ii	/i/		Уу	Uu	/u/		Юю*	yu	/ju/
Йй	Yy	/j/		Үү	Uʻuʻ	/y/		Яя	ya	/ja/
Кк	Kk	/k/		Ўў	Ww	/w/

Before 2009, C was written as TS; I and Iʻ were written as dotted and dotless I.^[4]

Users

• A'jiniyaz

References

1. Karakalpak at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Kara-Kalpak". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. "Karakalpak". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
4. Karakalpak Cyrillic – (Old / New) Latin transliterator

Bibliography

• Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes, eds. (1998), The Turkic Languages, London: Routledge, ISBN 9780415082006, OCLC 40980286
• Menges, Karl H. (1947), Qaraqałpaq Grammar, Translated from German by Leora P. Cunningham, New York: King's Crown Press, OCLC 3615928

External links

• Karakalpak–English Russian–Karakalpak On-Line dictionary