Korean fortress

Koreans developed a unique and distinct fortress tradition.[1] There are numerous types of Korean fortresses, including sanseong (mountain fortress), eupseong (city fortress), pyeongjiseong, gwanseong, jangseong, chaekseong, and more.[2] Korean fortresses were based on a stone culture and built using stones, and often incorporated natural mountainous terrain, and therefore were conceptually completely different compared to Chinese fortresses, which were based on an earth culture and built using bricks from earth.[3][4] Korean fortresses were invented by Goguryeo and spread to Baekje and Silla,[5] and then inherited and further developed by Goryeo and then Joseon.[4] Korea, especially Goguryeo,[2][6][7] has often been called the "country of (mountain) fortresses";[1][4][8][9] almost 2,400 mountain fortress sites have been found in Korea.[1][4]

Goguryeo fortress ruins have been found in about 170 sites to date, including in China;[6] one of the most notable among them is Anshi Fortress, which successfully defended against Tang Taizong during the Goguryeo-Tang War.[10][11] Goguryeo fortress ruins have also been found in present-day Mongolia.[12][13][14]

Korean-style fortresses can be found in Japan, which were constructed and supervised by immigrants of Baekje origin.[4]

Hwaseong Fortress and Namhansanseong are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[15][16]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Korea's fortresses reflect the past and Koreans' respect for the environment". Korea.net : The official website of the Republic of Korea. Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS). Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  2. 1 2 "'산성의 나라' 고구려". 민족21. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  3. ↑ Chʻa, Yong-gŏl; Hakhoe, Hanʼguk Sŏnggwak. Mountain Fortresses in Central Inland Korea: Deokju Sanseong Mountain Fortress. Korea Fortress Academy. p. 36. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ancient Mountain Fortresses in Central Korea". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  5. ↑ Chʻa, Yong-gŏl; Hakhoe, Hanʼguk Sŏnggwak. Mountain Fortresses in Central Inland Korea: Deokju Sanseong Mountain Fortress. Korea Fortress Academy. p. 33. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  6. 1 2 Su-il, Jeong. The Silk Road Encyclopedia. Seoul Selection. ISBN 9781624120763. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  7. ↑ "사진을 통해 본 고구려 성곽". 동북아역사넷. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  8. ↑ Cultural Heritage Administration (South Korea). World Heritage in Korea. 길잡이미디어. p. 65. ISBN 9788981241773. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  9. ↑ The Korea Foundation (23 February 2015). "Koreana - Winter 2014 (English): Korean Culture & Arts". 한국국제교류재단. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  10. ↑ Kim, Li-na. Koguryo tomb murals. ICOMOS-Korea. p. 100. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  11. ↑ Kim, Jinwung. A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 50. ISBN 0253000246. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  12. ↑ 김운회. "한국과 몽골, 그 천년의 비밀을 찾아서". Pressian. Korea Press Foundation. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  13. ↑ 成宇濟. "고고학자 손보기 교수". 시사저널. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  14. ↑ "[초원 실크로드를 가다](14)초원로가 한반도까지". 경향신문. The Kyunghyang Shinmun. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  15. ↑ "Hwaseong Fortress". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  16. ↑ "Namhansanseong". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 22 September 2016.

External links

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