Koreans in Africa

Koreans in Africa

Total population
9,200[1]
Regions with significant populations
South Africa	3,949[1]
Libya	964[1]
Nigeria	800[2]
Kenya	726[1]
Egypt	685[1]
Ghana	614[1]
Morocco	310[1]
Tanzania	238[1]
Botswana	200[3]
Uganda	196[1]
Ivory Coast	180[1]
Ethiopia	174[1]
Senegal	164[1]
Languages
Korean, English, others
Related ethnic groups
Koreans

Koreans in Africa form a very small population, estimated at only 9,200 people in 2005, with almost half of these living in South Africa. South Korean nationals can be found in 49 countries of Africa, including the continent and its surrounding islands; they have established schools in 19 of those countries.^[1] They form a small part of the Korean diaspora.

History

South Africa considered importing labourers from Korea as early as 1903 in order to control rising mining wages, but eventually decided on Chinese workers instead.^[4]

North Koreans

In the past, North Korea ran several military and civil assistance programmes to some of Africa's more radical states, including Guinea, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Mali and Tanzania. In return, North Korea was able to gain diplomatic recognition and other leverage; they were successful in ensuring South Korea was unable to join the Non-Aligned Movement. In Egypt's case the relationship was especially close; North Korean pilots flew Egyptian fighters in the 1973 Yom Kippur War and Egypt exported to North Korea scud missiles. Egypt even had diplomatic relations established with Israel before it had relations with South Korea.^[5]

North Korea was also involved in several armed insurgency movements in Angola, Rhodesia and in the Seychelles, and provided support to the African National Congress and South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO). In 1984, 3,000 North Korean military advisers were dispatched to Angola, and later were reportedly engaged in combat operations with the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA).^[6] Around the same time there were some North Koreans in Lesotho involved in training for the Youth League of the Basotho National Party's Vincent Makhele faction, but they were expelled due to pressure from South Africa in early 1986.^[7]

In the 1990s and beyond, as governments in Africa became more pragmatic and South Korea's economic position became clearly superior to that of the North's, North Korea's influence in Africa declined.

South Koreans

During the wave of Korean labour migration to the Arab world in the 1970s and 1980s, many Koreans went to Arab countries of North Africa, including Libya, and to a lesser extent, Egypt and Sudan. Though Libya did not receive its first South Korean workers until 1977, it was the only Arab country which experienced consistent growth in the number of Korean workers between 1981 and 1985. By 1985 it had already become the Arab world's second most popular destination, with 23,138 arrivals from South Korea. In total, from 1977 until 1985, 103,953 South Koreans went to Libya.^[8] The Korean community in Nigeria consists of 550 construction engineers from South Korean construction companies Daewoo and Hyundai Heavy Industries, 240 local residents, and 10 missionaries sent by Christian churches in South Korea.^[2] There is also a small population of roughly 200 Koreans in Botswana, largely formed by employees of South Korean automobile manufacturers; 154 live in the capital Gaborone.^[3] In late 2008, there were media reports that roughly 30 or 40 immigration brokers in Seoul's Gangnam-gu were helping South Korean parents to obtain permanent residency in Mali and other African countries so that they could enroll their children in international schools at home.^[9]

Education

The Cairo Korean School, founded on 5 December 1979 is Africa's only Korean day school and the earliest registered Korean educational institution of any kind in Africa; it enrolled 84 elementary school students and 119 middle school students as of 2007.^[10] Weekend Korean language schools for South Korean nationals have been established in eighteen other African countries as well, enrolling a total of 640 students. These are listed below (ordered by date of founding of the earliest school):

Country	City	Date	School name	↓ Teachers Students ↓		Levels	Ref.
Kenya	Nairobi	1 March 1981	나이로비한인학교 Nairobi Han-in Hakgyo Nairobi Koreans' School	8	58	Kindergarten & elementary	[11]
Ghana		1 September 1981	재 가나 토요한글학교 Jae Gana Toyo Han-geul Hakgyo Ghana Saturday Hangul School	6	72	Kindergarten to high school	[12]
Ethiopia		24 February 1984	주 이디오피아한글학교 Ju Idiopia Han-geul Hakgyo Ethiopia Hangul School	2	13	Elementary	[13]
Senegal	Dakar	1 October 1986	다카르한글학교 Dakareu Han-geul Hakgyo Dakar Hangul School	7	23	Elementary & middle school	[14]
Cote d'Ivoire	Abidjan	8 July 1987	아비쟝한글학교 Abijyang Han-geul Hakgyo Abidjan Hangul School	8	49	Kindergarten & elementary	[15]
Mauritania	Nouadhibou	15 April 1988	누아디브한글학교 Nuadibeu Han-geul Hakgyo Nouadhibou Hangul School	2	9	Kindergarten to high school	[16]
Morocco	Rabat	7 October 1989	카사,라바트한글학교 Kasa, Rabateu Han-geul Hakgyo Casablanca-Rabat Hangul School	5	22	Kindergarten to middle school	[17]
	Agadir	12 January 1991	아가딜한글학교 Agadil Han-geul Hakgyo Agadir Hangul School	3	11	Kindergarten to middle school	[18]
Egypt	Cairo	1 September 1990	카이로한국학교부설토요학교 Kairo Han-guk Hakgyo Buseol Toyo Hakgyo Weekend School of Cairo Korean School	3	15	Elementary	[19]
Gabon		21 January 1991	가봉한글학교 Gabong Han-geul Hakgyo Gabon Hangul School	3	16	Elementary	[20]
Nigeria	Lagos	21 January 1991	재 나이지리아 토요한글학교 Jae Naijiria Toyo Han-geul Hakgyo Nigeria Saturday Hangul School	4	12	Elementary	[21]
Tanzania	Dar es Salaam	1 May 1993	탄자니아한글학교 Tanjania Han-geul Hakgyo Tanzania Hangul School	5	27	Kindergarten to middle school	[22]
Togo	Lomé	2 July 1994	재 토고 토요한글학교 Jae Togo Toyo Han-geul Hakgyo Togo Saturday Hangul School	4	27	Kindergarten to high school	[23]
South Africa	Johannesburg	1 March 1992	요하네스버그한글학교 Yohaneseubeogeu Han-geul Hakgyo Johannesburg Korean School	22	110	Kindergarten to middle school	[24]
	Pretoria	4 February 1995	프레토리아한글학교 Peuretoria Han-geul Hakgyo Pretoria Hangul School	8	46	Kindergarten to middle school	[25]
	Cape Town	10 March 2001	케이프타운한글학교 Keipeutaun Han-geul Hakgyo Cape Town Hangul School	10	30	Kindergarten to high school	[26]
Uganda		1 April 1995	우간다한인학교 Uganda Han-in Hakgyo Uganda Koreans' School	6	26	Kindergarten & elementary	[13]
Tunisia	Tunis	11 November 1996	튀니스한글학교 Tuiniseu Han-geul Hakgyo Tunis Hangul School	4	10	Elementary	[27]
Zimbabwe	Harare	3 March 1997	하라레한글학교 Harare Han-geul Hakgyo Harare Hangul School	4	10	Kindergarten & elementary	[28]
Botswana	Gaborone	10 January 1998	보츠나와한글학교 Bocheunawa Han-geul Hakgyo Botswana Hangul School	5	23	Elementary to high school	[29]
Cameroon	Douala	1 January 2000	두알라한글학교 Dualla Han-geul Hakgyo Douala Hangul School	4	25	Kindergarten to middle school	[30]
	Yaoundé	1 January 2000	야운데한글학교 Yaunde Han-geul Hakgyo Yaoundé Hangul School	8	12	Elementary to high school	[31]
Libya		1 January 2000	재리비아주말한글학교 Jae Ribia Jumal Han-geul Hakgyo Libya Weekend Hangul School	?	22	Kindergarten to high school	[32]

See also

• Asians in South Africa
• Asians in Africa

References

Notes

1. OKF 2005
2. President Roh Moo-hyun's State Visit to Nigeria, Republic of Korea: Cheongwadae (Office of the President), 2006, retrieved 2007-05-11
3. Jo, Hyeong-jae (2007-03-27), "보츠와나에 한류 전파해 장관상 수상", Dongpo News, archived from the original on 2007-09-27, retrieved 2007-05-14
4. Yap & Man 1996, p. 104
5. Foster-Carter, Aidan (2006-09-06), "South Korea cleans up in Africa", Asia Times, retrieved 2009-11-26
6. Owoeye 1991
7. Hanlon 1986, pp. 117, 120, 322
8. Seok 1991, pp. 56–58
9. "지금 강남아이들은 '국적세탁중'…"남미·아프리카 영주권으로 외국인학교 가자"", Chosun Ilbo, 2008-09-12, retrieved 2010-07-28
10. NIIED-ROK 2007,
11. NIIED-ROK 2007,
12. NIIED-ROK 2007,
13. NIIED-ROK 2007,
14. NIIED-ROK 2007,
15. NIIED-ROK 2007,
16. NIIED-ROK 2007,
17. NIIED-ROK 2007,
18. NIIED-ROK 2007,
19. NIIED-ROK 2007,
20. NIIED-ROK 2007,
21. NIIED-ROK 2007,
22. NIIED-ROK 2007,
23. NIIED-ROK 2007,
24. NIIED-ROK 2007,
25. NIIED-ROK 2007,
26. NIIED-ROK 2007,
27. NIIED-ROK 2007,
28. NIIED-ROK 2007,
29. NIIED-ROK 2007,
30. NIIED-ROK 2007,
31. NIIED-ROK 2007,
32. NIIED-ROK 2007,

Sources

• Hanlon, Joseph (1986), Beggar Your Neighbours: apartheid power in Southern Africa, Indiana, United States: Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-33131-5
• Owoeye, Jide (July 1991), "The Metamorphosis of North Korea's African Policy", Asian Survey, 31 (7): 630–645, doi:10.1525/as.1991.31.7.00p00737
• Seok, Hyunho (1991), "Korean migrant workers to the Middle East", in Gunatilleke, Godfrey, Migration to the Arab World: Experience of Returning Migrants, United Nations University Press, pp. 56–103, ISBN 92-808-0745-5
• Yap, Melanie; Man, Dianne (1996), Colour, Confusion & Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa, Hong Kong University Press, ISBN 962-209-424-4
• Overseas Korean Educational Institutions, National Institute for International Education Development, Republic of Korea, 2007, archived from the original on 2007-09-30, retrieved 2009-11-27
• "중동/아프리카 재외동포현황 (Middle East/Africa Overseas Compatriots Present Status)". Overseas Korean Foundation. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-05-13.