Lampricide
Lampricide is a chemical which is designed to target the larvae of lampreys in river systems before their recruitment as parasitic adults. It is used in the headwaters of Lake Champlain and the Great Lakes to control sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), an invasive species to these lakes, [1] though the invasive status of sea lamprey in Lake Champlain has recently been questioned.
TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) is the main chemical used for this purpose. As it is hydrophobic, it passes through biological membranes.[2]
TFM is a metabolic uncoupler—that is, TFM separates the electron transport chain from ATP synthesis, resulting in the failure of the aerobic respiration process. It accomplishes this by disrupting the electrochemical gradient that powers ATP synthase—as an acid, it donates H+ ions to the mitochondrial matrix. The electron transport chain is not affected and continues using oxygen, without producing ATP.
While the general opinion is that TFM typically does not harm other fish (due to the relationship between true fish and lampreys), lampricide can be problematic for many amphibians, such as mudpuppies (genus Necturus) which often share the same habitats. Also, some more "primitive" species of fish, such as the sturgeon in the Great Lakes are sensitive to chemicals such as TFM.
References
- ↑ Carstens, Bryan (2005). "Investigating the Evolutionary History of the Pacific Northwest Mesic Forest Ecosystem: Hypothesis Testing Within a Comparative Phylogeographic Framework" (PDF). Evolution. 59 (8): 1639–1652. doi:10.1554/04-661.1.
- ↑ "PubChem Compound Database; CID=6931". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 15 April 2015.