Late December 2015 North American storm complex

Late December 2015 North American storm complex

GOES-13 satellite image of the storm complex over the Southern United States on December 26
Type	Extratropical cyclone Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Tornado outbreak Flood
Formed	December 25, 2015
Dissipated	December 30, 2015
Lowest pressure	989 mb (29.21 inHg)
Tornadoes confirmed	32
Max rating^1	EF4 tornado
Duration of tornado outbreak^2	2 days, 2 hour, 4 minutes
Highest winds	180 mph (290 km/h) (Garland, TX EF4 tornado on December 26)
Maximum snowfall or ice accretion	41 in (1.0 m) at Bonito Lake, New Mexico
Damage	At least $1.2 billion
Power outages	≥65,000
Casualties	59 fatalities
Areas affected	Southwestern, Central, and New England regions in the United States (Particularly Texas); Northern Mexico; Southeastern Canada.
^1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale ^2Time from first tornado to last tornado Part of the 2015–16 North American winter

In late December 2015, a major storm complex developed and produced a tornado outbreak, winter storm, blizzard and ice storm in areas ranging from the Southwestern United States to New England.^[1] Tornadoes impacted areas around Dallas, Texas.^[2] Several states, especially Missouri, were hit with heavy rain and snow causing severe floods. As the system moved through the Great Lakes region, heavy rain, ice pellets and heavy snow fell in the entire region. Wintry mix moved through southern Ontario and Quebec had significant snowfall on December 29. Almost 60 people were killed in the storm system and its aftermath, which made it one of the deadliest of such systems of 2015 in the United States.^[1]

Meteorological history

Animated radar image of the storm complex at 3:15 pm EDT on December 27, 2015. Heavy rain and thunderstorms are on the right, and snowfall on the left.

On December 25, a weak disturbance moved ashore on the West Coast. The disturbance started to move southeastwards into the Southwestern United States early on December 26. Continuing to move east, snow began to fall in the Upper Midwest, dropping up to 5–8 inches (13–20 cm), before rapidly dissipating.^[3] As the initial area of low pressure moved over the United States–Mexico border, a southwards dip in the jet stream to the west had formed. In response to this, an upper-level low developed by evening on December 26. This upper-level low began to track to the north, drawing moisture from the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. As it did so, a long cluster of heavy showers and thunderstorms fired up from eastern Oklahoma to southwestern Missouri, which set up a severe flooding event. Some areas picked up to over 1 foot (12 in) of rainfall, triggering several floods.^[4]

At the same time, supercells began to appear in Texas. One of these produced an EF4 wedge tornado which ripped through parts of Garland and Rowlett, Texas, causing major damage.^[2] As the storm complex began to move to the north, more supercells began to pop up with several more tornadoes being reported. By early on December 27, the supercells had begun to merge into a squall line, with tornado reports beginning to diminish, but occasionally a few isolated tornadoes would be produced by the storm.

While producing severe weather in the Deep South, the storm complex produced heavy snow and blizzard conditions in the southwestern parts of Texas through December 26–27, as frigid temperatures had spilled south into the area just the previous day before. Strong winds contributed to power outages and blowing and drifting snow. The snowfall continued throughout the majority of December 27, before tapering off near midnight as the storm system began to pull out of the region. In total, the storm complex dumped up to 2 feet (24 in) of snow in the western parts of Texas, a very rare and historic occurrence in the affected areas.^[3] The storm had also produced a small but significant ice storm in the central parts of Texas, with ice accumulations ranging up to 1 inch (25 mm) in some areas, leading to thousands of power outages.^[3]

By December 28, the storm complex had moved into the Central United States, producing more snow, ice, heavy rain, and severe weather in an area stretching from the Midwest into Louisiana. The upper-level low eventually began to take over as the dominant low, and had began to make a more east-northeastwards turn. Spreading a swath of 6–12 inches (15–30 cm) from Missouri to Maine, the storm complex continued to accelerate into southern Canada while producing more ice, rain and severe weather as the southern quadrant approached the East Coast.^[3] Rain eventually reached areas like Philadelphia and New York City late on December 28, and persisted somewhat into the early morning hours of December 29. At this point, the storm system had already entered Canada, and its circulation was beginning to become elongated. The remnants of the storm eventually dissipated, early on December 30.^[5]

Impact

Tornado outbreak

On December 26, 2015, the tornado outbreak portion of the storm system, with 32 tornadoes total confirmed, began when 12 tornadoes impacted Texas that evening, mostly in and around the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, killing 13 people,^[6][7][8] which made it the deadliest tornado disaster in the area since the Dallas tornado of 1957, and added to the highest tornado death count in the U.S. for the month of December since 1953.^[9][10] An EF3 tornado moved through multiple subdivisions in Ovilla and Glenn Heights, Texas on the south side of the metroplex, destroying numerous homes and two churches. Ten people in Garland, Texas died as a result of a large and powerful EF4 wedge tornado that also destroyed many homes in the neighboring suburb of Rowlett. An EF2 tornado killed two people in Copeville, while an EF1 caused another fatality near Blue Ridge. Additional tornadoes touched down across the Southern United States on December 27 and 28. Most of these tornadoes were weak, though EF2 tornadoes caused considerable damage near Marianna, Arkansas and Marshall, Texas.^[11] More than 65,000 people lost power in the area due to the tornadoes.^[12][13]

Damage from tornadoes in Texas alone is estimated at $1.2 billion.^[8]

Flooding

The storm system was responsible for heavy rain that caused severe flooding in 13 states, with Missouri being especially impacted.^[14][15] Parts of the state were hit with over 10 in (0.25 m) of heavy rainfall.^[6] At least 14 people died due to the floods in Missouri alone.^[16] In Union, Missouri, the Bourbeuse River rose to 34.22 ft (10.43 m), above the preceding record of 33.79 ft (10.30 m) which occurred on December 5, 1982.^{[15][17][18][19]} More than 180 roads, including portions of Interstates 44, 55, and 70, and several bridges were closed.^[20][21] The Meramec River, near St. Louis, crested 2 ft (0.61 m) above its previous record height, inundating nearby communities. At least 380 homes and 70 businesses were flooded in Franklin County.^[20]

Approximately 140,000 sandbags were brought in to protect portions of the Bayshore subdivision in Arnold. At least 150 homes succumbed to flooding in the city.^[20] More than 100 boat rescues were conducted in Eureka.^[22]

Major flooding also occurred in south Alabama, where the Pea River in Elba, Alabama flooded. Most of the rainfall occurred on Christmas Eve day when training thunderstorms went over the same areas. All in all, a widespread 8-16 inches occurred.

Nine levees were topped—five along the Mississippi River, three along the Missouri River, and one along the Kaskaskia River—though the affected areas were predominantly unpopulated.^[22][23] Large stretches of the Mississippi River were placed on alert due to projected major flooding.^[24]

Flash flooding also claimed seven lives in Illinois, two in Oklahoma, one in Arkansas, and one in Georgia.^{[1][7][25][26]}

Winter storm

The combination of heavy snow, strong winds, and bitterly cold temperatures resulted in blizzard conditions across most of New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, western Oklahoma and West Texas. Some places in this area had over 1–3 ft (30–91 cm) of snow but also snow drifts up to 12 feet (370 cm) high.^[27] In the path of this Texas low, a swath of snow and ice impacted the central Plains and Midwest from Oklahoma to Wisconsin as the storm system moved northeastward toward the eastern Great Lakes. The storm system spread a wintry mix of snow, sleet and freezing rain to New York State and New England, disrupting travel in the region. At least 1 person in New Mexico, and 4 people in Oklahoma died as a direct result of the winter storm system.^{[1][7][28][29][30]}

More than 750 flights were cancelled at Chicago O'Hare International Airport, and hundreds more at Detroit, Toronto and Montreal. Due to a strong Arctic air mass north of the system, parts of northern Michigan, Ontario and all Quebec suffered blizzard conditions, with moderate snow bands and moderate winds as well. 20–30 cm of snow (8–12 in) fell in Ottawa–Gatineau, less than 10 cm (4 in) in Toronto, and the greater Montreal region had 30–40 cm of snow (12–16 in).^{[1][3][6][7][31][32][33][34]}

Four people died in Minnesota in a car accident linked to snow-covered roads.^[35] Two people died from overexertion while clearing snow in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.^[36] Other similar indirect deaths from the winter storm were reported in New Mexico (1 death), Missouri (2), Michigan (1), New York (1), Vermont (3), New Hampshire (1), and Maine (1).^{[1][28][37][38][39]}

The dairy industry in eastern New Mexico and western Texas lost 30,000 cows to the storm.^[40]

Confirmed tornadoes

Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating

EF0	EF1	EF2	EF3	EF4	EF5	Total
10	17	3	1	1	0	32

December 26 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, December 26, 2015^{[note 1]}

EF#	Location	County / Parish	State	Start Coord.	Time (UTC)	Path length	Max width	Damage[note 2]	Summary	Refs
EF0	NE of Byars	McClain	OK	34°56′N 96°58′W / 34.94°N 96.96°W	1957	0.1 mi (0.16 km)	20 yd (18 m)	Unknown	A storm chaser reported a brief tornado.	[41]
EF0	N of Hubbard	Hill	TX	31°53′N 96°49′W / 31.89°N 96.81°W	2003–2007	2.76 mi (4.44 km)	50 yd (46 m)	$15,000	A local fire department reported a tornado that damaged crops.	[42]
EF0	NE of Eustace	Henderson	TX	32°20′N 95°59′W / 32.33°N 95.99°W	2044–2046	0.9 mi (1.4 km)	40 yd (37 m)	$10,000	Trained storm spotters observed a tornado that damaged crops over open land.	[43]
EF0	NNE of Emory	Rains	TX	32°54′N 95°44′W / 32.9°N 95.73°W	2126–2127	0.69 mi (1.11 km)	75 yd (69 m)	$0	Trained storm spotters reported a brief tornado.	[44]
EF0	NNW of Hillsboro	Hill	TX	32°02′20″N 97°09′25″W / 32.039°N 97.157°W	2310–2312	1.6 mi (2.6 km)	80 yd (73 m)	$20,000	Trained storm spotters reported a brief tornado. It remained over open country and caused no damage.	[45]
EF0	S of Sulphur Springs	Hopkins	TX	33°01′23″N 95°37′48″W / 33.023°N 95.63°W	2333–2334	0.36 mi (0.58 km)	25 yd (23 m)	$0	A storm chaser observed a brief tornado.	[46]
EF0	NE of Maypearl	Ellis	TX	32°20′02″N 97°00′43″W / 32.334°N 97.012°W	2343–2344	1.58 mi (2.54 km)	50 yd (46 m)	$0	A local fire department reported a brief tornado.	[47]
EF3	E of Midlothian to Glenn Heights	Ellis, Dallas	TX	32°27′44″N 96°54′32″W / 32.4623°N 96.909°W	0001–0013	8.52 mi (13.71 km)	125 yd (114 m)	$9,730,000	A significant tornado began in Ellis County, damaging 77 single family homes, 23 of which were completely destroyed. After crossing into Dallas County, the tornado damaged 35 homes and an additional 10 mobile homes. Two churches were destroyed, and vehicles were thrown and mangled as well. 46 people were injured.	[48][49]
EF4	Sunnyvale to Rowlett to Lake Ray Hubbard	Dallas, Rockwall	TX	32°47′46″N 96°35′22″W / 32.796°N 96.5894°W	0046–0102	13.04 mi (20.99 km)	550 yd (500 m)	$26,800,000	10 deaths – A violent wedge tornado affected nearly 600 homes in Dallas County, particularly in the cities of Sunnyvale, Garland, and Rowlett. Of these, nearly 400 were destroyed, including a few well-constructed homes that were completely leveled. An additional 22 businesses were impacted, of which one was completely destroyed. Several mobile homes were also destroyed. An apartment complex sustained major structural damage, and multiple self-storage units were destroyed as well. Nine people were killed when their vehicles were lofted and thrown long distances from an elevated highway bridge at the George Bush Turnpike and Interstate 30 interchange, whereas another death occurred after a man sustained injuries in a collapsed home. 468 people were injured	[50][51]
EF0	NE of Ennis	Ellis	TX	32°23′08″N 96°31′48″W / 32.3855°N 96.53°W	0100–0102	5.08 mi (8.18 km)	150 yd (140 m)	$40,000	A few barns were damaged.	[52]
EF2	N of Lavon to N of Copeville	Collin	TX	33°03′39″N 96°26′02″W / 33.0607°N 96.434°W	0109–0115	5.29 mi (8.51 km)	300 yd (270 m)	$1,400,000	2 deaths – A gas station and convenience store in Copeville was completely destroyed, killing two people inside. A large garage structure was destroyed, and over 30 homes and businesses in the area were damaged, some severely. 119 people were injured.	[53]
EF1	W of Farmersville	Collin	TX	33°09′31″N 96°23′44″W / 33.1587°N 96.3956°W	0117–0123	4.47 mi (7.19 km)	300 yd (270 m)	$1,500,000	Several homes, including six mobile homes, were damaged or destroyed.	[54]
EF1	SE of Blue Ridge	Collin	TX	33°16′18″N 96°21′17″W / 33.2718°N 96.3546°W	0133–0138	5.21 mi (8.38 km)	100 yd (91 m)	$600,000	1 death – A log-construction frame home was damaged and a metal high-tension truss tower was blown over. Multiple mobile homes sustained major damage, with an infant being killed in one of them. Fence posts were pulled out of the ground and trees were downed as well. Two people were injured.	[55]

December 27 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Sunday, December 27, 2015^{[note 1]}

EF#	Location	County / Parish	State	Start Coord.	Time (UTC)	Path length	Max width	Damage [note 2]	Summary	Refs
EF0	WSW of De Kalb	Bowie	TX	33°29′50″N 94°40′07″W / 33.4971°N 94.6687°W	2106–2110	2.93 mi (4.72 km)	75 yd (69 m)	$15,000	The roof of a mobile home was partially removed, and several trees were snapped.	[56]
EF1	NW of Gilmer	Upshur	TX	32°43′55″N 94°59′07″W / 32.732°N 94.9854°W	2124–2127	7.98 mi (12.84 km)	1,338 yd (1,223 m)	$45,000	A few outbuildings lost metal roofing panels, and several trees were downed, with a couple causing damage to two houses.	[57]
EF1	NW of Hampton to ENE of Bearden	Calhoun, Ouachita	AR	33°38′32″N 92°39′05″W / 33.6422°N 92.6514°W	2132–2146	7.1 mi (11.4 km)	100 yd (91 m)	$150,000	Part of a roof was blown off of a couple industrial buildings at Highland Industrial Park, several empty rail cars were blown over, and, in Bearden, roofing material was ripped off several commercial buildings. Several trees were downed along the path.	[58][59]
EF1	E of Patmos	Hempstead	AR	33°30′46″N 93°31′36″W / 33.5127°N 93.5267°W	2136–2137	0.84 mi (1.35 km)	350 yd (320 m)	$15,000	Pine trees were downed and a mobile home was damaged.	[60]
EF1	ESE of Camden	Calhoun	AR	33°26′04″N 92°33′12″W / 33.4345°N 92.5534°W	2156–2207	7.22 mi (11.62 km)	400 yd (370 m)	$55,000	An intermittent tornado destroyed two sheds, damaged the roof on a home, and downed several pine trees on a path that passed through Hampton. One pine tree fell on and crushed two cars.	[61]
EF1	E of Willisville	Nevada	AR	33°28′30″N 93°16′54″W / 33.4751°N 93.2818°W	2236–2244	3.85 mi (6.20 km)	353 yd (323 m)	$100,000	Several outbuildings were destroyed and a house sustained roof damage. Numerous trees were snapped and uprooted along the path.	[62]
EF2	NNE of Marshall to SSE of Jefferson	Harrison	TX	32°37′22″N 94°19′18″W / 32.6228°N 94.3216°W	2239–2251	7.78 mi (12.52 km)	300 yd (270 m)	$300,000	Two mobile homes and several outbuildings were destroyed, with pieces tin roofing from one outbuilding being found at least a quarter-mile away. Multiple frame homes were damaged as well, and a pickup truck and storage trailer were tossed. Numerous trees were snapped and uprooted along the path.	[63]
EF1	Hermitage to E of Banks	Bradley	AR	33°26′58″N 92°10′21″W / 33.4495°N 92.1725°W	2306–2318	7.11 mi (11.44 km)	200 yd (180 m)	$75,000	An awning was damaged at Hermintage School, part of the roof was ripped off a chicken house, a shed was destroyed, and a home sustained minor damage. Many trees were downed.	[64]
EF1	ENE of Lodi	Cass	TX	32°54′17″N 94°13′11″W / 32.9046°N 94.2196°W	2309–2311	1.25 mi (2.01 km)	200 yd (180 m)	$0	Several trees were snapped or uprooted.	[65]
EF1	W of Wilmar	Drew	AR	33°35′03″N 91°57′23″W / 33.5843°N 91.9564°W	0006–0017	5.74 mi (9.24 km)	150 yd (140 m)	$60,000	The roof was ripped off of a house and thrown onto a shed, and several pine trees were downed.	[66]
EF1	W of Blanchard	Caddo	LA	32°35′56″N 94°01′30″W / 32.5989°N 94.0249°W	0210–0211	0.09 mi (0.14 km)	41 yd (37 m)	$5,000	Trees were snapped and uprooted along the path, and a mobile home sustained damage to its skirting.	[67]
EF1	NNE of Blanchard	Caddo	LA	32°36′26″N 93°52′40″W / 32.6071°N 93.8777°W	0216–0220	2.27 mi (3.65 km)	144 yd (132 m)	$250,000	Tornado moved through two mobile home parks, damaging numerous mobile homes. One of the mobile homes was blown off its foundation, while another was crushed by a tree. One outbuilding was destroyed and two others were damaged. Numerous trees were snapped and uprooted along the path.	[68]
EF1	SW of Homer	Claiborne	LA	32°45′50″N 93°07′32″W / 32.7639°N 93.1255°W	0510–0511	0.17 mi (0.27 km)	21 yd (19 m)	$0	Several trees were uprooted.	[69]

December 28 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Monday, December 28, 2015^{[note 1]}

EF#	Location	County / Parish	State	Start Coord.	Time (UTC)	Path length	Max width	Damage[note 2]	Summary	Refs
EF1	ENE of Walker	Livingston	LA	30°29′58″N 90°49′45″W / 30.4995°N 90.8292°W	0853–0856	1.94 mi (3.12 km)	100 yd (91 m)	Unknown	A semi-truck was flipped and a trailer was moved. A building has its metal roof ripped off and a door blown inward.	[70]
EF1	W of Laplace	St. John the Baptist	LA	30°04′39″N 90°32′16″W / 30.0775°N 90.5378°W	0920–0925	0.6 mi (0.97 km)	150 yd (140 m)	Unknown	Roof and fence damage occurred, and several power poles were snapped.	[71]
EF2	SW of Marianna	Lee	AR	34°42′07″N 90°54′58″W / 34.702°N 90.9161°W	1046–1051	5.75 mi (9.25 km)	40 yd (37 m)	$50,000	A mobile home was destroyed and homes sustained roof damage.	[72]
EF1	NW of Seminary	Covington	MS	31°32′26″N 89°31′48″W / 31.5405°N 89.5301°W	1143–1151	5.59 mi (9.00 km)	100 yd (91 m)	$100,000	One barn was destroyed, several homes sustained minor damage, and numerous trees were snapped or uprooted.	[73]
EF1	SW of Chumuckla	Santa Rosa	FL	30°45′45″N 87°14′15″W / 30.7626°N 87.2375°W	1430–1432	0.78 mi (1.26 km)	75 yd (69 m)	$10,000	A tornado tracked through a heavily forested area, uprooting pecan trees and snapping cedar and pines. The NWS survey team was unable to examine the entire path, and it is possible the tornado path extended further south.	[74]
EF0	NNE of Trinity	Union	NC	34°52′37″N 80°31′34″W / 34.877°N 80.526°W	2158–2201	0.9 mi (1.4 km)	75 yd (69 m)	$50,000	Five sheds and outbuildings were damaged or destroyed, the wall of one home sitting on concrete blocks was slightly shifted, a camper was rolled onto its side, and trees were downed.	[75]

Notes

1. All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.
2. All damage totals are in 2015 USD unless otherwise stated.

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