Lena Baker
| Lena Baker | |
|---|---|
 Lena Baker's February 23, 1945 mugshot | |
| Born |
June 8, 1900 Cuthbert, Georgia |
| Died |
March 5, 1945 (aged 44) Reidsville, Georgia |
| Occupation | Maid |
| Criminal penalty | Death by electrocution |
| Criminal status | Executed |
| Children | 3 |
| Conviction(s) | Capital murder |
Lena Baker (June 8, 1900 – March 5, 1945) was an African American maid in Cuthbert, Georgia who was wrongfully convicted of capital murder of her white employer, Ernest Knight. She was executed by the state of Georgia in 1945.[1] Baker was the only woman in Georgia to be executed by electrocution. [2][1]
The slaying and execution came during a decades-long period of state suppression of civil rights of black citizens in Georgia by the white-dominated society. It had disenfranchised blacks since the turn of the century, and imposed legal racial segregation and second-class status. At the time of the trial, a local newspaper reported that Baker was held as a "slave woman" by Knight, and that she shot him in self-defense during a struggle.[3]
In 2005, sixty years after her execution, the state of Georgia granted Baker a full and unconditional pardon. A biography was published about Baker in 2001, and it was adapted for the feature film The Lena Baker Story (2008), chronicling the events of her life, trial, and execution.
Early life
Lena Baker was born June 8, 1900, to a family of sharecroppers and raised near Cuthbert, Georgia. Her family, which included three siblings, moved to the county seat when she was a child. As a youth, she and her siblings all worked as farm laborers; she chopped cotton for a farmer named J.A. Cox.[4]
Later years
By the 1940s, Baker was the mother of three children and worked as a maid to support her family. In 1944, Baker started working for Ernest Knight, an older white man who had broken his leg. He owned a gristmill and, after they started a sexual relationship, he would keep her there imprisoned for days at a time in "near slavery."[3] Knight's son and townspeople disliked their relationship, and tried to end it through threatening Baker.[1] One night an argument between the two ensued, during which Knight threatened Baker with an iron bar. As she tried to escape, they struggled over his pistol and she shot and killed him. She immediately reported the incident and said she had acted in self-defense.
Trial and execution
Lena Baker was charged with capital murder and stood trial on August 14, 1944. The trial was presided over by Judge William "Two Gun" Worrill, who kept a pair of pistols in view on his judicial bench.[4] At her trial, Baker testified that Knight forced her to go with him on that Saturday evening of April 29. The town disliked their sexual relationship and the county sheriff had warned her to stay away from Knight, or risk being sent to jail. But she was afraid of Knight's physical abuse; he had forced relations on her. His son had also beat her on another occasion, warning her to stay away from his father.[3] Baker said she got away from Knight that night and slept in the woods. As she returned to Cuthbert the next morning, Knight cornered her, taking her to the gristmill and locking her in. When Knight returned, Baker told him she was leaving. According to Baker, they "tussled over the pistol," after he threatened her with an iron bar.[2] She immediately reported it to J.A. Cox, the county coroner who had previously employed her.
The all-white, all-male jury rejected Baker's plea of self-defense and convicted her of capital murder by the end of the first day of the trial.[4] This charge carried an automatic death sentence. In addition to the legal racial segregation imposed by the white-dominated Georgia legislature, it had disenfranchised most blacks since the turn of the century, which disqualified them from jury service. After Baker's court-appointed counsel, W.L. Ferguson, filed an appeal, he dropped Baker as a client.[4]
Governor Ellis Arnall granted Baker a 60-day reprieve so that the Board of Pardons and Parole could review the case, but in January 1945 it denied Baker clemency.[5] She was transferred to Georgia State Prison at Reidsville on February 23, 1945.[5]
What I done, I did in self-defense, or I would have been killed myself. Where I was I could not overcome it. God has forgiven me. I have nothing against anyone. I picked cotton for Mr. Pritchett, and he has been good to me. I am ready to go. I am one in the number. I am ready to meet my God. I have a very strong conscience.— Baker's last words[4]
Baker was executed on March 5, 1945.[1] She was buried in an unmarked grave behind Mount Vernon Baptist Church, where she had sung in the choir.
Posthumous recognition and legacy
In 1998, members of the congregation arranged for a simple headstone for her grave.[5] That year two articles were published about her case.[6]
In 2003, descendants of Baker's family began to mark the anniversary of her death and Mother's Day at her graveside. That year Baker's grandnephew, Roosevelt Curry, requested an official pardon from the state, aided by the Georgia-based prison advocacy group, Prison and Jail Project.
In 2005, the Parole Board granted Baker a full and unconditional pardon.[1][5][4] Commentators have suggested that in 1945, the Board of Pardons and Parole could have lowered her charge to voluntary manslaughter, which would have carried an average 15-year sentence and saved her life.[1][7]
Representation in other media
In 2001 Lena Bond Phillips, a professor at Andrew College, published a biography, The Lena Baker Story. This was adapted as a feature film of the same name, released in 2008.
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Younge, Gary (2005-08-17). "Pardon for maid executed in 1945". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
- 1 2 Lohr, Kathy. "Ga. Woman Pardoned 60 Years After Her Execution". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
- 1 2 3 Guest Commentary: Lela Bond Phillips, "The Lena Baker Story: Execution in a small town", The Black Commentator, May 2003, accessed 24 June 2016
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 McGraw, Seamus. "Missing Mamma: The Lena Baker Story: The Pursuit of Justice - truTV dramatization". The Crime Library. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
- 1 2 3 4 "Lena Baker Case". History and Archaeology >> Progressive Era to World War II, 1900-1945. The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
- ↑ Woolner, Ann. "Condemned in a Day," Fulton County Daily Report, 9 March 1998; Woolner, Ann. "Lena Baker: Postscript," Fulton County Daily Report, 16 March 1998
- ↑ "Executed US maid to be pardoned". BBC News. 2005-08-16. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
Further reading
- Phillips, Lela Bond. The Lena Baker Story. Atlanta: Wings Publishers, 2001.