Lophostropheus

Lophostropheus
Temporal range: Late Triassic/Early Jurassic, 200 Ma
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Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Superorder: Dinosauria
Order: Saurischia
Suborder: Theropoda
Superfamily: Coelophysoidea
Genus: Lophostropheus
Ezcurra & Cuny, 2007
Species
Synonyms

Lophostropheus (pron.:" LOAF-oh-STRO-fee-us") is an extinct genus of coelophysoid theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 200 million years ago during the boundary between the Late Triassic Period and the Early Jurassic Period, in what is now Normandy, France. Lophostropheus is one of the few dinosaurs that may have survived the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. Lophostropheus was a small to medium-sized, moderately-built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore, that could grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) long. Over the years it had been incorrectly classified as Halticosaurus and Liliensternus, but was later recognized as a new genus and was reassigned to Lophostropheus in 2007.

Etymology

The composite term Lophostropheus is derived from the Greek words "lophos" (λόφος) meaning "crest" and the word "strophe" (στροφή) meaning "vertebrae";[1] thus, "crest vertebrae". This naming is a reference to the prominent dorsal and ventral laminae observed in the cranial cervical vertebrae. The specific name, "airelensis" is a reference to the locality where the specimen was discovered, the Airel Quarry. Lophostropheus was described and named by Argentine paleontologist Martin Ezcurra (Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales) and French paleontologist Gilles Cuny of the Université Pierre et Marie Curie in 2007, and the type species is Lophostropheus airelensis.

Description

Estimates suggest that Lophostropheus was at best 3 m (10 ft) long and weighed 100 kilograms (220 pounds) at most.[2] It is based on a partial skeleton first described in 1966 as a specimen of Halticosaurus.

Classification

Lophostropheus differs from other theropods in several ways. It has features reminiscent of more derived theropods, such as having a ball connection to the front of its neck vertebrae, a socket connection to the front of its tail vertebrae, and a vertical ridge on the ilium. These characteristics have all been interpreted as convergences, however.[3] It also has prominent crests on the tops and bottoms of its neck vertebrae (for which it was named),[3] and an extra pair of cavities in its neck vertebrae, unlike Liliensternus.[4] It was closer to the coelophysids, including the well-known Coelophysis, than to Liliensternus.[3] It has been assigned to the superfamily Coelophysoidea.

Distinguishing anatomical features

A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group.

According to Ezcurra and Cuny (2007), Lophostropheus can be distinguished based on the following characteristics:

History of discovery

In 1966, the French paleontologists C. Larsonneur and Albert-Félix de Lapparent described a partial theropod skeleton from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary of Normandy as Halticosaurus sp.[5] This specimen consisted of a tooth, five neck vertebrae, two vertebrae from the back, four sacral vertebrae, tail vertebrae, portions of all the pelvic bones, and an unidentified fragment.[3] It was reinterpreted in 1993 by Gilles Cuny and Peter Galton as belonging to a new species, assigned to Liliensternus and named L. airelensis.[6] Other researchers began to notice differences between L. airelensis and the type species, L. liliensterni,[4][7] such as those observed in the pleurocoels of the cervical vertebrae,[4] and in 2007, Martin Ezcurra and Gilles Cuny assigned it to its own genus, Lophostropheus.[3]

Paleobiology

Lophostropheus, as a coelophysoid, would have been a small to medium-sized bipedal carnivore,[8] probably comparable in size and habits to Liliensternus (best specimen estimated at 5.15 meters long, or 16.9 feet).[9] Very few dinosaurs are known from its time period; in fact, it is the only theropod genus known from good remains at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.[3]

Paleoecology

Provenance and occurrence

The remains of the type specimen of Lophostropheus airelensis was recovered in the Airel Quarry locality of the Moon-Airel Formation, in Basse-Normandie, France. The specimen was collected by Pareyn in 1959 in sandy claystone and lenticular, sandy limestone that was deposited on the boundary of the Rhaetian stage of the Triassic period and the Hettangian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 201-200 million years ago. It is one of the few dinosaurs known to have lived during the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Lophostropheus is one of the few dinosaurs that may have survived the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event when at least half of the known species living on Earth became extinct. This specimen is housed in the collection of Caen University in Normandy, France, and has not been assigned a collection number.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
  2. ↑ "LOPHOSTROPHEUS". Dinochecker.com. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ezcurra, Martin D.; Cuny, Gilles (2007). "The coelophysoid Lophostropheus airelensis, gen. nov.: a review of the systematics of "Liliensternus" airelensis from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary outcrops of Normandy (France)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (1): 73–86. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[73:TCLAGN]2.0.CO;2.
  4. 1 2 3 Rauhut, Oliver W.M.; Hungerbühler, A. (2002). "A review of European Triassic theropods". Gaia. 15: 75–88.
  5. ↑ C., Larsonneur; and de Lapparent, Albert-Félix (1966). "Un dinosaurien carnivore, Halticosaurus, dans le Rhétien d'Airel (Manche)". Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie (in French). 7: 108–117.
  6. ↑ Cuny, Gilles; Galton, Peter M. (1993). "Revision of the Airel theropod dinosaur from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (Normany, France)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 187 (3): 261–288.
  7. ↑ Carrano, M. T., and Sampson, S. D., 2004, A review of coelophysoids (Dinosauria: theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Europe, with comments on the late history of the coelophysoidea: Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatschefte, 2004, n. 9, p. 537-558.
  8. ↑ Tykoski, Ronald S.; Rowe, Timothy (2004). "Ceratosauria". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 47–70. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  9. ↑ Paul, Gregory S. (1988). Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 267. ISBN 0-671-61946-2.
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