Kuini Liliha

Kuini Liliha
Royal governor of Oʻahu
Boki (left) with Liliha (right)
Born	c. 1802 Hawaii
Died	August 25, 1839 Honolulu
Spouse	Kahalaiʻa Luanuʻu Boki Kalaniulumoku Namaile Kamaile Haalou Kulinui

Kuini Liliha (c. 1802–1839) was a High Chiefess in the ancient Hawaiian tradition and served the Kingdom of Hawaii as royal governor of Oʻahu island. She administered the island from 1829 to 1831 following the death of her husband.

Early life

She was born in 1802. Her father was Ulumāheihei Hoapili, a son of Kameʻeiamoku, one of the nīʻaupiʻo (highest noble rank) royal twin brothers. Her mother was High Chiefess Kalilikauoha of Maui, who was the daughter of King Kahekili II of Maui and his half-sister bride Luahiwa. Some genealogists say Liliha was only adopted by Hoapili, but the practice known as hānai was considered a bond as strong as a blood relation.^[1] According to them, she was the biological daughter of Kaokanu, a son or grandson of Kaolohaka-a-Keawe, one of the many issues of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku; and his wife High Chiefess Loeau.^[2][3] Her name means "heartsick queen" in the Hawaiian language.^[4][5] She had no siblings. She married Boki, an advisor and friend to King Kamehameha II.^[6]

United Kingdom

In the royal box at London, 1824. Liliha was known as Madame Poke in London.

Boki, Liliha, and Mataio Kekūanāoʻa were principal members of the entourage that accompanied King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu on an 1824 diplomatic tour of the United Kingdom, visiting King George IV. The entire delegation contracted the measles, since native Hawaiians had no immunity to the disease. As a result, Queen Kamāmalu and several chiefs died, including Kamehameha II who was so distraught after his Queen's death that he died in Liliha's arms.

Boki and Liliha survived the measles and Boki took charge of what was left of the delegation. They managed to secure agreements of friendship from the British government. The Kingdom of Hawaii also became a protectorate of the British military under those agreements. Boki and Liliha returned to Oʻahu with the bodies of Kamehameha II and Kamāmalu in 1825 on the British warship HMS Blonde.^[7]

Catholicism

Liliha became embroiled in the dispute over freedom of religion in the kingdom. Kaʻahumanu was the widow of Kamehameha I, and later ruled as Queen Regent during the reigns of both Kamehameha II and Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III). She had been influenced by the Protestant missionaries in Honolulu and was baptized into the Congregational church. Heeding the advice of her Congregationalist ministers, Kaʻahumanu convinced King Kamehameha III to ban the Roman Catholic Church from the islands.

The priests and lay brothers of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary were forcibly deported from the kingdom. Native Hawaiians who had converted were persecuted. Some were beaten and imprisoned. When Kaʻahumanu discovered that Boki and Liliha were among the first chiefs to convert to the suppressed Hawaii Church it angered the queen regent, who wanted all the chiefs to accept Protestantism in order that all Hawaiians would follow. Kuini Liliha's steadfastness in her Catholicism influenced Native Hawaiian Catholics to persevere even in suppression. Only after the intervention of the French government and Captain Cyrille-Pierre-Théodore Laplace and Kamehameha III's proclamation of the Edict of Toleration did Hawaiians like Kuini Liliha have the legal right of membership in the Hawaii Catholic Church.

Royal governor

As royal governor, Boki incurred large debts from the foreigners and attempted to cover them by traveling to the New Hebrides to harvest sandalwood. Before departing in 1829, Boki entrusted administration of Oʻahu to his wife. One of her new responsibilities was to become legal guardian and sole trustee of the properties of Kamehameha III, who had become king as a child. This was opposed by Kaʻahumanu who was ruling Hawaii as queen regent and had developed a rivalry with Liliha. About this time, Kaʻahumanu forced Liliha to give up some of her land in an area known as Punahou to missionary Hiram Bingham I. This eventually became the site of Punahou School, also known as Oʻahu College, for the children of the missionaries.^[8]

Boki and his entourage were lost at sea and pronounced dead, leaving Liliha in administration as royal governor.^[9] On April 1, 1831 Kaʻahumanu heard rumors of a planned rebellion, so sent Hoapili to remove Liliha of her power, replacing her with Kaʻahumanu's own brother, John Adams Kuakini as governor of Oʻahu. In November 1833 (after Kaʻahumanu's death and Kamehameha III came to age) some chiefs planned to back her as Kuhina Nui, a position similar to prime minister or as powerful as co-regent. Instead, Hoapili put his support behind Elizabeth Kīnaʻu, who also acted as governor of Oʻahu with Kuakini returning to the island of Hawaiʻi.^[10]

Legacy

Liliha had numerous other husbands and partners. In fact, she was probably the most married chiefess during her lifetime; she had a document seven partners or husbands. Besides Kahalaiʻa Luanuʻu and Boki, she married Kalaniulumoku and Namaile by whom she had daughters, Jane Loeau (1828–1873), and Abigail Maheha (1832–?), respectively.^[11] King Kamehameha III declared both eligible for the Hawaiian throne, and they were sent to the Chiefs' Children's School later known as the Royal School in Honolulu. With Kamaile, she had a son, John F. Koakanu (1833–1880) and two daughters, Maheha (mentioned above) and Kailinoa. With Haalou she had another daughter Mary Ann Kiliwehi (1840–1873). With Kulinui she had a son, Aberahama Kaikioewa Palekaluhi (1830–1912).^[1][12]

She died on August 24, 1839 in Honolulu and was buried on the sacred island called Moku ʻula on Maui. Later she was reburied in the Waineʻe cemetery.^[6] Although treated as a rebel by Kaʻahumanu, she was generally loved by the people. For example, a traditional hula chant honors her memory.^[13] A street is named for her in Honolulu.^[14]

References

1. Kapiikauinamoku (1956). "Kamehamehanui Wed To Princess Manu-Haaipo". in The Story of Maui Royalty. The Honolulu Advertiser, Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
2. Edith K. McKinzie and Ishmael W. Stagner (1983). Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. 1. University of Hawaii Press. p. 42. ISBN 0-939154-28-5.
3. Christopher Buyers. "The Kamehameha Dynasty Genealogy (Page 4)". Royal Ark web site. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
4. Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of kuini ". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
5. Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of liliha ". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
6. Kuini Liliha at Find a Grave
7. James Macrae (1922). William Frederick Wilson, ed. With Lord Byron at the Sandwich Islands in 1825: Being Extracts from the MS Diary of James Macrae, scottish botanist. ISBN 978-0-554-60526-5.
8. Ethel M. Damon (March 1924). "Punahou's First Half Century". The Friend. 94. Honolulu.
9. "Governor of Oʻahu" (PDF). official archives. State of Hawaii. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
10. Kamakau 1992, pp. 336–337.
11. Christopher Buyers. "The Kamehameha Dynasty Genealogy (Page 4)".
12. McKinzie, Edith Kawelohea (1983). Stagner, Ishmael W., ed. Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0-939154-28-5. OCLC 12555087.
13. Kaiulani Kanoa-Martin. "Ke Ala Nui Liliha". Hawaiian Music and Hula Archives. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
14. Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel Hoyt Elbert and Esther T. Mookini (2004). "lookup of liliha ". in Place Names of Hawai'i. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved October 22, 2010.

Bibliography

• Kamakau, Samuel (1992) [1961]. Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii (Revised ed.). Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 0-87336-014-1.