Lionel, LLC
 | |
| Private | |
| Industry |
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| Predecessor |
Lionel Trains, Inc. Lionel Corporation |
| Founded | Chesterfield Township, Michigan, United States (1995) |
| Headquarters | Concord, North Carolina[1], United States |
Key people | Howard Hitchcock, President |
| Products | Model trains |
| Revenue | US$62 million (2006) |
| Owner |
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| Website |
lionel |
Lionel, LLC is an American designer and importer of toy trains and model railroads that is based in Concord, North Carolina. Its roots lie in the 1969 purchase of the Lionel product line from the Lionel Corporation by cereal conglomerate General Mills and subsequent purchase in 1986 by businessman Richard P. Kughn forming Lionel Trains, Inc. in 1986. The Martin Davis Investment Group (Wellspring) bought Lionel Trains, Inc. in 1995 and renamed it Lionel LLC.
Although Lionel, LLC now owns all of the trademarks and most of the product rights associated with Lionel Corporation, the original producer of Lionel trains founded in 1900, there is no direct connection between the two companies.
According to its reorganization papers filed as part of its bankruptcy plan on May 21, 2007, about 95% of the company's sales come from O gauge trains. The plan estimated that about US$70 million worth of O gauge trains are sold each year, and that Lionel accounts for about 60% of that market, making it the largest manufacturer of O gauge trains.
List of Lionel Corporation Presidents/CEO's (1900 - 1995)
1 - Joshua Lionel Cowen 1900 - 1945
2 - Lawrence Cowen 1945 - 1959
3 - Roy Cohn (Chairman) 1959 - 1963
4 - John Medaris[2] 1959 - 1967
5 - Ronald Saypol 1968 - 1995
List of Modern-Era Lionel Presidents/CEO's (1970 - Present)
1 - General Mills 1968 - 1986
2 - Richard P. Kughn (CEO) 1986 - 1995
3 - Art Peisner (President) 1986 - 1995
4 - Martin Davis Investment Group 1995 - 2000
5 - Gary Moreau 1995 - 1999
6 - Richard Maddox 1999 - 2001
7 - Bill Bracy 2001 - 2004
8 - Jerry Calabrese 2004 - 2014
9 - Howard Hitchcock 2014–Present
Lionel Eras
1 - Pre-War Era: 1900 - 1941
2 - World War 2 Era: 1941 - 1945 (only train produced was the Lionel Wartime Freight Train made from cardstock, also known as the "paper train").
3 - Post-War Era: 1945 - 1969
4 - Modern Era: 1969 - 2006
5 - Future Era: 2006–Present
The MPC/General Mills era (1970–1986)
Lionel Corporation sold the tooling for its then-current product line and licensed the Lionel name to General Mills in 1969, who then operated Lionel as a division of its subsidiary Model Products Corporation or MPC beginning in 1970. General Mills did not buy the company, however. The Lionel Corporation became a holding company and invested in a number of ventures, including what would eventually become an East Coast chain of toy stores known as "Lionel Leisure World".
According to Lionel: A Collector's Guide and History, volume IV, 1970-1980, Lionel struck a deal with General Mills to lease the Lionel name for ten years starting in 1970. This deal included the purchase of a portion of the Lionel tooling and as part of the agreement, production & sale of the 1969 train product line would be handled by the Lionel Corporation. The balance of the tooling was purchased on December 31, 1969. The lease was renegotiated in 1974.
Due to General Mills' cost-cutting measures, production of Lionel-branded toy and model trains returned to profitability, but sometimes at the expense of quality. Detail was often sacrificed, and most of the remaining metal parts were replaced with molded plastic. A number of MPC's changes to the product line endure to the present day, the most noticeable being the use of needlepoint axles and trucks made of Delrin, two changes made to reduce friction and allow longer trains. Also starting in 1973, MPC experimented with a line of cars it called "Standard O," which were scaled to 1:48 (most postwar Lionel and MPC production was undersize for O scale). The experiment's failure is generally blamed on MPC's lack of a 1:48 locomotive and caboose to go with the cars; when it was repeated again in the 1980s with locomotives of appropriate size, it proved more successful.
An internal reorganization after 1973 caused Lionel to become part of General Mills' Fundimensions group. Although Lionel's tenure with MPC was relatively short, "MPC" is the most commonly used term for the 1970–1985 era.
In 1979, General Mills resurrected the American Flyer brand and product line, which Lionel Corporation had originally purchased in 1967 from its bankrupt competitor (The A. C. Gilbert Company of New Haven, Connecticut). American Flyer products by Gilbert made after World War II are scaled roughly to a 1:64 proportion and are known as S gauge; their most distinctive feature, however, is that they operate on two-rail track as opposed to Lionel's three-rail trackage system.
After a period of time of absence in the market, Gilbert American Flyer S gauge trains were no longer considered a direct competitor to Lionel's 1:48 proportion O gauge trains. To this day, Lionel markets American Flyer S gauge in limited quantities for the operator & collector markets.
The year 1982 brought General Mills' ill-fated move of train production from the United States to Mexico. Some Lionel fans were angry simply because the trains had been made in the United States for more than 80 years, while others criticized the quality of the Mexican-produced trains. Lionel production returned to the United States by 1984. During this time, corporate offices were retained at the company's Mount Clemens (later, Chesterfield), Michigan, location.
When General Mills spun off its Kenner-Parker division in 1985, Lionel became part of Kenner-Parker. The Lionel product line was sold again in 1986, this time to toy-train collector / real estate developer Richard P. Kughn of Detroit, Michigan who formed Lionel Trains, Inc. (LTI).
Lionel Collectors Club of America
In 1974, the LCCA was created in Des Moines, Iowa and 83 other charter members. The club mainly focuses on having members show an interest of Lionel trains with train meets, swap meets, and also annual conventions. In 2012, the LCCA and also the Lionel Railroaders Club (LRRC) merged but the name still resides LCCA. Before the merger, it used to be one membership for publications by LCCA and another separate membership for the annual conventions in the summer. After the merger, they changed the decision so that junior membership and regular membership can get the publications and the invitation to the annual conventions with just one membership instead of two.
Joshua Lionel Cowen (JLC) Series
In early 2002, Lionel decided to put out fantastic models in black boxes that read "Joshua Lionel Cowen Series." The JLC Series ran from 2002 - 2012 as a 10-year anniversary for Lionel's first CEO and President: Joshua Lionel Cowen. Some trains included in the JLC series are the N&W Y6B, the C&O Allegheny 2-6-6-6, The UP Big Boy, The SP Cab Forward, The B&O EM-1, the always famous Lionel Hudson, and many more. It became a hit with the collectors, clubs, and also many operators and fans as well.
Lionel Trains Inc/Richard Kughn era (1986–1995)
In 1986, Detroit-based real estate developer (and railroad enthusiast) Richard Kughn bought the brand and established Lionel Trains Inc. In 1989, Lionel rolled out RailSounds, heralding an era of high-tech audio realism. In 1991, the most popular toy train, the Santa Fe F3 was reintroduced with RailSounds. In 1992 Richard Kughn and musician Neil Young, an avid model railroader, created Liontech, chartered to develop exclusive new model train control and sound systems. Liontech's RailSounds II debuted in 1994.
Also debuting in 1994 was the brainchild of Neil Young, Lionel's Trainmaster Command Control, a technology similar to Digital Command Control which permits, among other things, the operation of Lionel trains by remote control. Richard Kughn sold Lionel in 1995 to the Martin Davis Investment Group which owned Lionel LLC from 1995 to 2000 before giving the CEO rights to Richard Maddox.
TMCC Era (1994 - 2006) and Legacy (2006 - Present)
In 1994, TMCC (TrainMaster Command Control) was introduced. This allowed the collectors to walk around the layout without staying at the control panel. It allowed new features like whistle, bell, chugging, diesel roar, electro-couplers, ability to turn RailSounds on or off, and many more. In 1996, Lionel introduced the Century Club line, which featured Postwar items such as the 736 Berkshire and GG1 with TMCC Command Equipped RailSounds. In 1998, Lionel introduced the Postwar Celebration Series. This featured trains, coaches, freight cars, accessories, and transformers from the Postwar era. The Postwar Celebration Series lasted from 1998 to 2009.
In 1998 and 1999, the "Big Momma" articulateds came out. They were the N&W 1218, the C&O 1601, and the UP Big Boy.
In 1999, the Texas Special was re-fitted with its brand new TMCC control board and became a hit among the collectors.
In 2003, Lionel made RailSounds Sets for the first time under NYC and Santa Fe Railroads respectively.
In 2006, TMCC was phased out when Lionel unveiled their new Legacy system.
In 2013, Lionel RailSounds Sets were discontinued when Lionel unveiled the LionChief system.
In 2014, Lionel revealed LionChief Plus as a new standard for RailSounds sets.
In late 2014, Lionel's new SensorTrack was unveiled.
The Wellspring era (1995–current)
Lionel changed hands again in 1995, when Kughn sold controlling interest in the company to an investment group that included Neil Young (a longtime fan of model trains and of this brand) and the holding company Wellspring Capital Management, which was headed by former Paramount Communications (formerly Gulf+Western) chairman Martin Davis (he had left the board of Viacom, which bought Paramount the previous year). The new company became known as Lionel LLC. The company continued marketing reproductions of its vintage equipment, and the trend towards producing new equipment that was ever-more-detailed continued. Neil Young now had a 20% stake in the company.[3]
In order to proliferate Trainmaster Command Control as a standard, Lionel licensed it to several of its competitors, including K-Line. Lionel, LLC continued to manufacture and market trains and accessories in O scale under the Lionel brand and S gauge under the American Flyer brand. While most of the American Flyer products are re-issues using old Gilbert tooling from the 1950s, the O scale equipment is a combination of new designs and reissues. Lionel also ventured into HO scale at times during its history, with limited success.
In 1989, Lionel LLC made the switch from MPC to RailSounds featuring the TMCC [TrainMaster Command Control] during that year. Some of those famous engines were mostly Hudsons like: the 1990 Lionel #5340 Hudson, the 1995 Lionel #490 C&O Hudson and the 1996 Lionel Commodore Vanderbilt. Others soon followed like the articulated engines in 1999 and 2000.
In 1996 and 1997, the Lionel Century Club was unveiled to the Public. It featured the 726 Berkshire, the GG-1, the 773 Hudson, the NYC F3, and the Pennsy O-27 Scale Turbine. All retained their postwar look with the latest technology at the time. In 1998, Century Club II was announced and released with one of the engines being a NYC 4-8-4 Niagara with cab number #6024.
Also in 1997 and 1998, the Postwar Celebration Series began. This series featured Postwar trains, accessories, transformers, and cars retaining postwar looks with the latest technologies. The series lasted from 1997 - 2011.
In 1999 and 2000, there was big demand for high-end articulated steam engines. In 1999, Lionel LLC manufactured the first three articulated steam engines to the country. Those three are the N&W A Class manufactured in early 1998, The Allegheny which was manufactured in 1999, and the Big Boy which was manufactured in 2000. Since 1998, Lionel has made more than 10 different types of articulated steam including the Virginian and Erie triplexes.
In 1999, The Texas Special was fitted with RailSounds and critics pointed out that it had the best diesel horn Lionel ever produced. The set came with a powered A-Unit, a non-powered B-Unit, a non-powered A-unit, 2 coach cars, a dome car, and an observation car. The train came in a Lionel Postwar Celebration Series box and was a TMCC engine.
In 2001, Lionel closed its last manufacturing plant in the United States, outsourcing production to Korea and China. While this move proved unpopular with some longtime fans, the backlash was minor in comparison to the failed move of production to Mexico in the 1980s. The company also licensed the Lionel name to numerous third parties, who have marketed various Lionel-branded products since 1995.
The 2004 Christmas movie Polar Express, based on the children's book of the same name, provided Lionel with its first hit in years. Lionel produced a train set based on the movie, and stronger-than-anticipated demand caused highly publicized shortages. Various news stories told of a reporter's quest to locate a set, and some dealers marked the prices up above the suggested retail price of US$229. Sets turned up on eBay with buy-now prices of US$449 as Lionel ordered an additional production run but said it would not be able to deliver the additional sets until March of the following year. The set remains a popular seller in the product line in 2012.
In 2006, the Lionel electric train was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame, along with the Easy Bake Oven. It was the first time an electric toy had ever been inducted. That same year, Lionel made a bigger push to sell its train sets outside of hobby shops, selling them in stores such as FAO Schwarz, Macy's, and Target. By November 2006, the company had turned a US$760,000 profit on sales of US$55 million.
In 2010, Lionel decided to remove RailSounds from train sets that were used since the mid 90s and put in basic TrainSounds instead. Most of these sets now only come with an electronic whistle/horn and bell.
This era was marked by legal troubles. In April 2000, competitor and former partner MTH Electric Trains filed a trade secret misappropriation lawsuit against Lionel, LLC, saying that one of Lionel's subcontractors had acquired plans for an MTH locomotive design and used them to design locomotives for Lionel. Additionally, on May 27, 2004, Union Pacific Railroad sued Athearn and Lionel for trademark infringement because both companies put the names and logos of UP, as well as the names and logos of various fallen flag railroads UP had acquired over the years, on their model railroad products without a license. While Athearn quickly settled and acquired a license, Lionel initially resisted, arguing that it and its predecessor companies had been using the logos for more than 50 years and had been encouraged or even paid to do so. On September 13, 2006, Lionel and UP settled the suit for US$640,000 plus a royalty on future sales.
The misappropriation lawsuit by MTH eventually went to trial, and on June 7, 2004, a jury in Detroit, Michigan found Lionel liable and awarded MTH US$40,775,745. On November 1, 2004, a federal judge upheld the jury's decision. Lionel announced it would appeal, and two weeks later filed for bankruptcy, citing the judgment as the main reason. On December 14, 2006, the judgment was overturned on appeal, citing legal mistakes in the jury trial, and a new trial ordered. see;http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?page=9&xmldoc=2006870472F3d398_1870.xml&docbase=CSLWAR2-1986-2006&SizeDisp=7
In September 2004, the company dismissed its CEO, Bill Bracy, and replaced him with Jerry Calabrese, a former Marvel Comics and NASCAR executive. Along with Bracy, another 17 high-level employees were also dismissed.
In July 2005, Lionel sued competitor K-Line for theft of trade secrets. The two companies settled out of court but the settlement quickly fell apart, leading to K-Line declaring bankruptcy and selling its assets to Sanda Kan, a Chinese subcontractor who did manufacturing for both K-Line and Lionel. In January 2006, Sanda Kan licensed the K-Line name and intellectual property to Lionel.
On March 27, 2008, a bankruptcy judge approved Lionel's reorganization plan, including a settlement with MTH. Although the specifics were to remain sealed, the Associated Press reported that Lionel settled with MTH for US$12 million.[4]
Customer service and repair operations were moved from Michigan to Ohio in the summer of 2009, affecting operations as replacement parts did not resume shipping until at least the end of August.[5]
The department was run by Mike Reagan who used to own Train America. As of July 2013, Mike has moved to Lionel offices in Concord, North Carolina, and Phil Hull is head of operations in Ohio.
In 2013, Lionel introduced "LionChief" Remote control trains to introduce wireless remote control to their starter sets. These sets feature enhanced sounds & long distance wireless control.[6]
In April 2014, Jerry Calabrese stepped down as President and CEO and was replaced by Howard Hitchcock who had been Senior Vice President and General Manager of the company.[7]
In August 2014 Lionel moved their service center to their headquarters in Charlotte North Carolina.
In late 2014, Lionel featured battery-powered G Gauge sets. Lionel first got into G Gauge/Scale locomotives ever since 1988. G Gauge/Scale was first introduced by LGB in 1968.
In February 2016, Lionel re-issued the C&O 1601 Allegheny and the LionMaster N&W A Class. Operators and Collectors were thrilled when both were in the 2016 Signature Edition.
In July 2016, Lionel re-entered into the HO market by introducing the Polar Express in HO Scale. Last time Lionel was in HO was the year 1990. Operators, collectors, and traditionalists, and HO fans are thrilled with Lionel re-entering the HO Market.
Bankruptcy
On November 15, 2004, Lionel, LLC filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, citing the US$40 million-plus judgment in the MTH lawsuit as the primary factor. In the filing, it listed US$55 million in debt and US$42 million in assets. The largest secured creditor was PNC Financial Services Corp., owed US$31 million. The MTH judgment was not included in the US$55 million figure. On July 26, 2006, Lionel's bankruptcy judge ordered that Lionel submit a plan for emerging from bankruptcy within 75 days of the appeals court's verdict on the MTH lawsuit. On December 14, 2006, a federal appeals court determined that the company was entitled to a new trial, and that their reorganized plan should be filed by March 1, 2007.
Subsequently, on March 27, 2008 Judge Burton R. Lifland, of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in New York, approved Lionel LLC's Chapter 11 reorganization plan, clearing the way for the company to exit bankruptcy. According to Lionel Chief Executive Jerry Calabrese, the plan called for the company to pay all its creditors in full with interest, whilst the company itself would also obtain up to US$40 million in loans to fund its exit from Chapter 11, pay off its creditors and fund its working capital needs in the future.
In regard to MTH lawsuit, recent filings revealed Lionel agreed to pay MTH US$12 million in cash to settle the lawsuit and a separate suit involving patented smoke-puffing technology. Calabrese and MTH lawyer Alec Ostrow declined to comment on the settlement.
Lionel's Chapter 11 plan also called for private-equity firm Guggenheim Partners to contribute US$37.1 million to the reorganized Lionel company, which consequently would now own 48.6 percent of the new Lionel. Similarly, the plan also called for the estate of the late Martin Davis (former chairman of Gulf+Western Industries/Paramount Communications Inc.) to provide US$21.9 million to Lionel, and the Davis estate would now have a 28.6 percent share in the reorganized company. Guggenheim Partners's and the Davis estate's funding totaled US$59 million for the reorganization plan; they would also loan Lionel an additional US$10 million in second-lien debt. As a result, Calabrese expected the company to be out of bankruptcy "within a week".[4]
Following the reorganization plan, Neil Young was no longer a minority shareholder in the Lionel company; however, Calabrese insisted that the company wanted Young to remain involved, claiming that Neil would have an "ongoing role in the company", but that this role would be "up to [Neil]".[4] The pair had organized a meeting on March 28, 2008. Young remains an active consultant in the company's LEGACY and other high-end products as of 2012.
As of May 1, 2008, Lionel was fully out of bankruptcy.
While the company's website identifies it as Lionel, LLC, its press releases refer to it as Lionel Electric Trains, headquartered in New York, NY.[8]
Collector value
Lionel trains are often sought by collectors, but the value of each piece can vary greatly. In general, older pieces tend to be more sought after due to age, rarity and nostalgia. The collector value of "modern era" Lionel trains has been limited by comparison to the trains produced by Lionel Corporation prior to 1969. As another generation grows nostalgic for this era, values may increase. As with any collectible, condition and rarity are important in assessing value. In addition, reissues and reproductions by Lionel and others have somewhat decreased the collector value and made it more difficult to authenticate vintage Lionel and American Flyer equipment. There are numerous collectors guides to help buyers make informed decisions on authenticity and value.
Currently, Lionel markets its products to several levels of skills and budget. As in the past, the higher-end, limited run products tend to retain the highest collectible value for the future. These products include the LEGACY equipped steam and diesel locomotives which are accurate and highly detailed scale models. Lionel introduced the Vision Line of locomotives and cars in 2009, with the goal of providing the most innovative and detailed O Gauge models available.[9] Ready-to-run sets and cars are also offered at lower price points. These sets are in the tradition of, and many are reproductions of, the entry-level sets of the classic Lionel era. In March 2012, Lionel released the first American Flyer exclusive catalog, featuring many all-new models with advanced electronic features and increased scale compatibility.
Lionel also produces lines for children, including battery powered G Scale trains and "Little Lines" sets for children as young as four. Lionel first entered the G Scale Market in 1988.
Lionel Gauges/Scales History
This shows all the scales that Lionel has been associated with for over 100 years total. The ones that are highlighted in bold lettering are the ones that Lionel still makes today. The ones that are highlighted in italic lettering are the ones that Lionel no longer makes today. Today Lionel makes O Gauge, O Scale, G Gauge, S Gauge, S Scale, HO Gauge, and HO Scale.
Pre-Standard Gauge: 1900 - 1906.
Standard Gauge: 1906 - 1939, 1986 - 1990, 1999 - 2002.
'O Gauge: 1915 - 1941, 1946–Present.
OO Gauge: 1939 - 1945.
HO Gauge: 1957 - 1967 and 1974 - 1990 and 2016 onwards.
G Scale: 1987 - 1995 and 2005 - ?.'
S Scale: 1967 (Purchase of A.C. Gilbert American Flyer), - 1979 - Present.
Notes
- ↑ http://www.wral.com/lifestyles/travel/video/14745839/
- ↑ John Bruce Medaris
- ↑ news.ft.com/
- 1 2 3 forbes.com
- ↑ http://www.lionel.com/CustomerService/Findex.cfm retrieved August 30, 2009
- ↑ "Lionel Fall Catalog 2013". Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ↑ "Online Press Release". Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ↑ prnewswire.co
- ↑ Lionel Signature Catalog 2009, p.1