List of Christian Nobel laureates

Set of pictures for a number of Christian Nobel prize laureates: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Literature) J. J. Thomson (Physics),^[1] Gerty Cori (Physiology or Medicine), Gerhard Ertl (Chemistry), Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Peace)^[2] and Christopher A. Pissarides (Economic Sciences).

The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since 1969.^[3] Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 850 individuals.^[4] According to 100 Years of Nobel Prize (2005), a review of Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000, 65.4% of Nobel Prize Laureates, have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference (427 prizes).^[5] Overall, Christians have won a total of 78.3% of all the Nobel Prizes in Peace, 72.5% in Chemistry, 65.3% in Physics, 62% in Medicine, 54% in Economics and 49.5% of all Literature awards.^[6]

The three primary divisions of Christianity are Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. Between 1901 and 2000 it was revealed that among 654 Laureates 31.9% have identified as Protestant in its various forms (208 prize), 20.3% were Christians (no information about their denominations; 133 prize), 11.6% have identified as Catholic and 1.6% have identified as Eastern Orthodox.^[7]

According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize laureates identified a Protestant background.^[8] Overall, 84.2% of all the Nobel Prizes awarded to Americans in Chemistry, 60% in Medicine, and 58.6% in Physics between 1901 and 1972 were won by Protestants.^[8]

Alfred Nobel who established the prizes in 1895, was himself, through baptism and confirmation, a Lutheran. He regularly frequented the Church of Sweden Abroad.^[9][10]

Christian Nobel laureates by denomination

The following table shows the religion of Nobel laureates between the years 1901 and 2000.^[6]

Denomination[6]	Physics[6]	Chemistry[6]	Physiology or Medicine[6]	Literature[6]	Peace[6]	Economics[6]	Total	%Total
Anglican	10	1	4	3	4	1	23	3.5%
Baptist	-	-	3	-	1	1	5	0.8%
Calvinist	-	2	1	3	-	-	6	0.5%
Catholic	10	10	16	23	16	1	76	11.6%
Christian (no information about their denominations)	35	44	33	-	11	10	133	20.3%
Congregationalist	3	-	6	-	1	-	10	1.5%
Menonite	1	-	-	-	-	-	1	0.2%
Dutch Reformed Church	-	-	-	-	1	-	1	0.2%
Eastern Orthodox	2	-	1	5	1	1	10	1.6%
Episcopalian	-	-	2	1	2	-	5	0.8%
Evangelical	-	1	2	-	-	-	3	0.5%
Lutheran	8	8	7	3	6	2	34	5.2%
Methodist	2	3	4	1	5	-	15	2.3%
Presbyterian	5	-	7	1	4	-	17	2.6%
Protestant	19	23	18	8	12	4	84	12.8%
Quaker	1	-	1	-	1	1	4	0.5%
Unitarian	-	2	3	-	1	1	7	1.1%
Total Protestant	49	40	58	20	38	10	208	32.0%
Total Christians	96	94	108	48	66	22	425	65.4%

Christian Nobel laureates by category

This list is non-exhaustive, the list includes Nobel laureates with Christian background and identified with the Christian faith. It is worth noting that some of the Nobel laureates in the list are devout Christians, where the Christian faith has influence on their thinking and writing, and others were nominally Christian but identified themselves with the Christian faith.

Physics

Year	Laureate		Country	Denomination	Rationale
1901		Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	Germany	Roman Catholic	"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"[11]
1902		Hendrik Lorentz	Netherlands	Protestant[12]	"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by his researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"[13]
		Pieter Zeeman	Netherlands	Dutch Reformed Church[14]	"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena
1903		Antoine Henri Becquerel	France	Roman Catholic[15]	"for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"[16]
1904		Lord Rayleigh	United Kingdom	Anglican[17][18]	"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"[19]
1905		Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard	Austria-Hungary Germany	Christian[20]	"for his work on cathode rays"[21][22]
1906		Joseph John Thomson	United Kingdom	Anglican[23]	"for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"[24]
1909		Guglielmo Marconi	Italy	Roman Catholic[25]	"for his contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"[26]
1914		Max von Laue	Germany	Christian[27][28][29]	"for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals",[30] an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy.
1915		William Henry Bragg	United Kingdom	Christian[31][32][33]	"for his services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays",[34] an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
		William Lawrence Bragg	Australia United Kingdom	Christian
1917		Charles Glover Barkla	United Kingdom	Methodist[35][36][37]	"for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements",[38] another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy
1918		Max Planck	Germany	Raised Lutheran, later in life, Planck's views on God were that of a deist[lower-alpha 1][39]	"for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta"[40]
1919		Johannes Stark	Germany	Christian[41]	"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"[42]
1923		Robert Andrews Millikan	United States	Christian[43][44][45][46] He dealt with this in his Terry Lectures at Yale in 1926–7, published as Evolution in Science and Religion.[47]	"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"[48]
1925		Gustav Hertz	Germany	Lutheran[49]	"for his discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[50]
1927		Arthur Holly Compton	United States	Presbyterian[51][52]	"for his discovery of the effect named after him"[53]
1932		Werner Heisenberg	Germany	Lutheran[54][55]	"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"[56]
1936		Victor Francis Hess	Austria	Christian[57][58] He wrote on the topic of science and religion in his article "My Faith".[59]	"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"[60]
1937		George Paget Thomson	United Kingdom	Christian	"for his experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"[61]
1938		Enrico Fermi	Italy	Raised Roman Catholic, then become an agnostic	"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"[62]
1945		Wolfgang Pauli	Austria	Raised Roman Catholic,[63] but left the Church later in life.	"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[64]
1951		John Douglas Cockcroft	United Kingdom	Christian	"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"[65]
		Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton	Ireland	Methodist[66]
1952		Edward Mills Purcell	United States	Protestant	"for his development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[67]
1953		Frits Zernike	Netherlands	Protestant	"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"[68]
1954		Max Born	Germany United Kingdom	Lutheran[69]	"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[70]
		Walther Bothe	West Germany	Protestant	"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"[70]
1955		Willis Eugene Lamb	United States	Protestant	"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"[71]
		Polykarp Kusch	United States	Protestant	"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"[71]
1958		Ilya Frank	Soviet Union	Russian Orthodox (he is also from Jewish descended)	for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[72]
1963		Maria Goeppert-Mayer	United States	Christian[73]	"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
		J. Hans D. Jensen	West Germany	Christian
1964		Charles Hard Townes	United States	Protestant (United Church of Christ)[74]	"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"[75]
1971		Dennis Gabor	Hungary – United Kingdom	Raised a Protestant,[76] but he considered himself agnostic[77]	"for his invention and development of the holographic method"[78]
1974		Antony Hewish	United Kingdom	Christian[79]	"for his pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"[80]
1980		James Watson Cronin	United States	Protestant[81][82]	"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[83]
1984		Carlo Rubbia	Italy	Roman Catholic	"for his decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"[84]
1985		Klaus von Klitzing	West Germany	Roman Catholic	"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"[85]
1993		Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.	United States	Quaker[86]	"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"[87]
1996		Douglas D. Osheroff	United States	Lutheran[88]	"for his discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[89]
1997		William Daniel Phillips	United States	Protestant (United Methodist Church)[90]	"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."[91]
2002		Riccardo Giacconi	Italy United States	Roman Catholic	"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2007		Peter Grünberg	Germany	Roman Catholic[92]	"for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"[93]

Chemistry

Year	Laureate		Country	Denomination	Rationale
1901		Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff	Netherlands	Protestant[94]	"[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[95]
1902		Hermann Emil Fischer	Germany	Protestant[96][97]	"[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"[98]
1904		Sir William Ramsay	United Kingdom	Protestant[99]	"[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[100]
1905		Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer	Germany	Lutheran (from Jewish descent)[101][102]	"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[103]
1907		Eduard Buchner	Germany	Protestant	"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[104]
1908		Ernest Rutherford	United Kingdom New Zealand	Protestant[105][106]	"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"[107]
1910		Otto Wallach	Germany	Protestant[108]	"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[109]
1913		Alfred Werner	Switzerland	He was raised as Roman Catholic[110]	"[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"[111]
1918		Fritz Haber	Germany	Converts to Protestantism from Judaism[112]	"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[113]
1920		Walther Hermann Nernst	Germany	Protestant[114]	"[for] his work in thermochemistry"[115]
1921		Frederick Soddy	United Kingdom	Protestant[116]	"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"[117]
1922		Francis William Aston	United Kingdom	Protestant	"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"[118]
1923		Fritz Pregl	Austria	Christian	"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[119]
1925		Richard Adolf Zsigmondy	Germany / Hungary	Protestant	"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"[120]
1926		The (Theodor) Svedberg	Sweden	Christian	"for his work on disperse systems"[121]
1927		Heinrich Otto Wieland	Germany	Christian	"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"[122]
1928		Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus	Germany	Christian	"[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and his connection with the vitamins"[123]
1929		Arthur Harden	United Kingdom	Christian	"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[124]
		Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin	Sweden	Christian
1930		Hans Fischer	Germany	Protestant	"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"[125]
1931		Carl Bosch	Germany	Protestant	"[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[126]
		Friedrich Bergius	Germany	Protestant
1934		Harold Clayton Urey	United States	Church of the Brethren[127]	"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[128]
1937		Paul Karrer	Switzerland	Christian	"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938		Richard Kuhn	Germany	Roman Catholic	"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"[129]
1939		Leopold Ruzicka	Switzerland	Roman Catholic	"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
1943		George de Hevesy	Germany	Roman Catholic [130]of Hungarian Jewish descent[131]	"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[132]
1944		Otto Hahn	Germany	Protestant[133]	"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"[134]
1945		Artturi Ilmari Virtanen	Finland	Protestant	"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[135]
1946		James Batcheller Sumner	United States	Christian	"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"[136]
		John Howard Northrop	United States	Christian	"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"[136]
		Wendell Meredith Stanley	United States	Christian
1947		Sir Robert Robinson	United Kingdom	Protestant	"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[137]
1949		William Francis Giauque	United States	Protestant	"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"[138]
1950		Otto Paul Hermann Diels	Federal Republic of Germany	Christian	"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"[139]
		Kurt Alder	Federal Republic of Germany	Christian
1953		Hermann Staudinger	Federal Republic of Germany	Christian	"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[140]
1962		Max Ferdinand Perutz	United Kingdom	Raised Roman Catholic[141][142][143]	"for his studies of the structures of globular proteins"[144]
1963		Karl Ziegler	Federal Republic of Germany	Lutheran[145]	"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"[146]
		Giulio Natta	Italy	Roman Catholic
1964		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	United Kingdom	Christian[147]	"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[148]
1969		Odd Hassel	Norway	Protestant	"for his contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[149]
1970		Luis F. Leloir	Argentina	Roman Catholic[150]	"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and his role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[151]
1971		Gerhard Herzberg	Canada/Germany	Christian	"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[152]
1975		John Warcup Cornforth	Australia United Kingdom	Presbyterian[153]	"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[154]
		Vladimir Prelog	Yugoslavia/Switzerland	Roman Catholic	"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[154]
1984		Robert Bruce Merrifield	United States	Christian[155]	"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[156]
1990		Elias James Corey	United States	Christian (Eastern Orthodox)[157]	"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[158]
1995		Mario J. Molina	Mexico	Roman Catholic[159]	"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"[160]
		F. Sherwood Rowland	United States	Christian
1996		Robert F. Curl Jr.	United States	Methodist[161]	"for their discovery of fullerenes"[162]
		Richard E. Smalley	United States	Christian[163]
2003		Peter Agre	United States	Lutheran[164][165][166]	"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"[167]
2007		Gerhard Ertl	Germany	Christian[168]	"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[169]
2012		Brian Kobilka	United States	Roman Catholic[170]	"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"[171]
2014		Stefan W. Hell	Romania	Protestant[172]	"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"[173]
		William E. Moerner	United States	Raised as Protestant[174]

Physiology or Medicine

Year	Laureate		Country	Denomination	Rationale
1901		Emil Adolf von Behring	Germany	Protestant[175]	"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[176]
1902		Sir Ronald Ross	United Kingdom India	Protestant	"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[177]
1903		Niels Ryberg Finsen	Denmark (Faroe Islands)	Protestant	"[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[178]
1905		Robert Koch	Germany	Christian	"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[179]
1906		Camillo Golgi	Italy	Roman Catholic	"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[180]
		Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Spain	Roman Catholic[181]
1909		Emil Theodor Kocher	Switzerland	Protestant (Moravian Church)[182]	"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[183]
1910		Albrecht Kossel	Germany	Protestant	"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[184]
1912		Alexis Carrel	France	Roman Catholic[185]	"[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[186]
1919		Jules Bordet	Belgium	Christian	"for his discoveries relating to immunity"[187]
1920		Schack August Steenberg Krogh	Denmark	Protestant	"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"[188]
1923		Sir Frederick Grant Banting	Canada	Protestant (United Church of Canada)[189]	"for the discovery of insulin"[190]
1924		Willem Einthoven	The Netherlands	Protestant (Lutheran)[191][192]	"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[193]
1926		Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger	Denmark	Lutheran[194]	"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[195]
1928		Charles Jules Henri Nicolle	France	Roman Catholic	"for his work on typhus"[196]
1929		Christiaan Eijkman	The Netherlands	Protestant	"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[197]
		Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins	United Kingdom	Chrisian	"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[197]
1930		Karl Landsteiner	Austria	converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism in 1890[198]	"for his discovery of human blood groups"[199]
1931		Otto Heinrich Warburg	Germany	Christian[200]	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[201]
1932		Sir Charles Scott Sherrington	United Kingdom	Anglican[202]	"for his discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[203]
1934		George Hoyt Whipple	United States	Protestant[204]	"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[205]
		George Richards Minot	United States	Protestant[206]
		William Parry Murphy	United States	Protestant
1935		Hans Spemann	Germany	Protestant[207]	"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[208]
1937		Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt	Hungary	Calvinist[209][210]	"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[211]
1938		Corneille Jean François Heymans	Belgium	Roman Catholic[212]	"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[213]
1939		Gerhard Domagk	Germany	Protestant[214]	"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[215]
1943		Carl Peter Henrik Dam	Denmark	Protestant	"for his discovery of vitamin K"[216]
		Edward Adelbert Doisy	United States	Protestant (Congregationalists)[217]	"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[216]
1945		Sir Alexander Fleming	United Kingdom	Roman Catholic[218]	"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[219]
1947		Carl Ferdinand Cori	United States	Roman Catholic[220]	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[221]
		Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz	United States	Roman Catholic[222]
		Bernardo Alberto Houssay	Argentina	Roman Catholic[223]	"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[221]
1949		António Caetano Egas Moniz	Portugal	Roman Catholic[224]	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"[225]
1951		Max Theiler	South Africa	Protestant[226]	"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[227]
1957		Daniel Bovet	Italy	Protestant	"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[228]
1958		George Wells Beadle	United States	Christian[229]	"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
		Edward Lawrie Tatum	United States	Christian
1959		Severo Ochoa	Spain	Roman Catholic	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[230]
1960		Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet	Australia	Protestant[231]	"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[232]
1961		Georg von Békésy	United States	Christian[233]	"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[234]
1963		Sir John Carew Eccles	Australia	Roman Catholic[235]	"for his discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[236]
1967		Ragnar Granit	Finland/Sweden	Protestant	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[237]
		Haldan Keffer Hartline	United States	Protestant
1972		Rodney Robert Porter	United States	Methodists[238]	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[239]
1974		Albert Claude	Belgium	Roman Catholic[240]	"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[241]
		George E. Palade	Romania	Eastern Orthodox
1975		Renato Dulbecco	Italy United States	Roman Catholic	"for his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[242]
1976		D. Carleton Gajdusek	United States	Calvinist[243]	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[244]
1978		Werner Arber	Switzerland	Protestant[245]	"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[246]
1983		Barbara McClintock	United States	Protestant (Congregationalists)[73]	"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[247]
1988		Sir James W. Black	United Kingdom	Protestant (Baptist)[248]	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[249]
		George H. Hitchings	United States	Christian
1990		Joseph E. Murray	United States	Roman Catholic[250]	"for his discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[251]
1992		Edmond H. Fischer[252]	Switzerland United States	Protestant (Presbyterian)	"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[253]
1995		Eric F. Wieschaus	United States	Roman Catholic	"for his discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[254]
1998		Louis J. Ignarro	United States	Roman Catholic	"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[255]
		Ferid Murad	United States	Christian[256]
2000		Paul Greengard	United States	Protestant (Episcopalian)[257]	"for his discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[258]
2004		Linda B. Buck	United States	Christian	"for her discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[259]
2007		Mario R. Capecchi	United States	Quaker[260]	"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[261]
		Sir Martin J. Evans	United Kingdom	Protestant (Baptist)[262]
2009		Elizabeth H. Blackburn	United States  Australia	Protestant (Anglican)[263]	"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"[264]
		Carol W. Greider	United States	Unitarian[265]
2012		Sir John B. Gurdon	United Kingdom	Protestant (Anglican)[266]	"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"[267]
2014		John O'Keefe	United States  United Kingdom	Raised as Roman Catholic[268]	"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"
		May-Britt Moser	Norway	Christian[269]
		Edvard I. Moser	Norway	Raised as Christian[270]
2015		William C. Campbell	Ireland  United States	Raised as Protestant[271]	"for his discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"[272]

Literature

Year	Laureate		Country	Denomination	Rationale
1902		Theodor Mommsen	Germany	Protestant	"the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome"[273]
1903		Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson	Norway	Protestant[274]	"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"[275]
1904		Frédéric Mistral	France	Roman Catholic	"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"[276]
		José Echegaray	Spain	Roman Catholic	"in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"[276]
1905		Henryk Sienkiewicz	Poland	Roman Catholic[277]	"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"[278]
1909		Selma Lagerlöf	Sweden	Christian[279]	"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[280]
1910		Paul von Heyse	Germany	Protestant of Jewish descent	"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[281]
1916		Verner von Heidenstam	Sweden	Christian[282]	"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"[283]
1923		William Butler Yeats	Ireland	Anglica[284]	"for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"[285]
1924		Władysław Reymont	Poland	Roman Catholic[286]	"for his great national epic, The Peasants"[287]
1926		Grazia Deledda	Italy	Roman Catholic[288]	"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[289]
1928		Sigrid Undset	Norway (Born in  Denmark)	Roman Catholic[290]	"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[291]
1929		Thomas Mann	Germany	Protestant (Lutheran)[292][293]	"principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"[294]
1933		Ivan Bunin	France (Born in Russia)	Eastern Orthodox	"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"[295]
1938		Pearl S. Buck	United States	Protestant (Southern Presbyterian)[296]	"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[297]
1945		Gabriela Mistral	Chile	Roman Catholic[298]	"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[299]
1946		Hermann Hesse	Switzerland (Born in Germany)	Christian[300][301]	"for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"[302]
1947		André Gide	France	Protestant[303]	"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"[304]
1948		T. S. Eliot	United Kingdom (Born in the  United States)	Anglican[305][306]	"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"[307]
1949		William Faulkner	United States	Protestant (Episcopalian)	"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"[308]
1952		François Mauriac	France	Roman Catholic[309]	"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"[310]
1953		Sir Winston Churchill	United Kingdom	Anglican	"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"[311]
1954		Ernest Hemingway	United States	Converts to Roman Catholicism[312]	"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"[313]
1955		Halldór Laxness	Iceland	Converts to Roman Catholicism[314]	"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"[315]
1956		Juan Ramón Jiménez	Puerto Rico (Born in Spain)	Roman Catholic	"for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"[316]
1958		Boris Pasternak	Soviet Union	Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism[317]	"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[318]
1961		Ivo Andrić	Yugoslavia (Born in  Austria-Hungary)	Roman Catholic	"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"[319]
1962		John Steinbeck	United States	Raised Episcopalian[320] later he became agnostic	"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"[321]
1963		Giorgos Seferis	Greece (Born in the  Ottoman Empire)	Greek Orthodox	"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"[322]
1967		Miguel Ángel Asturias	Guatemala	Roman Catholic	"for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"[323]
1969		Samuel Beckett	France (Born in  Ireland)	Anglican (Church of Ireland)	"for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"[324]
1970		Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn	Soviet Union	Eastern Orthodox[325]	"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"[326]
1972		Heinrich Böll	Germany (West)	Roman Catholic[327]	"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"[328]
1979		Odysseas Elytis	Greece	Greek Orthodox	"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"[329]
1980		Czesław Miłosz	United States (Born in Poland)	Roman Catholic[330]	"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"[331]
1982		Gabriel García Márquez	Colombia	Roman Catholic[332]	"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"[333]
1989		Camilo José Cela	Spain	Roman Catholic	"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"[334]
1990		Octavio Paz	Mexico	Roman Catholic	"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"[335]
1992		Derek Walcott	Saint Lucia	Protestant (Methodist )[336]	"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"[337]
1993		Toni Morrison	United States	Roman Catholic[338]	"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[339]
1999		Günter Grass	Germany	Roman Catholic[340][341]	"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"[342]
2003		J. M. Coetzee	South Africa  Australia	Protestant[343]	"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"[344]
2009		Herta Müller	Germany (Born in Romania)	Roman Catholic[345]	"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"[346]
2010		Mario Vargas Llosa	Peru  Spain	Roman Catholic[347]	"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"[348]
2011		Tomas Tranströmer	Sweden	Christian[349]	"because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"[350]
2016		Bob Dylan	United States	Born again Christian[351][352][353]	"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"[354]

Peace

Year	Laureate		Country	Denomination	Rationale
1902		Élie Ducommun	Switzerland	Protestant	"[for his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau"[355]
		Charles Albert Gobat		Protestant	"[for his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"
1903		William Randal Cremer	United Kingdom	Methodist	"[for his role as the] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[356]
1905		Bertha von Suttner	Austria-Hungary	Roman Catholic[357]	for authoring Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize[22][358]
1906		Theodore Roosevelt	United States	Protestant (Dutch Reformed Church)[359]	"[f]or his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case"[22][360]
1907		Ernesto Teodoro Moneta	Italy	Roman Catholic	"[for his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement"[22][361]
		Louis Renault	France	Roman Catholic	"[for his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague"
1909		Auguste Beernaert	Belgium	Roman Catholic	"[for being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[22][362]
		Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant	France	Protestant (Calvinist)	"[for] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration"[22][362]
1912		Elihu Root^[A]	United States	Protestant (Presbyterian)	"[f]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court"[22][363]
1919		Woodrow Wilson	United States	Protestant (Presbyterian)[364]	"[f]or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations"[22][365]
1921		Hjalmar Branting	Sweden	Lutheran (Church of Sweden)[366]	"[f]or his work in the League of Nations"[22][367]
		Christian Lange	Norway	Lutheran (Church of Norway)	"[for his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee" and "the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[22][367]
1925		Austen Chamberlain^[A]	United Kingdom	Unitarian[368]	for work on the Locarno Treaties[22][369]
		Charles G. Dawes^[A]	United States	Protestant (Congregationalist)	"[f]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925"[22][369]
1926		Gustav Stresemann	Germany	Protestant	for work on the Locarno Treaties[22][370]
1927		Ferdinand Buisson	France	Protestant[371]	"[for] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation"[22][372]
1930		Nathan Söderblom	Sweden	Lutheran (Church of Sweden)	"[f]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace"[22][373]
1931		Jane Addams	United States	Protestant (Presbyterian)[374]	"[f]or her social reform work" and "leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[22][375]
		Nicholas Murray Butler		Protestant (Episcopalian)	"[for his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement"[22][375]
1934		Arthur Henderson	United Kingdom	Protestant (Methodist)[376]	"[f]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament"[22][377][378]
1935		Carl von Ossietzky^[B]	Germany	Protestant (Lutheran)[379]	"[for his] struggle against Germany's rearmament"[22][380]
1945		Cordell Hull	United States	Protestant (Episcopalian)[381]	"[for] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization"[382]
1946		Emily Greene Balch	United States	Quaker[383]	"Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[384]
		John Raleigh Mott		Protestant (Methodist)[385]	"Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations"[384]
1947		Friends Service Council	United Kingdom	Quaker	"compassion for others and the desire to help them"[386]
		American Friends Service Committee	United States	Religious Society of Friends (Quaker)
1949		The Lord Boyd-Orr	United Kingdom	Protestant (Free Church of Scotland)[387]	"Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations"[388]
1950		Ralph Bunche	United States	Protestant (Baptist)[389]	"Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"[390]
1952		Albert Schweitzer	France	Christian[391]	"Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)"[392]
1953		George Catlett Marshall	United States	Protestant (Episcopalian)[393]	"General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] 'Marshall Plan'"[394]
1957		Lester Bowles Pearson	Canada	Protestant (United Church of Canada)[395]	"former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly";[396] "for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations."[22]
1958		Dominique Pire	Belgium	Roman Catholic	"Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees "L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde""[397]
1959		Philip Noel-Baker	United Kingdom	Quaker[398]	"Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation"[399]
1960		Albert Lutuli	South Africa (Born in Southern Rhodesia)	Protestant (Methodist)	"President of the African National Congress,"[400] "was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa."[22]
1961		Dag Hammarskjöld^[C]	Sweden	Protestant (Lutheran)[401]	"Secretary General of the U.N.,"[402] awarded "for strengthening the organization."[22]
1964		Martin Luther King, Jr.	United States	Protestant (Baptist; Progressive National Baptist Convention)	Campaigner for civil rights, "first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence."[403]
1970		Norman E. Borlaug	United States	Protestant (Lutheran)	"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;"[404] "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."[22]
1971		Willy Brandt	Germany (West)	Protestant (Lutheran)[405]	"Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik"[406]
1974		Seán MacBride	Ireland (Born in France)	Roman Catholic[407]	"President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia."[408] "For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists"[22]
1976		Betty Williams	United Kingdom	Roman Catholic	"Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)"[409]
		Mairead Corrigan		Roman Catholic[410]
1979		Mother Teresa	Albania (Born in Ottoman Kosovo)	Roman Catholic[411]	"Founder of Missionaries of Charity"[412]
1980		Adolfo Pérez Esquivel	Argentina	Roman Catholic[413]	"Human rights leader;"[414] "founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina)."[22]
1982		Alfonso García Robles	Mexico	Roman Catholic	"[for] his magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition"[415][416]
1983		Lech Wałęsa	Poland	Roman Catholic[417]	"Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights"[418]
1984		Desmond Tutu	South Africa	Protestant (Anglican)	"Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches"[419]
1987		Óscar Arias	Costa Rica	Roman Catholic	"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year"[420]
1993		Nelson Mandela	South Africa	Protestant (Methodist)[421]	"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"[422]
		Frederik Willem de Klerk		Protestant (Reformed)[423]
1996		Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo	East Timor	Roman Catholic[424]	"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor."[425]
		José Ramos-Horta		Roman Catholic
1998		John Hume	United Kingdom	Roman Catholic[426]	"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"[427]
		David Trimble		Protestant (Presbyterian)[428][429]
2000		Kim Dae-jung	South Korea	Roman Catholic[430]	"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"[431]
2001		Kofi Annan	Ghana	Protestant[432]	"for his work for a better organized and more peaceful world"[433]
2002		Jimmy Carter	United States	Protestant (Baptist)[434]	"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"[435]
2004		Wangari Muta Maathai	Kenya	Roman Catholic[436]	"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[437]
2007		Al Gore	United States	Protestant (Baptist)	"for his efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"[438]
2008		Martti Ahtisaari	Finland	Protestant (Lutheran)	"for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"[439]
2009		Barack Obama	United States	Protestant[440]	"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."[441]
2011		Ellen Johnson Sirleaf	Liberia	Protestant (Methodist)[2]	"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"[442]
		Leymah Gbowee		Protestant (Lutheran)[443]
2016		Juan Manuel Santos	Colombia	Roman Catholic	"his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220 000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people"[444]

Economics

Year	Laureate		Country	Denomination	Rationale
1969		Ragnar Frisch	Norway	Protestant[445]	"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes"
		Jan Tinbergen	Netherlands	Protestant
1975		Tjalling Koopmans	Netherlands  United States	Protestant	"for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"[446]
1979		Theodore Schultz	United States	Protestant	"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries."[447]
		Arthur Lewis	Saint Lucia  United Kingdom	Roman Catholic[448]
1982		George Stigler	United States	Christian[449]	"for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"[450]
1986		James M. Buchanan	United States	Protestant[451]	"for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"[452]
1988		Maurice Allais	France	Roman Catholic	"for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources"[453]
1989		Trygve Haavelmo	Norway	Protestant[454]	"for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures"[455]
1994		John Harsanyi	United States	Raised a devout Catholic,[456] later he abandoned Catholicism	"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games."[457]
		Reinhard Selten	Germany	Raised as Protestant,[458] later he left the church
1996		William Vickrey	Canada  United States	Quaker [459]	"for his fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"[460]
2003		Robert F. Engle	United States	Quaker[461]	"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"[462]
		Clive Granger	United Kingdom	Christian	"for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)"[462]
2009		Elinor Ostrom	United States	Protestant[463]	"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"[464]
2010		Christopher A. Pissarides	Cyprus	Eastern Orthodox[465]	"for his analysis of markets with search frictions"[466]
2013		Eugene F. Fama	United States	Roman Catholic[467]	"for their empirical analysis of asset prices."
		Robert J. Shiller		Protestant (Methodist)[468]

Nobel laureates converted to Christianity

Year of laureate	Laureate		Laureate category	Former religion	Converted to
1912		Alexis Carrel	Physiology or Medicine	Atheism	Roman Catholicism[185]
1918		Fritz Haber	Chemistry	Judaism	Protestantism-Lutheranism[112]
1928		Sigrid Undset	Literature	Agnosticism	Roman Catholicism[469]
1930		Karl Landsteiner	Physiology or Medicine	Judaism	Roman Catholicism[198]
1949		Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz	Physiology or Medicine	Judaism	Roman Catholicism[470]
1954		Max Born	Physics	Judaism	Protestantism-Lutheranism[69]
1958		Boris Pasternak	Literature	Judaism	Eastern Orthodoxy[471]
1970		Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn	Literature	Atheism	Eastern Orthodoxy[472]
1980		Czesław Miłosz	Literature	Atheism	Roman Catholicism[330]
2000		Kim Dae-jung	Peace	Undetermined	Roman Catholicism[430]
2016		Bob Dylan	Literature	Judaism	Protestantism- Evangelicalism[473][474]

Graphs

Christian Nobel laureates by denomination between 1901-2000.[6]  Distribution of Christians in Nobel Prizes between 1901-2000.[6]  Distribution of Christians in Scientific Nobel Prizes between 1901-2000.[6]  Protestant Nobel laureates by denomination.[6]

See also

• List of Nobel Peace Laureates
• List of black Nobel Laureates
• List of Jewish Nobel laureates
• List of Muslim Nobel laureates
• Nobel laureates of India
• List of Christian thinkers in science
• List of Nobel laureates by country
• List of Nobel laureates
• List of female Nobel laureates

Notes

1. He stated that: "Both Religion and science require a belief in God. For believers, God is in the beginning, and for physicists He is at the end of all considerations… To the former He is the foundation, to the latter, the crown of the edifice of every generalized world view."

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Further reading

• Shalev, Baruch Aba (2003). 100 Years of Nobel Prizes. New Delhi : Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 81-269-0278-7. OCLC 588491891.
• Zhang, Weijia; Fuller, Robert (May 1998). "Nobel prize winners in physics from 1901 to 1990: Simple statistics for physics teachers". Physics Education. 33 (3): 196–203. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/33/3/023.
• Zuckerman, Harriet (1977). Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412833769. OCLC 588491891.

External links

• Official website
• Nobel Prizes by Universities and Institutes