List of Freemen of the City of Liverpool

The title of Freedom of the City is an honorary title granted by a city or corporation.^[1] It is granted to individuals to recognise exceptional services, usually to the city, or occasionally to the nation. Since the enactment of the Honorary Freedom of Boroughs Act 1885, councils of boroughs and cities in England and Wales have been permitted to resolve to admit "persons of distinction" to be honorary freemen. This list is based on that published by the City of Liverpool.^[2]

Name	Dates	Appointed	Notes
Lieutenant General Sir Andrew Clarke GCMB CB CIE	1824–1902	7 July 1886	Military engineer, then colonial official who became Governor of the Straits Settlements; earlier he helped to stabilise the dam at Lake Vyrnwy.[3]
Sir Andrew Barclay Walker BT DL	1824–93	9 November 1889	Developer of breweries, local politician, benefactor, and founder of the Walker Art Gallery.[4]
William Cliff JP		7 January 1891	Liverpool merchant who paid for the building of the Home for Ancient Mariners.[5]
William Rathbone MP JP DL	1819–1902	3 June 1891	Liverpool merchant who worked to improve the nursing services in the city, and helped to found Liverpool University; he was MP for the Liverpool constituency.[6]
Henry Tate JP	1819–99	3 June 1891	Sugar refiner in Liverpool, founder of the Tate Gallery, and benefactor of Liverpool University.[7]
The Rt. Hon William Ewart Gladstone MP JP DL	1809–98	5 October 1892	Politician, born in Liverpool, who was Prime Minister four times.[8]
Samuel Greg Rathbone JP	1823–1903	14 February 1894	Merchant who established considerable trade between Britain and China. Long time member of the city council and promoter of elementary education.[9]
Alderman Thomas Hughes JP	c1838–1923	27 October 1897	Mayor of Liverpool 1889–1890 and Lord Mayor 1896–1897. Took a prominent part in securing the extension of the city boundaries in 1895.[10] As a magistrate worked for the reform of the licensing of public houses. Later knighted.[11]
John Brancker JP	c1818–1903	17 January 1900	Businessman and banker, chairman of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board[12][13]
Benn Wolfe Levy		24 April 1901	Born in New South Wales, established the David Lewis Trust for the benefit of the working classes of Liverpool and Manchester.[14][15]
Henry Yates Thompson	1838–1928	24 April 1901	Born in Liverpool, a collector of illuminated manuscripts, proprietor of the Pall Mall Gazette, and benefactor.[16]
Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Earl Roberts VC KG KP GCB GCSI GCIE	1832–1914	24 April 1901	Army officer in charge of British troops in the Second Boer War.[17]
Alderman Sir William Bower Forwood JP DL	1840–1928	4 June 1902	Merchant, ship owner and politician; involved in financing the building of Liverpool Cathedral.[18] First chairman of the Liverpool Overhead Railway.[19]
The Rt. Hon. Frederick Arthur Earl of Derby KG	1841–1908	3 February 1904	Politician and Governor General of Canada.[20]
Robert Durning Holt DL JP	1832–1908	3 February 1904	Liverpool's first Lord Mayor.[21]
Andrew Carnegie LL.D	1835–1919	3 August 1911	Steelmaker and philanthropist who founded many free public libraries.[22]
Robert Gladstone LL.D	1833–1919	3 August 1911	Merchant who gave his name to Gladstone Dock: chairman of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, and involved in the founding of Liverpool University and the planning of Liverpool Cathedral.[23]
The Rt. Hon. Edward George Villiers Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby GCVO CB	1865–1948	3 July 1912	Politician who twice became Secretary of State for War and was the British Ambassador to France from 1918 to 1920.[24]
The Rt. Hon. William Morris Hughes	1862–1952	29 March 1916	Prime Minister of Australia 1915–1923
Alderman Sir William Benjamin Bowring BT DL	1837–1916	6 September 1916	Senior partner in a shipping firm, and local politician who gave the Roby Hall estate to the city; it is now known as Bowring Park, Knowsley.[25][26] He married Isabel Maclean Jarvis, who was sympathetic to the suffering and needy among the poor of Liverpool.[27]
Alderman Sir Charles Petrie JP		6 June 1917	Chairman of the Tramways Committee.[28]
Admiral Sir David Beatty GCB GCVO DSO	1871–1936	4 December 1918	Admiral in the First World War and later First Sea Lord.[29]
Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig KT GCB OM GCVO KCIE	1861–1928	4 December 1918	Commander of the British Expeditionary Force in the First World War.[30]
John Rankin LL.D		7 December 1921	An early benefactor of what was to become the University of Liverpool.[31]
The Rt. Hon. Sir Archibald Tutton Salvidge PC KBE	1863–1928	2 September 1925	Political organiser, once described as 'the king of Liverpool'.[32]
Alderman Sir Thomas White JP		24 September 1934	Chairman of the Joint Tunnel Committee who developed the Queensway Tunnel.[33]
Alderman Sir James Sexton CBE JP	1856–1938	24 September 1934	Trade unionist who was head of the National Union of Dock Labour in Liverpool and a founder member of the Independent Labour Party.[34]
Councillor Sir Frederick Charles Bowring DL JP	1856–1936	24 September 1934	Chairman of C T Bowring & Co., merchants and shipowners. Lord Mayor of Liverpool 1925–1927.[35]
The Rt. Hon. Lord Woolton PC CH DL	1883–1964	1 May 1946	Businessman and politician who was involved in the management of Lewis's department store, was Minister of Food in the Second World War, and later Chairman of the Conservative Party.[36]
Admiral Sir Max Kennedy Horton GCB DSO	1883–1951	1 May 1946	Submarine commander in the First World War and commander-in-chief of the Western Approaches in the Second World War.[37]
Alderman Alfred Earnest Shennan JP MA	1887–1959	1 May 1946	Architect who designed many of Liverpool's art deco cinemas.[38]
Alderman Sir Charles Sydney Jones JP MA LL.D	1872–1947	1 May 1946	Partner in Alfred Holt & Co., benefactor of Liverpool University and Lord Mayor of Liverpool.[39]
The Rt. Hon. Lord Cohen of Birkenhead MD FRCP (Lond) FRCS (Eng) DL	1900–1977	30 April 1970	Birkenhead-born doctor who became the senior physician at Liverpool Royal Infirmary, Professor of Medicine at Liverpool University, and served in other major positions in the medical profession.[40]
Major Sir Arthur Harold Bibby Bt DSO	1889–1986	30 April 1970	A partner in the Bibby Line and the first Bibby baronet.[41][42]
Alderman Sir Joseph Jackson Cleary	1902–1993	30 April 1970	Politician who was Labour MP for the Liverpool Wavertree constituency and later Lord Mayor of Liverpool.[43]
Sir Alan Cecil Tod CBE TD		30 April 1970	Chairman of the Liverpool Cathedral Executive Committee who helped to raise money towards the its building.[44][45]
Mrs Elizabeth Margaret Braddock MP	1899–1970	30 April 1970	Known as "Bessie" Braddock, a trade union activist and Labour MP for the Liverpool Exchange constituency.[46]
Sir John Moores CBE DL	1896–1993	30 April 1970	Businessman and philanthropist who established Littlewoods Football pools and Littlewoods mail-order business. Liverpool John Moores University is named after him.[47]
Robert Paisley OBE	1919–1996	23 November 1983	Better known as Bob Paisley; player for Liverpool F.C., then captain, and later manager and director of the club.[48]
John Lennon MBE	1940–1980	7 March 1984	Musician, composer, and political activist; member of The Beatles.[49]
George Harrison MBE	1943–2001	7 March 1984	Musician and composer; member of The Beatles.[50]
Paul McCartney MBE	1942 –	7 March 1984	Musician, composer and animal rights activist; member of The Beatles.[51]
Richard Starkey MBE	1940 –	7 March 1984	Better known as Ringo Starr, drummer of The Beatles.[52]
Eric Heffer MP	1922–1991	27 March 1991	Left-wing politician, president of the Liverpool Trades Council, later MP for the Liverpool Walton constituency.[53]
President Mandela	1918 –2014	6 July 1994	Anti-apartheid activist who became the first black President of South Africa.[54]
David Sheppard the Rt. Reverend the Lord Bishop of Liverpool	1929–2005	24 August 1994	International cricketer who became Bishop of Liverpool. Worked closely with Archbishop Derek Worlock.[55]
Derek Worlock the Most Reverend the Archbishop of Liverpool	1920–1996	24 August 1994	Bishop of Portsmouth, then Archbishop of Liverpool. Worked closely with Bishop David Sheppard.[56]
Roy Castle OBE	1932–1994	24 August 1994	Entertainer and charity worker; the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation is named after him.[57]
Ken Dodd OBE	1927 –	31 January 2001	Liverpool comedian, actor, singer, composer, entertainer, and charity worker.[58]
Adrian Henri	1932–2000	31 January 2001	Birkenhead-born poet and painter; one of the Liverpool poets.[59]
Roger McGough	1937 –	31 January 2001	Liverpool-born poet; one of the Liverpool poets.[60]
Brian Patten	1946 –	31 January 2001	Liverpool-born poet and author of children's books; one of the Liverpool poets.[61]
Terry Leahy	1956 –	31 January 2001	Businessman born in Liverpool who became the chief executive of Tesco.[62]
Simon Weston OBE	1961 –	31 January 2001	British soldier injured in the Falklands War who later became recognised for his charity work.[63]
Professor Rex Makin	1925 –	11 June 2003	Liverpool solicitor who has been involved in high profile and controversial cases.[64]
Gerry Marsden OBE	1942 –	28 January 2009	Musician; onetime leader of Gerry & the Pacemakers[65]
Norah Button		28 January 2009	Principal of the Liverpool Theatre School[66]
Professor Peter Toyne, CBE	1939–	3 March 2010	First Vice-Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University[67]
Stephen Yip MBE		18 January 2012	Founder of the children's charity Kind.[68]
Lord Heseltine CH, PC	1933–	13 March 2012	President of the Board of Trade (nicknamed "Minister for Merseyside") for helping to rebuild the city after the 1981 Toxteth riots.[69]
Wally Brown CBE		7 November 2012	Former principal of Liverpool Community College; mediator in the 1981 Toxteth riots.[70][71]
96 Hillsborough victims		22 September 2016	All those who died In the Hillsborough disaster of 1989. This is the first time that the award has been granted posthumously.[lower-alpha 1][73]

Notes

1. The names of those awarded, in alphabetical order, and with their ages at the time of death are as follows: John Alfred Anderson (62); Colin Mark Ashcroft (19); James Gary Aspinall (18): Kester Roger Marcus Ball (16); Gerard Baron Snr (67): Simon Bell (17): Barry Sidney Bennett (26); David John Benson (22); David William Birtle (22); Tony Bland (22); Paul David Brady (21); Andrew Mark Brookes (26); Carl Brown (18); David Steven Brown (25); Henry Thomas Burke (47); Peter Andrew Burkett (24); Paul William Carlile (19); Raymond Thomas Chapman (50); Gary Christopher Church (19): Joseph Clark (29); Paul Clark (18); Gary Collins (22); Stephen Paul Copoc (20); Tracey Elizabeth Cox (23); James Philip Delaney (19); Christopher Barry Devonside (18); Christopher Edwards (29); Vincent Michael Fitzsimmons (34); Thomas Steven Fox (21); Jon-Paul Gilhooley (10); Barry Glover (27); Ian Thomas Glover (20); Derrick George Godwin (24); Roy Harry Hamilton (34); Philip Hammond (14); Eric Hankin (33); Gary Harrison (27); Stephen Francis Harrison (31); Peter Andrew Harrison (15); David Hawley (39); James Robert Hennessy (29); Paul Anthony Hewitson (26); Carl Darren Hewitt (17); Nicholas Michael Hewitt (16); Sarah Louise Hicks (19); Victoria Jane Hicks (15); Gordon Rodney Horn (20); Arthur Horrocks (41); Thomas Howard (39); Thomas Anthony Howard (14); Eric George Hughes (42); Alan Johnston (29); Christine Anne Jones (27); Gary Philip Jones (18); Richard Jones (25); Nicholas Peter Joynes (27); Anthony Peter Kelly (29); Michael David Kelly (38); Carl David Lewis (18); David William Mather (19); Brian Christopher Matthews (38); Francis Joseph McAllister (27); John McBrien (18); Marian Hazel McCabe (21); Joseph Daniel McCarthy (21); Peter McDonnell (21); Alan McGlone (28); Keith McGrath (17); Paul Brian Murray (14); Lee Nicol (14); Stephen Francis O'Neill (17); Jonathon Owens (18); William Roy Pemberton (23); Carl William Rimmer (21); David George Rimmer (38); Graham John Roberts (24); Steven Joseph Robinson (17); Henry Charles Rogers (17); Colin Andrew Hugh William Sefton (23); Inger Shah (38); Paula Ann Smith (26); Adam Edward Spearritt (14); Philip John Steele (15); David Leonard Thomas (23); Patrick John Thompson (35); Peter Reuben Thompson (30); Stuart Paul William Thompson (17); Peter Francis Tootle (21); Christopher James Traynor (26); Martin Kevin Traynor (16); Kevin Tyrrell (15); Colin Wafer (19); Ian David Whelan (19); Martin Kenneth Wild (29); Kevin Daniel Williams (15); Graham John Wright (17).^[72]

References

1. Richardson, John (2003), The Local Historian's Encyclopedia (3rd ed.), Historical Publications, p. 30, ISBN 0-948667-83-4
2. Freemen of the City, Liverpool City Council, retrieved 11 June 2014
3. Shaw, A. G. L. (2004) 'Clarke, Sir Andrew (1824–1902)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 23 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
4. Sutton, C. W. (2004) 'Walker, Sir Andrew Barclay, first baronet (1824–1893)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 23 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
5. Time-Line, Caryl Williams: Old Liverpool, retrieved 25 November 2009
6. Pedersen, Susan (2004) 'Rathbone, William (1819–1902)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 23 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
7. Munting, Roger (2004) 'Tate, Sir Henry, first baronet (1819–1899)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 23 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
8. Matthew, H. C. G. (2004) 'Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 23 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
9. "Samuel Greg Rathbone (17 May 1823-12 March 1903)". Special Collections & Archives. University of Liverpool. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
10. "City Council". Liverpool Mercury. 28 October 1897. p. 10.
11. "Obituary: Sir Thomas Hughes". The Times. 3 November 1923. p. 14.
12. "The Liverpool Docks". The Times. 16 December 1898. p. 9.
13. "Obituary: Mr John Brancker JP". The Times. 4 June 1903. p. 8.
14. "The David Lewis Trust". The Times. 8 July 1893. p. 15.
15. "An Australian Honoured". Sydney Morning Herald. 23 October 1901. p. 7.
16. Bell, Alan (2004) 'Thompson, Henry Yates (1838–1928)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 23 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
17. Robson, Brian (2004) 'Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, first Earl Roberts (1832–1914)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 23 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
18. Killick, J. R. (2004) 'Forwood, Sir William Bower (1840–1928)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 23 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
19. Box, Charles E.; Jarvis, Adrian (rev) (1984), The Liverpool Overhead Railway, London: Ian Allan, p. 126, ISBN 0-7110-1183-4
20. Matthew, H. C. G. (2004) 'Stanley, Frederick Arthur, sixteenth earl of Derby (1841–1908)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 23 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
21. Former Mayors and Lord Mayors of the City of Liverpool, Liverpool City Council, archived from the original on 27 May 2010, retrieved 11 June 2014
22. Tweedale, Geoffrey (2004) 'Carnegie, Andrew (1835–1919)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 23 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
23. Trading Places – a history of Liverpool Docks, National Museums Liverpool, archived from the original on 9 October 2012, retrieved 11 June 2014
24. Grieves, Keith (2004) 'Stanley, Edward George Villiers, seventeenth earl of Derby (1865–1948)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 21 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
25. Historic Bowring Park (PDF), pp. 1, 7, 9–11, retrieved 25 November 2009
26. Twist, Colin (2000), A History of the Liverpool Parks, Southport: Hobby Publications, p. 64, ISBN 1-872839-06-1
27. Morgan, Henry James Types of Canadian women and of women who are or have been connected with Canada : (Toronto, 1903)
28. Anderton, Phillip, The history of 24 Hatton Garden: Merseytravel Headquarters (PDF), Merseytravel, p. 5, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2012, retrieved 11 June 2014
29. Ranft, Bryan (2004) 'Beatty, David, first Earl Beatty (1871–1936)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 21 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
30. Prior, Robin, and Wilson, Trevor (2004) 'Haig, Douglas, first Earl Haig (1861–1928)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 21 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
31. Farrer, William; Brownbill, J. (eds.) (1911), Liverpool: The university, A History of the County of Lancaster, 4, pp. 53–54, retrieved 24 November 2009
32. Waller, Philip, (2004) 'Salvidge, Sir Archibald Tutton James (1863–1928)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 24 November 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
33. The Opening of the Tunnel, BBC, retrieved 24 November 2009
34. Phillips, G. A. (2004) 'Sexton, Sir James (1856–1938)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 21 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
35. "Obituary: Sir F. C. Bowring Shipowner And Merchant". The Times. 25 March 1936. p. 21.
36. Kandiah, Michael D. (2004) 'Marquis, Frederick James, first earl of Woolton (1883–1964)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 21 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
37. Chalmers, W. S. (2004) 'Horton, Sir Max Kennedy (1883–1951)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 21 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
38. Cinema Tributes, Woolton Cinema, retrieved 24 November 2009
39. Facts & Figures: Who was Sydney Jones?, University of Liverpool, archived from the original on 18 February 2009, retrieved 11 June 2014
40. Clarke, Cyril (2004) 'Cohen, Henry, Baron Cohen of Birkenhead (1900–1977)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 20 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
41. Bibby Line, Merchant Navy Association, retrieved 24 November 2009
42. Baronetage, Leigh Rayment, retrieved 24 November 2009
43. Rees, D. Ben (18 February 1993), "Obituary: Sir Joseph Cleary", The Independent, London, retrieved 24 November 2009
44. Kennerley, Peter (1991), The Building of Liverpool Cathedral, Preston: Carnegie, pp. 155, 170, ISBN 0-948789-71-9
45. Sharpe, Laura (10 June 2009), "Liverpool shipping giant Donald Tod remembered at Anglican Cathedral funeral service", Liverpool Daily Post, archived from the original on 6 April 2012, retrieved 11 June 2014
46. Vallance, Elizabeth, revised Robert Ingham (2004) 'Braddock , Elizabeth Margaret [Bessie] (1899–1970)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 20 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
47. Clegg, Barbara(2004) 'Moores, Sir John (1896–1993)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 20 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
48. Waller, Phillip (2004) 'Paisley, Robert [Bob] (1919–1996)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 20 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
49. Middleton, Richard (2004) 'Lennon, John Ono (1940–1980)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 20 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
50. Rooksby, Rikky (2004) '‘Harrison, George (1943–2001)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 20 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
51. Paul McCartney Biography, The Biography Channel, retrieved 24 November 2009
52. Ringo Starr Biography, The Biography Channel, retrieved 24 November 2009
53. Roth, Andrew(2004) 'Heffer, Eric Samuel (1922–1991)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 20 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
54. Mandela's life and times, BBC, 16 July 2008, retrieved 24 November 2009
55. Butland, Godfrey(2004) 'Sheppard, David Stuart, Baron Sheppard of Liverpool (1929–2005)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 20 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
56. Nichols, Vincent (2004) 'Worlock, Derek John Harford (1920–1996)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 20 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
57. McCann, Graham (2004) 'Castle, Roy (1932–1994)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 20 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
58. Ken Dodd tickled pink to receive Honorary Degree, University of Chester, retrieved 24 November 2009
59. Haig, Catriona (2004) 'Henri, Adrian Maurice (1932–2000)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 20 October 2009. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
60. Roger McGough, British Council, retrieved 24 November 2009
61. Brian Patten, British Council, retrieved 24 November 2009
62. Vallely, Paul (17 October 2009), "Tesco's finest: Sir Terry Leahy", The Independent, London, retrieved 24 November 2009
63. Simon Weston, BBC, archived from the original on 4 December 2011, retrieved 11 June 2014
64. Rex Makin lecture, Liverpool John Moores University, archived from the original on 18 September 2010, retrieved 11 June 2014
65. Biography for Gerry Marsden, Internet Movie Database, retrieved 25 August 2010
66. "Liverpool Theatre School's Norah Button given Freedom of the City". Liverpool Echo. 20 January 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
67. "Former VC to receive Freedom of the City". Liverpool John Moores University. 6 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
68. "KIND charity boss Stephen Yip granted Freedom of Liverpool", Liverpool Echo, Trinity Mirror Merseyside, 13 January 2012, retrieved 11 June 2014
69. Waddington, Marc (14 March 2012), "Lord Michael Heseltine given Freedom of Liverpool", Liverpool Echo, Trinity Mirror Merseyside, retrieved 11 June 2014
70. "Toxteth icon Wally Brown receives Freedom of Liverpool", Liverpool Echo, Trinity Mirror Merseyside, 17 August 2012, retrieved 11 July 2014
71. City freedom for Toxteth riots 'mediator' Wally Brown, BBC, 16 August 2012, retrieved 11 June 2014
72. NEVER FORGOTTEN, Liverpool F.C., retrieved 23 September 2016
73. "Hillsborough victims posthumously awarded freedom of Liverpool", The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 22 September 2016, retrieved 23 September 2016