List of governors of Puerto Rico

La Fortaleza in Old San Juan is the official residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico. It was built between 1533 and 1540.

This list of Governors of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Gobernador de Puerto Rico) includes all persons who have held that post, either under Spanish or American rule. The Governor of Puerto Rico is the Head of Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The position was first established by the Spanish Empire during the 16th century following the archipelago's colonization.

The first person to officially occupy the position was Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León in 1509. At the time, the Spanish monarchy was responsible for appointing the functionary who would perform this office. The first native Puerto Rican to perform the function was Juan Ponce de León II, as interim governor in 1579. During this administration, all of those appointed to take the position had served another function within the empire's government or the Roman Catholic Church. In 1898, the United States invaded Puerto Rico and the Spanish government ceded control of the island to the United States. During the first two years, the entire government in Puerto Rico was appointed by the President of the United States. In 1900, the American government approved the establishment of the Foraker Act as a federal law, this act established a civilian government in the island. In 1947, the federal Elective Governor Act was enacted, which created a new system where, since 1948, the governor is elected through a democratic process every four years. The governor is in charge of Puerto Rico's executive branch and is responsible for appointing executive branch agency heads, including the Secretary of State, who fulfills the role of lieutenant governor, the legislative branch's Ombudsman and Comptroller and all judges in the judicial branch.

History

The Standard (flag) and Seal of the Governor of Puerto Rico
Juan Ponce de León II, 28th governor of Puerto Rico, grandson of the first governor, and the first born in the island to become governor.

When the Spanish Empire colonized Puerto Rico during the 16th century, the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León established himself as the island's first governor replacing Vicente Yáñez Pinzón, who was appointed to take the position of Captain General of the City of Puerto Rico prior to the island's colonization but never performed this function.[1] During this time period, the Spanish monarchy was in charge of appointing the governor of Puerto Rico, the person selected was in charge of the island's development and wealth and was responsible for reporting the colony's status to the Spanish Empire. After 1580 the Captaincy General of Puerto Rico was established, and the office of captain general was added to the governor.

On July 25, 1898, at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States when, following a brief armed conflict, the United States Army landed at Guánica. Following the conclusion of the war, Spain was forced to cede Puerto Rico, along with Cuba, the Philippines and Guam, to the United States under the 1898 Treaty of Paris.[2] Puerto Rico began the twentieth century under the military rule of the United States with officials, including the governor, who were appointed by the President of the United States. In 1900, William McKinley signed the Foraker Act as a United States federal law, this established civilian (limited popular) government on Puerto Rico.[3] The new government had a governor and an executive council appointed by the President, a House of Representatives with 35 elected members, a judicial system with a Supreme Court, and a non-voting Resident Commissioner in Congress.[3] The first civilian governor of the island under the Foraker Act was Charles Herbert Allen. This system was still used after the approval of the Jones–Shafroth Act, which altered the structure of government in Puerto Rico, and was in use until 1948.

Following the approval of the federal Elective Governor Act by President Harry S Truman in 1947, the governor has been elected through a democratic process every four years since 1948.[4] Under this system, the governor is in charge of the island's executive branch.[4] In these elections, every person must vote for one of several candidates, each one of which represents a political party (currently consisting of the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rican Independence Party, Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party) following the elective process the votes are counted and the candidate who gathers the plurality (not majority) of votes is certified as governor-elect and takes office on January 2 of the following year in a public inaugural ceremony which may be preceded by a private oath-taking ceremony.

In the governor's absence, or if the governor dies or is unable to perform the executive duties, the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico takes control of the executive position, as Acting Governor during a temporary absence or inability, and as Governor in case of death, resignation or impeachment and conviction.[4] The elected governor must designate a number of secretaries and other agency heads that will control the individual administrative agencies during his time in office, the selected secretaries are in charge of the island's health, natural resources, economy, correctional and judicial agencies and the department of consumer concerns, among others. The Governor's four-year term begins on January 2, the day after the New Year's Day holiday.

List of Governors of Puerto Rico

Century
16th – 17th – 18th – 19th – 20th – 21st

Governors under Spanish Crown

№ Portrait Governor
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Ref(s)
1 Captain General Don Juan Ponce de León (1st time)
1474 – July 1521
(aged c. 47)		 1508 1509 [5]
2 Juan Cerón 1509 1510 [6]
3 Captain General Don Juan Ponce de León (2nd time) 1510 1511 [5]
4 Juan Cerón 1511 1512 [6]
5 Rodrigo Moscoso 1512 1513 [7]
6 Captain General Cristóbal de Mendoza 1513 1515 [8]
7 Captain General Don Juan Ponce de León (3rd time) 1515 1519 [7]
8 Sánchez Velázquez 1519 1519 [8]
9 Antonio de la Gama 1519 1521 [8]
10 Pedro Moreno 1521 1523 [8]
11 Bishop Alonso Manso 1523 1524 [8]
12 Pedro Moreno 1524 1529 [8]
13 Antonio de la Gama 1529 1530 [8]
14 Lieutenant General Francisco Manuel de Landó 1530 1536 [8]
15 Vasco de Tiedra 1536 1537 [8]
16 Vasco de Tiedra 1537 1544 [8]
17 Jerónimo Lebrón de Quiñones 1544 1544 [8]
18 Lcdo. Iñigo López Cervantes y Loayza 1544 1546 [8]
19 Lcdo. Diego de Caraza 1546 1548 [8]
20 Diego de Caraza 1548 1550 [8]
21 Luis de Vallejo 1550 1555 [8]
22 Lcdo. Alonso Esteves 1555 1555 [8]
23 Lcdo. Diego de Caraza 1555 1561 [8]
24 Antonio de la Llama Vallejo 1561 1564 [8]
25

Francisco Bahamonde De Lugo

 1564 1568 [8]
26 Francisco de Solís Osorio 1568 1574 [8]
27 Francisco de Obando y Mexia 1575 1579 [8]
28 Juan Ponce de León II 1579 1579 [9]
29 Jerónimo de Agüero Campuzano 1580 1580 [8]
30 Captain General Juan de Céspedes 1580 1581 [8]
31 Captain General Juan López Melgarejo 1581 1582 [8]
32 Captain General Diego Menéndez de Valdés 1582 1593 [8]
33 Colonel Pedro Suárez de Coronel (1st time) 1593 1597 [8]
34 Captain General Antonio de Mosquero 1597 1598 [8]
35 Colonel Pedro Suárez de Coronel (2nd time) 1597-8 1599 [8]
36 Captain General Alonso de Mercado 1599 1602 [8]
37 Captain General Sancho Ochoa de Castro 1602 1608 [8]
38 Gabriel de Rojas Párano 1608 1614 [8]
39 Captain General Felipe de Beaumont y Navarra 1614 1620 [8]
40 Juan de Vargas 1620 1625 [8]
41 Captain General Juan de Haro y Sanvítores 1625 1630 [8]
42 Captain General Enrique Enriquez de Sotomayor 1631 1635 [8]
43 Captain General Iñigo de la Mota Sarmiento 1635 1641 [8]
44 Captain General Agustín de Silva y Figueroa 1641 1641 [8]
45 Captain General Juan de Bolaños 1642 1643 [8]
46 Fernando de la Riva Agüero y Setien 1643 1648 [8]
47 Diego de Aguilera y Gamboa 1649 1655 [8]
48 José Novoa y Moscoso Pérez y Buitron 1655 1660 [8]
49 Captain General Juan Pérez de Guzmán y Chagoyen 1660 1664 [8]
50 Jerónimo de Velasco 1664 1670 [8]
51 Gaspar de Arteaga y Aunoavidao 1670 1674 [10]
52 Diego Roblandillo 1674 1674 [10]
53 Captain General Baltazar Figueroa y Castilla 1674 1674 [10]
54 Alonso de Campos y Espinosa 1675 1678 [10]
55 Juan de Robles Lorenzana 1678 1683 [10]
56 Captain General Gaspar Martínez de Andino 1683 1685 [10]
57 Juan Francisco Medina 1685 1690 [10]
58 Gaspar de Arredondo y Valle 1690 1695 [10]
59 Juan Francisco Medina 1695 1697 [10]
60 Tomás Franco 1697 1698 [10]
61 Antonio de Robles Silva 1698 1699 [10]
62 Gabriel Suárez de Ribera 1700 1703 [10]
63 Diego Jiménez de Villarán 1703 1703 [10]
64 Francisco Sánchez Calderón 1703 1703 [10]
65 Pedro Arroyo y Guerrero 1704 1705 [10]
66 Juan Francisco López de Morla 1706 1706 [10]
67 Francisco Danío Granados 1706 1708 [10]
68 Colonel Juan de Ribera 1709 1715 [10]
69 José Francisco Carreño 1716 1716 [10]
70 Alfonso Bortodano 1716 1720 [10]
71 Francisco Danio Granados 1720 1724 [10]
72 Captain General José Antonio de Mendizabal y Azcue 1724 1730 [10]
73 Lieutenant Colonel Matías de Abadía 1731 1743 [10]
74 Domingo Pérez de Mandares 1743 1744 [10]
75 Colonel Juan José Colomo 1744 1750 [10]
76 Colonel Agustín de Parejas 1750 1751 [10]
77 Lieutenant Colonel Esteban Bravo de Rivero 1751 1753 [10]
78 Captain General Felipe Ramírez de Estenos 1753 1757 [10]
79 Esteban Bravo de Rivero 1757 1759 [10]
80 Mateo de Guaso Calderón 1759 1760 [10]
81 Esteban Bravo de Rivero 1760 1761 [10]
82 Lieutenant Colonel Ambrosio de Benavides 1761 1766 [10]
83 Colonel Marcos de Vergara 1766 1766 [10]
84 Lieutenant Colonel José Trentor 1766 1770 [10]
85 Colonel Miguel de Muesas 1769 1776 [10][11]
86 Colonel José Dufresne 1776 1783 [10]
87 Field Marshal Don Juan Andrés Daban y Busterino 1783 1789 [10]
88 Coronel Francisco Torralbo y Robles 1789 1789 [10]
89 Brigadier General Miguel Antonio de Ustariz 1789 1792 [7]
90 Coronel Francisco Torralbo y Robles 1792 1794 [10]
91 Brigadier General Enrique Grimarest 1794 1795 [7]
92 Field Marshal Don Ramón de Castro y Gutiérrez 1795 1804 [10]
93 Toribio Montes 1804 1809 [10]
94 Salvador Meléndez Bruna 1809 1820 [10]
95 Brigadier General Juan Vasco y Pascual March 24, 1820 August 7, 1820 [10]
96 Brigadier General Gonzalo Arostegui y Herrera August 7, 1820 February 12, 1822 [10]
97 Coronel José de Navarro February 12, 1822 May 30, 1822 [10]
98 Francisco González de Linares May 30, 1822 December 4, 1823 [10]
99 Lieutenant General Miguel Luciano de La Torre y Pando December 4, 1823 1837 [10]
100 Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto 1837 1838 [10]
101 Field Marshal Miguel López de Baños 1838 1841 [10]
102 Lieutenant General Santiago Méndez de Vigo 1841 1844 [10]
103 Lieutenant General Rafael de Aristegui y Vélez 1844 1847 [10]
104 Field Marshal Don Juan Prim de Prats y Gonzalez 1847 1848 [12]
105 Lieutenant General Juan de la Pezuela y Cevallos 1848 1851 [7]
106 Enrique de España y Taberner 1851 1852 [7]
107 Lieutenant General Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero 1852 1855 [7]
108 Lieutenant General Andrés García Camba 1855 1855 [7]
109 Lieutenant General José Lemery Ibrarrola Ney y Gonzalez 1855 1857 [7]
110 Lieutenant General Fernando Cotoner y Chacon 1857 1860 [7]
111 Sabino Gamir Maladen 1860 1860 [7]
112 Lieutenant General Rafael Echague y Bermingham 1860 1862 [7]
113 Brigadier General Rafael Izquierdo y Gutierrez 1862 1863 [7]
114 Lieutenant General Féliz María de Messina Iglesias 1863 1865 [7]
115 Lieutenant General José María Marchessi y Oleaga 1865 1867 [7]
116 General Julián Juan Pavia Lacy 1867 1868 [7]
117 General José Laureano Sanz y Posse 1868 1870 [7]
118 Lieutenant General Gabriel Baldrich 1870 1871 [7]
119 General Ramón Gómez Pulido 1871 1872 [7]
120 General Simón de la Torre Ormaza 1872 1872 [7]
121 Brigadier General Joaquín Eurile Hernan 1872 1873 [7]
122 Lieutenant General Juan Martínez Plowes 1873 1873 [7]
123 General Rafael Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte 1873 1874 [7]
124 General José Laureano Sanz y Posse 1875 1875 [7]
125 General Segundo de la Portilla Gutierrez 1875 1877 [7]
126 General Manuel de la Serna Hernandez y Pinzón 1877 1878 [7]
127 General José Gamir Maladen 1878 1878 [7]
128 General Eulogio Despujols y Dussay 1878 1881 [7]
129 General Segundo de la Portilla Gutierrez 1881 1883 [7]
130 General Miguel de la Vega Inclán y Palma 1883 1884 [7]
131 General Don Carlos Suances Campos 1884 1884 [7]
132 General Ramón Fajardo Izquierdo 1884 1884 [7]
133 General Luis Daban y Ramírez de Arellanó 1884 1887 [7]
134 General Romualdo Palacios Gonzalez 1887 1887 [7]
135 General Juan Contreras Martinez 1887 1888 [7]
136 General Pedro Ruiz Dana 1888 1890 [7]
137 Brigadier General José Pascual Bonanza 1890 1890 [7]
138 General José Lasso y Pérez 1890 1893 [7]
139 General Antonio Daban y Ramírez de Arrellanó 1893 1895 [7]
140 General José Gamir 1895 1896 [7]
141 General Emilio March 1896 1896 [7]
142 General Sabas Marín González 1896 1898 [13]
143 General Ricardo de Ortega y Diez 1898 1898 [14]
144 General Andrés González Muñoz 1898 1898 [15]
145 General Ricardo de Ortega y Diez 1898 1898 [14]
146 General Manuel Macías Casado 1898 1898 [16]
147 General Ricardo de Ortega y Diez 1898 1898 [14]

Governors under U.S. colonial administration

Military government

Image Name Took office Left office Reference
Commanding General Nelson A. Miles 1898 1898 [17]
Major General John R. Brooke 1898 1898 [18]
Major General Guy Vernon Henry 1898 1899 [19]
Major General George Whitefield Davis 1899 1900 [7]

Post-Foraker Act of 1900

Image Name Took office Left office Notes Reference
Charles Herbert Allen May 1, 1900 September 15, 1901 First U.S. civil governor appointed by President William McKinley [20]
William Henry Hunt September 15, 1901 July 4, 1904 [21]
Beekman Winthrop July 4, 1904 April 17, 1907 [8]
Regis Henri Post 1907 1909 [8]
George Radcliffe Colton 1909 1913 [8]
Arthur Yager 1913 1921 [22]
José E. Benedicto 1921 1921 Interim governor [8]
Emmet Montgomery Reily July 30, 1921 March 1923 [23]
Juan Bernardo Huyke March 1923 April 1, 1923 Interim governor [8]
Horace Mann Towner April 1, 1923 September 29, 1929 [24]
James R. Beverley 1929 September 9, 1929 [8]
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. September 9, 1929 January 1932 [25]
James R. Beverley 2nd Term January 1932 July 1933 [8]
Robert Hayes Gore July 1933 January 11, 1934 [26]
Benjamin Jason Horton January 11, 1934 February 5, 1934 [8]
Blanton C. Winship February 5, 1934 June 25, 1939 Summarily removed by President Roosevelt on May 12, 1939.[27][28] [29]
José E. Colón June 25, 1939 September 11, 1939 Interim governor [7]
William D. Leahy September 11, 1939 November 28, 1940 [30]
José Miguel Gallardo November 28, 1940 February 1941 Interim governor [7]
Guy J. Swope February 1941 July 24, 1941 [31]
José Miguel Gallardo July 24, 1941 September 19, 1941 Interim governor [7]
Rexford Tugwell September 19, 1941 September 2, 1946 [32]
Jesús T. Piñero September 2, 1946 January 2, 1949 Only native Puerto Rican governor appointed under U.S colonial administration [33]

Governors under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

  Popular Democratic Party (7)
  New Progressive Party (5)

US Party Affiliation

  Democratic Party (9)
  Republican Party (2)
  Independent (1)

№ Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)		 Term of Office Party Affiliation
within U.S. politics
1 Luis Muñoz Marín
(1898–1980)[34]		 2 January 1949 2 January 1965 Popular Democratic Party Independent[lower-alpha 1]
2 Roberto Sánchez Vilella
(1913–1997)[36]		 2 January 1965 2 January 1969 Popular Democratic Party Democrat[lower-alpha 2]
3 Luis A. Ferré
(1904–2003)[38]		 2 January 1969 2 January 1973 New Progressive Party Republican[lower-alpha 3]
4 Rafael Hernández Colón
(1936–)[40]		 2 January 1973 2 January 1977 Popular Democratic Party Democrat[lower-alpha 4]
5 Carlos Romero Barceló
(1932–)[42]		 2 January 1977 2 January 1985 New Progressive Party Democrat[lower-alpha 4]
6 Rafael Hernández Colón
(1936–)[40]		 2 January 1985 2 January 1993 Popular Democratic Party Democrat[lower-alpha 4]
7 Pedro Rosselló
(1944–)[43]		 2 January 1993 2 January 2001 New Progressive Party Democrat[44]
8 Sila María Calderón
(1942–)[45]		 2 January 2001 2 January 2005 Popular Democratic Party Democrat[lower-alpha 5]
9 Aníbal Acevedo Vilá
(1962–)[47]		 2 January 2005 2 January 2009 Popular Democratic Party Democrat[lower-alpha 6]
10 Luis Fortuño
(1960–)		 2 January 2009 2 January 2013 New Progressive Party Republican[49]
11 Alejandro García Padilla
(1971–)		 2 January 2013 Active Popular Democratic Party Democrat[lower-alpha 7]
12 Ricardo Rosselló
(1979–)		 Pending - New Progressive Party Democrat[51]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Trías Monge (1995) "Aunque se le percibía como Demócrata e influía decisivamente en las gestiones del Partido Demócrata de Puerto Rico, Muñoz Marín nunca se afilió formalmente a ese partido ni participó en actividad alguna de los partidos políticos estadounidenses."[35]
  2. ↑ Metro (2012) "Desde la presidencia de Lyndon B. Johnson ona el gobernación de Roberto Sánchez Vilella, no teníamos un presidente demócrata en Washington y un gobernador demócrata en San Juan."[37]
  3. ↑ Fernós (2003) "[...]su dirigente Don Luis A. Ferré, presidente del Partido Republicano en Puerto Rico."[39]
  4. 1 2 3 Montalvo (2012) "Carlos Romero Barceló y Rafael Hernández Colón son de partidos contrarios en la Isla, pero demócratas en la política estadounidense."[41]
  5. ↑ Castilla y León. "[Calderón] pertenece al Partido Popular Democrático de Puerto Rico y al Partido Demócrata de Estados Unidos."[46]
  6. ↑ DARN (2011) "[Acevedo Vilá] was an active member of the National Governors Association, the Southern Governors Association and the Democratic Governors Association."[48]
  7. ↑ Varela (2013) "[...] Governor Alejandro Padilla, a Democrat [...]"[50]

External links

References

  1. ↑ "Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
  2. ↑ "Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain". Yale University. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Foraker Act (Organic Act of 1900)". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
  4. 1 2 3 "Rama Ejecutiva" (in Spanish). Gobierno del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on 2007-08-13. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
  5. 1 2 "Ponce de León, Juan". Infoplease. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  6. 1 2 "Puerto Rico in the Great Depression". New Deal Network. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 "Governors of Puerto Rico - Under Spanish Rule". El Boricua. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 "Puerto Rico - Chronology". World's Statesmen. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  9. ↑ Casa Blanca reveals centuries of San Juan history
  10. ↑ Altagracia Ortiz (1 January 1983). Eighteenth-century Reforms in the Caribbean: Miguel de Muesas, Governor of Puerto Rico, 1769-76. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3008-2.
  11. ↑ "Rafael Cordero Molina: Maestro de proceres, Siervo de Dios" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  12. ↑ "Presencia del ideario masónico en el proyecto revolucionario antillano de Ramón Emeterio Betances" (in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  13. 1 2 3 "Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte VII" (in Spanish). Coqui.net. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
  14. ↑ "Teniente general Andrés González Muñoz" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  15. ↑ "Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte VI" (in Spanish). Coqui.net. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  16. ↑ "Nelson Appleton Miles". Find A Grave. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  17. ↑ "John R. Brooke". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  18. ↑ "Guy Vernor Henry". Arlington National Cemetery Website. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  19. ↑ "Allen, Charles Herbert, (1848 - 1934)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  20. ↑ "Hunt, William Henry". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  21. ↑ "Arthur Yager 1908-1913". Georgetown College. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  22. ↑ "The Architecture of Power". Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  23. ↑ "Towner, Horace Mann, (1855 - 1937)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  24. ↑ "TR's Family Tree". Theodore Roosevelt Association. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  25. ↑ Washington Post (1933), "Warren D. Robbins Minister to Canada; White House Also Chooses Robert H. Gore as Governor of Puerto Rico", Washington Post (April 29, 1933): 2
  26. ↑ Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico, editor. 70 pages. May 22, 1937. Published by The Law Library Microform Consortium (LLMC). Accessed on 30 October 2010.
  27. ↑ Vito Marcantonio, U.S. Congressman. Five Years of Tyranny. Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives. Cheverote Productions. 14 August 1939. The entire speech is contained in the Congressional Record 14 August 1939. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
  28. ↑ Vito Marcantonio. "Five Years of Tyranny". Cheverote Productions. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  29. ↑ "William D. Leahy - Biography". Williamdleahy.com (official web site). Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  30. ↑ "Swope, Guy Jacob, (1892 - 1969)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  31. ↑ "Rexford G. Tugwell (1891-1979)". The Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  32. ↑ "Jesus T. Piñero". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  33. ↑ "Luis Muñoz Marín - Biografia". Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  34. ↑ Trías Monge, José (1995). Historia Constitucional de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). V. La Editorial. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  35. ↑ Luis R. Negrón. "Roberto Sánchez Vilella" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Retrieved 2007-09-19mdy. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  36. ↑ "Líderes populares reclaman a Cox Alomar para Oficina de PR en Washington". Metro Puerto Rico. Metro International. December 20, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  37. ↑ "Luis A. Ferré". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  38. ↑ Fernós, Antonio (2003). Ser Nosotros Mismos!: La Angustiosa Lucha Del Pueblo Puertorriqueño Por Su Soberanía Nacional (in Spanish). La Editorial. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  39. 1 2 "Rafael Hernández Colón". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  40. ↑ Montalvo, Iza (October 8, 2012). "Exgobernadores de PR visitan Florida en campaña por Obama". La Opinión (in Spanish).
  41. ↑ "Romero-Barceló, Carlos Antonio, (1932 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  42. ↑ "Pedro Rosselló" (in Spanish). Senado de Puerto Rico. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  43. ↑ "Hon. Pedro Rosselló - Resumen Biográfico" (in Spanish). 1998. Retrieved August 10, 2013. [Rosselló es] Vicepresidente de la Asociación de Gobernadores Demócratas.
  44. ↑ "Sila Maria Calderón". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  45. ↑ "Calderón Serra, Sila María" (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla y León. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  46. ↑ "Acevedo-Vilá, Aníbal, (1962 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  47. ↑ "Former Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá to Present at DANR Leadership Forum in Puerto Rico". Dominican American National Roundtable. August 7, 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  48. ↑ "WSJ: Luis Fortuno is a Republican Star". Republican Governors Association. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  49. ↑ Varela, Julio (May 22, 2013). "Opinion: For Puerto Rico to ever progress, the politics of status must disappear". NBC Latino. NBC. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  50. ↑ "Hon. Ricardo Rosselló - Resumen Biográfico" (in Spanish). 1998. Retrieved August 10, 2013. [Rosselló es] Vicepresidente de la Asociación de Gobernadores Demócratas.

Further reading

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