List of new religious movements

A new religious movement (NRM) is a comprehensive term used to identify religious, ethical, and spiritual groups, communities and practices of relatively modern origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad and inclusive, rather than sharply defined. New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assets to disseminate their ideas and worldviews, deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon the self, and having a peripheral relationship that exists in a state of tension with established societal conventions.^{[1]:29[2]:107[3]:206}

A NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approaches to spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied.^[4] Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide, with most in Asia and Africa. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million.^[5]:17 Academics occasionally propose amendments to technical definitions and continue to add new groups.^[1]:vii–xv

List

List of new religious movements

Name	Founder	Year founded	Type
3HO[6]^:131	Harbhajan Singh Yogi[7]^:162	1969[7]^:162	Sikhism[7]^:162
Adidam, previously Free Daist Avabhasan Communion, Free Daist Communion, Crazy Wisdom Fellowship, Johannine Daist Community, Laughing Man Institute, Dawn Horse Communion, Free Primitive Church of Divine Communion, Free Communion Church, Dawn Horse Fellowship[7]^:146[8]^:25–28	Adi Da[7]^:146	1972[7]^:146	Hindu-inspired[7]^:146
Adonai-Shomo[8]^:28	Frederick T. Howland[9]^:707	1861[9]^:707	Adventist Communal[9]^:707
Adonism[10]	Franz Sättler[10]	1925[10]	Neopagan[10]
Adventures in Enlightenment, A Foundation[8]^:28–29	Terry Cole-Whittaker	1985	Religious Science
Aetherius Society[7]^:3[8]^:29–31[11]^:25–26	George King[7]^:3	1954[7]^:3	UFO-Christian[7]^:3
African Church Incorporated[11]^:26	Jacob Kehinde Coker[12]	1901[12]	Anglican Communion
African Independent Churches, also known as African Initiated Churches[11]^:26–27	Multiple		Christianity; Indigenous
African Theological Archministry, previously Order of Damballah Hwedo Ancestor Priests, Shango Temple, and Yoruba Temple[8]^:31	Walter Eugene King[9]^:934	1973[9]^:934	Voodoo[9]^:934
Agasha Temple of Wisdom[8]^:32	Richard Zenor[9]^:764	1943[9]^:764	Spiritualism[9]^:764
Agni Yoga Society[6]^:6[8]^:32	Nicholas Roerich[9]^:876	mid-1920s[9]^:876	Theosophical[9]^:876
Ahmadiyya Movement[6]^:6[8]^:32–33[11]^:27–28	Mirza Ghulam Ahmad[9]^:985	1889[9]^:985	Islam[9]^:985
Aladura[6]^:7[11]^:28–29	Josiah Ositelu[9]	1930[9]^:517	Pentecostal[9]^:517
Alamo Christian Foundation, also known as Alamo Christian Church, Consecrated, Alamo Christian Ministries, and Music Square Church[6]^:7[8]^:33–34[11]^:29	Tony Alamo; Susan Alamo[7]^:13	1969[7]^:13	Fundamentalist; Communal[7]^:13
Altruria[8]^:34–35	Edward Biron Payne[9]^:707	1894[9]^:707	Christian Socialist Communal[9]^:707
American Buddhist Movement[8]^:35–36		1980[9]^:1116	Western Buddhism[9]^:1116
American Buddhist Society and Fellowship, Inc.[8]^:36	Robert Ernest Dickhoff[9]^:1102	1945[9]^:1102	Tibetan Buddhism[9]^:1102
American World Patriarchs[8]^:37–38	Uladyslau Ryzy-Ryski[9]^:309	1972[9]^:309	Eastern Liturgy[9]^:309
Amica Temple of Radiance[8]^:38	Ivah Berg Whitten[9]^:876	1932[9]^:876	Theosophical[9]^:876
Ananda Marga[6]^:11[8]^:41[11]^:30–31[13]^:370	Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar[9]^:1001	1955[9]^:1001	Hinduism[9]^:1001
Ancient British Church in North America[8]^:43	Jonathan V. Zotique[9]^:1142		Homosexually Oriented[9]^:1142
Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis[6]^:11[8]^:42–43[11]^:31	H. Spencer Lewis[9]^:841	1915[9]^:841	Rosicrucianism[9]^:841
Ancient Teachings of the Masters, also known as ATOM[8]^:43	Darwin Gross[9]^:1054	1983[9]^:1054	Sant Mat[9]^:1054
Anglo-Saxon Federation of America[6]^:13[8]^:43–44	Howard B. Rand[9]^:651	1928[9]^:651	British Israelism[9]^:651
Ansaaru Allah Community[8]^:44	As Siddid Al Imaan Al Haahi Al Mahdi[9]^:986–987	late 1960s[9]^:986–987"	Black Islam[9]^:986–987
Anthroposophy[6]^:13[8]^:44–47[11]^:33–34	Rudolf Steiner[7]^:20	1912[7]^:20	Western Occultist[7]^:20
Antiochian Catholic Church in America[8]^:47	Gordon Mar Peter[9]^:241	1980s[9]^:241	Independent Catholic, Monophysite[9]^:241
Antoinism[6]	Louis-Joseph Antoine[6]	1910[6]	Healing, Christian[6]
Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean)[8]^:47–48	Samuel Heinrich Froehlich[9]^:548	1906[9]^:548	European Free-Church[9]^:548
Apostolic Christian Church of America[8]^:47–48	Samuel Heinrich Froehlich[9]^:548	1830[9]^:548	European Free-Church[9]^:548
Apostolic Church[6]^:15	Daniel Powell Williams[7]^:23	1916[7]^:23	Pentecostal[7]^:23
Apostolic Church of Christ (Pentecostal)[8]^:48	Johnnie Draft; Wallace Snow[9]^:464	1969[9]^:464	Apostolic Pentecostal[9]^:464
Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God[6]^:16	William Thomas Phillips[9]^:465	1920[9]^:465	Apostolic Pentecostal[9]^:465
Arcane School[11]^:38	Alice and Foster Bailey[9]^:857	1937[9]^:857	Alice Bailey Groups[9]^:857
Arica School[6]^:17[11]^:38–39	Oscar Ichazo[9]^:971	1968[9]^:971	Sufism[9]^:971
Art of Living Foundation, also known as Association for Inner Growth and Ved Vignan Maha Vidya Preeth[9]^:1004	Sri Sri Ravi Shankar[9]^:1004	1981[9]^:1004	Hinduism[9]^:1004
Arya Samaj[6]^:18[11]^:40–41	Mul Shankara[9]^:1004	1875[9]^:1004	Hinduism[9]^:1004
Aryan Nations, also known as Church of Jesus Christ Christian, Aryan Nations[11]^:91	Wesley Swift[9]^:654	late 1940s[9]^:654	British Israelism[9]^:654
Ásatrú [14]	Stephen McNallen[14]	1970s[14]	Neo-pagan[14]
Assemblies of God[11]^:41–42	merger[15]^:106	1914[15]^:106	Pentecostalism[15]^:106
Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ[6]^:18	merger[9]^:466	1952[9]^:466	Apostolic Pentecostal[9]^:466
Assembly of Christian Soldiers[6]^:21	Jessie L. Thrift[9]^:1131	1971[9]^:1131	Unclassified, Ku Klux Klan-based[9]^:1131
Association for Research and Enlightenment[6]^:21[11]^:42–43	Edgar Cayce[7]^:31	1931[7]^:31	Occultist[7]^:31
Association of Vineyard Churches[6]^:316	John Wimber[9]^:446	1982[9]^:446	White Trinitarian Pentecostals[9]^:446
Aum Shinrikyo, also known as Aleph[6]^:23[11]^:44–45[16][17]	Shoko Asahara[9]^:1073	1987[9]^:1073	Japanese Buddhism[9]^:1073
Ausar Auset Society[6]^:24	R.A. Straughn[9]^:842	mid-1970s[9]^:842	Rosicrucianism[9]^:842
Bábism[18]	Báb[18]	1844[18]	Islam[18]
Bahá'í Faith[6]^:25–26[11]^:48–49	Mírzá Ḥusayn-'Alí Nuri[9]^:992	1863[9]^:992	Middle Eastern, Baha'i[9]^:992
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship[11]^:50–51	Bawa Muhaiyaddeen[9]^:972	1971[9]^:972	Sufism[9]^:972
Bethel Ministerial Association[6]^:32	Albert Franklin Varnell[9]^:466	1934[9]^:466	Apostolic Pentecostal[9]^:466
Bible Presbyterian Church[6]^:33	Carl McIntire[9]^:370	1938[9]^:370	Reformed Presbyterian[9]^:370
Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ[6]^:34[8]^:77	schism[9]^:466	1957[9]^:466	Apostolic Pentecostal[9]^:466
The Blackburn Cult, also known as the Divine Order of the Royal Arms of the Great Eleven[19]^:35	May Otis Blackburn[19]^:1	1922[19]^:1	Neopaganism and New Thought[19]^:1
Brahma Kumaris[6]^:37[11]^:56–57[20]	Dada Lekhraj[9]^:1006	1936[9]^:1006	Hinduism[9]^:1006
Branch Davidian[6]^:38[11]^:59	Victor T. Houteff[9]^:617	1930[9]^:617	Seventh Day Adventist[9]^:617
Branhamism[21]^:37–40	William M. Branham[21]^:37–40	1951[21]^:37–40	Oneness Pentecostal[21]^:37–40
Breatharians also known as Inedia[11]^:60–61	Wiley Brooks[22]^:30	1970s[22]^:30	Hinduism-influenced[22]^:30
The Brethren (Jim Roberts group), also known as The Body of Christ and The Garbage Eaters[9]^:1131–1132	Jimmie T. Roberts[9]^:1131–1132	c. 1970[9]^:1131–1132	Unclassified Christian Churches[9]^:1131–1132
British Israelism, also called Anglo-Israelism[6]^:39–40[11]^:61–62
Bruderhof, also known as the Hutterian Brethren and Hutterian Society of Brothers[11]^:63–64	Eberhard Arnold[9]^:709	c. 1920[9]^:709	Communal[9]^:709
Brunstad Christian Church[6]^:269–270
Builders of the Adytum[6]^:41–42[11]^:67–68	Paul Foster Case[9]^:891	1922[9]^:891	Ritual magic[9]^:891
Candomblé[6]^:43–44[11]^:68–69		19th century[7]^:61	Syncretistic; Neo-African; Divination[7]^:61
Cao Dai, also known as Dai Dao Tam Ky Pho Do[6]^:44[11]^:69–70	Ngô Văn Chiêu; Lê Văn Trung[7]^:61	1919[7]^:61	Syncretistic; Vietnamese Millenarian[7]^:61
Cargo cults[6]^:45[11]^:70			Syncretistic; Nativist[7]^:62
CAUSA International[11]^:72	Sun Myung Moon[9]^:837–838	1970[9]^:837–838	Unification Church[9]^:837–838
Celestial Church of Christ[11]^:73	Samuel Oshoffa[7]^:64	1947[7]^:64	Nativist Christian Pentecostal[7]^:64
The Centers Network[11]^:73–74
Chabad-Lubavitch[6]^:206,368[11]^:70	Shneur Zalman of Liadi.	late 18th century	Chasidic movement in Orthodox Judaism.
Charismatic Movement[11]^:78		1950s[21]^:70
Chen Tao, also called God's Salvation Church and God Saves the Earth Flying Saucer Foundation[11]^:78–79
Cheondoism, also called Chendogyo[11]^:80–81	Choe Je-u
Cherubim and Seraphim, also known as Sacred Cherubim and Seraphim Society and Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim[11]^:79	Moses Orimolade Tunolase[7]^:65	c. 1925[7]^:65	African Pentecostal[7]^:65
Christ Apostolic Church[11]^:82–83	T. O. Obadare[9]^:479	1941[9]^:479	Pentecostal[9]^:479
Christadelphians, also called Thomasites[6]^:50[11]^:81–82	John Thomas[21]^:48	1844[9]^:107	Baptist family[9]^:107
The Christian Community, also known as the Christian Community Church and Christengemeinschaft[11]^:83	Rudolf Steiner Friedrich Rittelmeyer[7]^:70	1922[7]^:70	Anthroposophy[7]^:70
Christian Identity[6]^:138[11]^:84		1982[9]^:652	British Israelism[9]^:652
Christian Reformed Church in North America[11]^:86	Gijsbert Haan[9]^:365	1857[9]^:365	Reformed Presbyterian[9]^:365
Christian Science[6]^:54[11]^:86–87.	Mary Baker Eddy[9]^:741	1876[9]^:741	Christian Science-Metaphysical;[9]^:741 New Thought[23]
Christian World Liberation Front, also known as the Spiritual Counterfeits Project[11]^:87–88	Jack Sparks; Fred Dyson; Pat Matrisciana[7]^:76	1969[7]^:76	Christian Fundamentalist-Millenarian[7]^:76
Church of All Worlds[6]^:58[11]^:88–89	Tim Zell; Lance Christie[9]^:909	1962[9]^:909	Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism[9]^:909
Church of Aphrodite[6]^:58	Gleb Botkin[9]^:911	1939[9]^:911	Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism[9]^:911
Church of Bible Understanding[6]^:59[11]^:89–90	Stewart Traill[7]^:79	1971[7]^:79	Adventist; Fundamentalist[7]^:79
Church of Daniel's Band[6]^:61		1893[9]^:395	Non-Episcopal Methodism[9]^:395
Church of God in Christ[6]^:62	Charles H. Mason[7]^:85	1908[7]^:85	Pentecostal[7]^:85
The Church of God (Jerusalem Acres)[6]^:62	Grady R. Kent[9]^:437	1957[9]^:437	White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal[9]^:437
Church of God Mountain Assembly[6]^:63, 65	J.H. Parks, Steve N. Bryant, Tom Moses, William O. Douglas	1906[9]^:437	White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal[9]^:437
Church of God of Prophecy[6]^:62–63	Ambrose Tomlinson[9]^:438	1903[9]^:438	White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal[9]^:438
Church of God with Signs Following[24]^:300–301	George Went Hensley[9]^:489	1920s[9]^:489	Holiness Pentecostal[9]^:489
Church of Israel[6]^:65	Dan Gayman[9]^:653	1974[9]^:653	British Israelism[9]^:653
The Church of Light[25]^:210–211[26]^:105–106	C.C. Zain[25]^:210–211[26]^:105–106	1932[25]^:210–211[26]^:105–106	Hermetism[25]^:210–211[26]^:105–106
Church of Satan[11]^:91–92	Anton LaVey[27]^:508–509	1966[27]^:508–509	Satanism[27]^:508–509
Church of the Creator[9]^:668	Rev. Dr. Grace Marama URI	1969	Liberal family[9]^:668
Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster[28][29] or Pastafarianism	Bobby Henderson	2005
Church of the Living Word, also known as The Walk[11]^:92–93	John Robert Stevens[7]^:386	1954[7]^:386	Fundamentalist; Occultist[7]^:386
Church of the Lord (Aladura)[11]^:93	Josiah Ositelu[9]^:517	1930[9]^:517	Pentecostal Family[9]^:517
Church of World Messianity[6]^:94, 371[11]^:94	Mokichi Okada[9]^:1120	1934[9]^:1120	Shintoism[9]^:1120
Church Universal and Triumphant[6]^:281[11]^:94–95	Mark Prophet; Elizabeth Clare (Wolf) Prophet[7]^:97	1958[7]^:97	Theosophical; Occultist[7]^:97
Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles, also known as CARP[11]^:71	Sun Myung Moon[30][30]	1955[30]	Unification Church[30]
Commandment Keepers: Holy Church of the Living God[6]^:74[8]^:180	Arnold Josiah Ford[9]^:951	1924[9]^:951	Black Judaism[9]^:951
Community Chapel and Bible Training Center[6]^:75	Donald Lee Barnett[9]^:496	1967[9]^:496	Latter Rain Pentecostal[9]^:496
Concerned Christians[11]^:96
Conservative Judaism[6]^:76[11]^:97	Sabato Morais, Marcus Jastrow, H. Pereira Mendes[9]^:943	1887[9]^:943	Mainline Judaism[9]^:943
A Course in Miracles[6]^:1[11]^:98	Helen Schucman William Thetford[7]^:104	1975[7]^:104	New Thought[7]^:104
Covenant of the Goddess[6]^:98[11]^:48–49	merger[9]^:915	1975[9]^:915	Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism[9]^:915
Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans[6]^:99[11]^:99	Margot Adler[9]^:915	1987[9]^:915	Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism[9]^:915
The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord[6]^:78[11]^:99–100	James D. Ellison[9]^:654	mid-1970s[9]^:654	British Israelism[9]^:654
Creativity[31]	Ben Klassen[31]	early-1970's	Pantheism and Agnostic Atheism and White Racialism.[31]
Crossroads Movement[11]^:100		1970s[24]^:100
Cyberchurches[11]^:103
Dalit Buddhist movement[32]	Bhimrao Ramji Sakpal[32]	1956[32]	Buddhism[32]
Dances of Universal Peace[33]
Dianic Wicca[6]^:84	merger[9]^:916	1971[9]^:916	Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism[9]^:916
Eckankar[6]^:91	Paul Twitchell[9]^:1056	1971[9]^:1056	Derived from Sant Mat but denies connection[9]^:1056
Elan Vital (formerly Divine Light Mission)[6]^:85–86[20]^:126[34]^:156	Shri Hans Ji Maharaj[9]^:1055	1920s[9]^:1055	Sant Mat[9]^:1055
Esoteric Nazism[35]
est (Erhard Seminars Training)[1]^:44[20]^:126–127[36]	Werner Erhard[37]^:193	1971[21]^:108[38]^:167,171–172	Human Potential Movement,[5]^:35[21]^:107–108[39] Self religions[40]
Evangelical Methodist Church[6]^:97	J.H. Hamblen[9]^:396	1946[9]^:396	Non-Episcopal Methodist[9]^:396
Family Federation for World Peace and Unification[41]	Sun Myung Moon[41]	1994[41]	Unification Church[41]
Falun Gong[42]	Li Hongzhi[9]^:1126	1992[9]^:1126
Family International, previously known as the Children of God, the Family of Love and the Family[7]^:133[20]^:126[43]	David Berg[7]^:133	1968[7]^:133	Fundamentalist,[7]^:133 Jesus movement offshoot,[43] with countercultural and Evangelical beliefs[27]^:185
Fellowship of Isis[6]^:103	Olivia Robertson[9]^:888	1976[9]^:888	Spiritual organization[9]^:888
Feraferia[44]	Frederick Adams[44]	1967[44]	Neopagan, Goddess[44]
Findhorn Foundation[6]^:104	Eileen Caddy; Peter Caddy; Alexis Edwards; Roger Benson[7]^:138	1963[7]^:138	Christian-Anthroposophistical-Rosicrucian[7]^:138
Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas[6]^:104	W.E. Fuller[9]^:482	1898[9]^:482	Black Trinitarian Pentecostal[9]^:482
Followers of Christ[9]^:1137	Marion Reece (or Riess)[9]^:1137[45]	late 19th century[9]^:1137	Unclassified[9]^:1137 Pentecostal [45]
Foundation for A Course In Miracles[46]	Kenneth and Gloria Wapnick[9]^:751	1983[9]^:751	Christian Science-Metaphysical; New Thought[9]^:751
Fraternitas Rosae Crucis[6]^:108	Paschal Beverly Randolph[9]^:843	1858[9]^:843	Rosicrucianism[9]^:843
Freedomites[6]^:272
Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO)[47]	Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood)	1967[47]	Buddhism
Fundamentalist Christianity[6]^:113–114
General Church of the New Jerusalem[6]^:117	schism[9]^:763	1890[9]^:763	Swedenborgianism[9]^:763
Ghost Dance[6]^:119
Global Peace Foundation[48]	Hyun Jin Moon[49]	2007[48]	Unification Church[48]
Grail Movement[6]^:122–123	Oskar Ernst Bernhardt[9]^:786	1924[9]^:786	Spiritualist, Psychic and New Age; Channeling[9]^:786
Hanuman Foundation[6]^:129	Richard Alpert (Ram Dass)[21]^:51	1980[9]^:1013	Hinduism[9]^:1013
Heaven's Gate[50]	Marshall Herff Applewhite; Bonnie Lu Nettles[50]	1973[50]	New Age, UFO[50]
Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy[6]^:133	Swami Rama[9]^:1014	1971[9]^:1014	Hinduism[9]^:1014
I AM Activity[6]^:138	Guy Ballard[9]^:873		I AM Groups; Ascended Masters[9]^:873
Isha Foundation [51]	Jaggi Vasudev	1992	Hinduism
Independent Fundamental Churches of America[6]^:142	R. Lee Kirkland[7]^:179	1922[7]^:179	Unaffiliated Fundamentalist[7]^:179
Insight Meditation Society[6]^:143	Jack Kornfield, Sharon Salzberg, Joseph Goldstein[9]^:1067	1976[9]^:1067	Theravada Buddhism[9]^:1067
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel[6]^:108	Aimee Semple McPherson[9]^:451	1923[9]^:451	White Trinitarian Pentecostal[9]^:451
International Community of Christ also known as Church of the Second Advent (CSA) and Jamilians[21]^:139	Eugene Douglas Savoy[21]^:139	1972[21]^:139	New Age Occultist[21]^:139
International Society for Krishna Consciousness[6]^:146–148	Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta[9]^:997	mid-1960s[9]^:997	Hinduism[9]^:997
Jediism[52]^:62		2000s[52]^:62	Star Wars-inspired New Age[52]^:62
Jehovah's Witnesses[6]^:150, 152–153	Charles Taze Russell[9]^:637	1870[9]^:637	Adventist; Bible Student Groups[9]^:637
Jesus Army (also known as "Jesus Fellowship Church" and "Bugbrooke Jesus Fellowship")[6]^:153	Noel Stanton (split from Baptist Union)[13]^:149–163	1977[13]^:149–163	Fundamentalist, Communal[13]^:149–163
Jesus Movement[6]^:153[53]		late 1960s[7]^:196	Fundamentalist[7]^:196
Jews for Jesus[6]^:155	Moishe Rosen[7]^:197	1970[7]^:197	Fundamentalist Christianity[7]^:197
John Frum[6]^:155		1936[7]^:197	Syncretistic; Millenarian[7]^:197
Kabbalah Centre[27]^:292–293	Philip Berg[27]^:292–293	1970s[27]^:292–293	New Age[27]^:292–293
Kemetic Orthodoxy[54]	Tamara Siuda[54]	1988[54]	Kemetic[54]
Kerista[6]^:158	John Presmont[9]^:730	1956[9]^:730	Communal—After 1960[9]^:730
Kopimism	Isak Gerson	2012	Internet religion
Konkokyo[6]^:161	Bunjiro Kawate[9]^:1122	1859[9]^:1122	Shintoism[9]^:1122
Kripalu Center (Kirpalu)[6]^:161	Amrit Desai[9]^:1019	1966[9]^:1019	Hinduism[9]^:1019
Lama Foundation[6]^:164	Steve Durkee[9]^:731	1967[9]^:731	Communal—After 1960[9]^:731
Latter Rain Movement[6]^:165	schism led by George Hawtin and Percy Hunt[7]^:209	1946[7]^:209	Millenarian Pentecostal[7]^:209
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement[6]^:165	Paul S. L. Johnson[9]^:639	c. 1920[9]^:639	Adventist; Bible Student Groups[9]^:639
Lectorium Rosicrucianum[6]^:165–166		1924[9]^:844	Rosicrucianism[9]^:844
The Living Word Fellowship[55]	John Robert Stevens[9]^:506	1951[9]^:506	Latter Rain Pentecostals[9]^:506
Local Church movement[6]^:169, 171	Ni Shu-tsu (Watchman Nee)[9]^:609–610	1920s[9]^:609–610	Independent Fundamentalist; Other Bible Students[9]^:609–610
Love Family, also known as the Church of Jesus Christ at Armageddon and Love Israel[11]^:90–91	Paul Erdman[7]^:216	1969[7]^:216	Communalism[7]^:216
Lucis Trust[6]^:172–173	Alice A. Bailey[7]^:217	1923[7]^:217	Occultist; Theosophical[7]^:217
Madkhalism[56][57]	Rabee Al-Madkhali[58][59]	early 1990s[60][61][62]	Islam[63][64]
Mahikari[6]^:176	Kotama Okada[9]^:1123	1959[9]^:1123	Shintoism[9]^:1123
Maranatha Campus Ministries[6]^:178	Bob Weiner[7]^:223	1972[7]^:223	Pentecostalism[7]^:223
Mazdaznan[6]^:181	Otoman Zar-Adusht Ha'nish[9]^:991	1902[9]^:991	Zoroastrianism[9]^:991
Meher Baba followers[34]	Merwan Sheriar Irani[9]^:991	1921[9]^:991	Hindu-inspired[9]^:991
Messianic Judaism[6]^:184			Christianity
Million Man March[65]	Louis Farrakhan[65]	1995[65]	Nation of Islam[65]
Mita Congregation[6]^:186	Juanita García Peraza[9]^:462	1940[9]^:462	Deliverance Pentecostal[9]^:462
Monastic Order of Avallon[66]	Henri Hillion de Coatmoc'han[66]	1972[66]	Neo-pagan[66]
Moody Church[6]^:186	Dwight L. Moody[9]^:602	1864[9]^:602	Fundamentalist and Evangelical Churches[9]^:602
Moorish Science Temple of America[6]^:186, 188	Timothy Drew[9]^:988	1925[9]^:988	Black Islam[9]^:988
Moral Re-Armament[6]^:188, 190	Frank N. D. Buchman[7]^:233	1921[7]^:233
Latter Day Saint movement[6]^:190, 192	Joseph Smith[21]^:187	1830[21]^:187	Latter Day Saint movement; Mormonism;
Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness[6]^:194	John-Roger Hinkins[9]^:1054	1971[9]^:1054	Sant Mat[9]^:1054
Namdhari[6]^:196	Balak Singh[7]^:243	mid-19th century[7]^:243	Sikhism[7]^:243
Nation of Islam[67]	Elijah Muhammad[7]^:245	mid-1930s[7]^:245	Black Muslims[7]^:245
Nation of Yahweh[68]^:217[6]^:200	Hulon Mitchell, Jr.[9]^:952–953	1970s[9]^:952–953	Black Judaism[9]^:952–953
National Spiritualist Association of Churches[6]^:197	Harrison D Barrett, James M. Peebles, Cora L. Richmond[9]^:772	1893[9]^:772	Spiritualism[9]^:772
Native American Church[6]^:202		1906[9]^:809	Entheogen Groups[9]^:809
New Apostolic Church[6]^:205	Heinrich Geyer[9]^:1139	1863[9]^:1139	Unclassified Christian Churches[9]^:1139
New Kadampa Tradition[69]^:310–311	Geshe Kelsang Gyatso[9]^:1112	mid-1970s[9]^:1112	Tibetan Buddhism[9]^:1112
The New Message from God[70]	Marshall Vian Summers	1992[71]
New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn[6]^:207		1969[9]^:923	Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism[9]^:923
New Thought[6]^:208	Phineas Parkhurst Quimby[7]^:258	mid-19th century[7]^:258	Metaphysical[7]^:258
Oahspe Faithists[72]	John Ballou Newbrough	1882	UFO-Christian
Odinism[73]	Orestes Brownson[73]	1848 [73]	Neo-paganism[73]
Oomoto[6]^:216	Mrs. Nao Deguchi[7]^:266	1899[7]^:266	Millenarian Shintoism[7]^:266
Open Bible Standard Churches[6]^:217	merger[9]^:454	1935[9]^:454	White Trinitarian Pentecostals[9]^:454
Opus Dei[20]^:126[27]^:427–428[74][75]^:3, 122–123[76][77][78]^:251	Saint Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer[27]^:427–428	1928[27]^:427–428	Roman Catholic[27]^:427–428
Ordo Templi Orientis[7]^:270	Carl Kellner;[7]^:270[27]^:430 Theodor Reuss[27]^:430	1895;[7]^:270 1906[27]^:430	Thelema[27]^:430
Pentecostal Church of God[6]^:225		1919[15]^:109	Pentecostalism[15]^:109
Pentecostalism[6]^:224–225
Peoples Temple[6]^:226[79]	Jim Jones[9]^:832	1955[9]^:832	Other Psychic, New Age Groups[9]^:832
Philosophical Research Society[6]^:228	Manly Palmer Hall[9]^:849	1934[9]^:849	Occult Orders[9]^:849
Pilgrims of Arès[80]	Michel Potay[80]	1974[80]
Plymouth Brethren[6]^:228–229[11]^:61	John Nelson Darby[7]^:281	1830[7]^:281	Millenarian[7]^:281
Potter's House also known as Christian Fellowship Ministries (CFM), The Door, Victory Chapel, Christian Center, Crossroads Chapel, etc.[21]^:51–52	Wayman Mitchell[21]^:51–52	1970[21]^:51–52	Pentecostalism[21]^:51–52
Radha Soami Satsang Beas[6]^:234	Seth Shiv Dayal Singh[9]^:1059	1861[9]^:1059	Sant Mat[9]^:1059
Raëlism[6]^:234	Claude Vorilhon (Rael)[9]^:806	1973[9]^:806	Flying Saucer Groups[9]^:806
Rainbow Family[6]^:234, 236	Barry Adams[9]^:732	late-1960s[9]^:732	Communal—After 1960[9]^:732
Rajneesh movement[6]^:236, 238	Rajneesh Chandra Mohan[9]^:1051	1966[9]^:1051	Eastern Family[9]^:1051
Ramtha[81]	J. Z. Knight[82]	1977[83]	New Age[81]
Rastafari[6]^:241,243[84]	Leonard Howell, Joseph Hibbert, Archibald Dunkley, Robert Hinds[9]^:954	1935[9]^:954	Black Judaism[9]^:954
Reformed Druids of North America[6]^:244		1960s[7]^:299	Neo-Paganism[7]^:299
Religious Science[6]^:245–246	Ernest Holmes[7]^:301	1948[7]^:301	New Thought[7]^:301
Risshō Kōsei Kai[6]^:248	Nikkyo Niwano and Myoko Naganuma[85]	1938 [85]	Nichiren Buddhist[85]
Rosicrucian Fellowship[6]^:249	Carl Louis von Grasshof[9]^:845	1909[9]^:845	Rosicrucianism[9]^:845
Sacred Name Movement[6]^:251	Clarence Orvil Dodd	1930s	Aventist; Church of God (Seventh-Day);
Sahaja Yoga[86]	Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi[9]^:1029	1970[9]^:1029	Hinduism[9]^:1029
Saiva Siddhanta Church[6]^:251	Subramuniy[9]^:1029	1957[9]^:1029	Hinduism[9]^:1029
The Salvation Army[6]^:252, 254	William Booth[9]^:419	1865[9]^:419	Nineteenth Century Holiness[9]^:419
Sant Nirankari Mission[6]^:210	Baba Buta Singh Ji	1929	Sikhism
Scientology[20]^:126[87][88][89]	L. Ron Hubbard[9]^:816	1955[9]^:816	Other Psychic, New Age Groups[9]^:816
Self-Realization Fellowship[6]^:261	Paramahansa Yogananda[9]^:1031	1935[9]^:1031	Hinduism[9]^:1031
Semitic Neopaganism[90]	Raphael Patai[90]	1960s[90]	Neo-paganism, Feminism[90]
Seventh-day Adventist Church[6]^:262	Ellen G. White[9]^:621	1860[9]^:621	Seventh Day Adventists[9]^:621
Seventh-day Adventist Reform Movement[6]^:262–263	schism[9]^:622–623	1925[9]^:622–623	Seventh Day Adventists[9]^:622–623
Shakers[6]^:263, 265	Ann Lee[9]^:724	1750s[9]^:724	Communal—Before 1960[9]^:724
Shepherd's Rod, also known as the Davidian Seventh-day Adventist Association[8]^:189	Victor T. Houteff[9]^:619	1935[9]^:619	Seventh Day Adventists[9]^:619
Shiloh Youth Revival Centers[6]^:266	John J. Higgins, Jr.[9]^:734	1969[9]^:734	Communal—After 1960[9]^:734
Shinnyo-en[6]^:266–267	Shinjo Ito and Tomoji Ito[9]^:1081	1936[9]^:1081	Japanese Buddhism[9]^:1081
Shinreikyo[6]^:266	Kanichi Otsuka[9]^:1123	post–World War II[9]^:1123	Shintoism[9]^:1123
Shri Ram Chandra Mission[91]	Shri Ram Chandraji Maharaj[91]	1945[91]	Hinduism[91]
Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres[6]^:268–269	Kuppuswami Iyer[9]^:1035	1935[9]^:1035	Hinduism[9]^:1035
Soka Gakkai International[6]^:271[92]	Tsunesaburo Makiguchi[9]^:1082	1930[9]^:1082	Nichiren Buddhism[9]^:1082
Subud[6]^:279	Muhammed Subuh[9]^:981	1933[9]^:981	Sufism[9]^:981
Sufi Ruhaniat International[6]^:279	Samuel L. Lewis[7]^:342	1968[7]^:342	Sufism[7]^:342
Sukyo Mahikari[6]^:281	Sekiguchi Sakae[7]^:344	1978[7]^:344	Mahikari Syncretistic[7]^:344
Summum[6]^:281	Claude Rex Nowell[9]^:1141	1975[9]^:1141	Unclassified Christian Churches[9]^:1141
Tenrikyo[6]^:287–288	Miki Nakayama[9]^:1124	1838[9]^:1124	Shintoism[9]^:1124
Terasem[93]	Martine Rothblatt	2004	Transhumanism
Tolstoyan primitivism[94]^:672	Leo Tolstoy[94]^:672	1901[94]^:672	Christian anarchism, Pacifism[94]^:672
Toronto Blessing[95]	Randy Clark[13]^:122–123	1994[13]^:122–123	Pentecostalism[13]^:122–123
Transcendental Meditation[6]^:292–293, 295–296	Brahmananda Saraswati (Guru Dev), Maharishi Mahesh Yogi[9]^:1045	1958[9]^:1045	Hinduism[9]^:1045
True Buddha School[96]	Lu Sheng-yen[96]	Late 1980s	Tibetan Buddhism/Taoism[96]
Twelve Tribes[6]^:212, 334–335	Gene and Marsha Spriggs[9]^:737	1972[9]^:737	Communal—After 1960[9]^:737
Two by Twos, also known as Cooneyites, Christian Conventions, the Workers and Friends, the Truth, etc.[6]^:298	William Irvine[11]^:330	1897[97]	Independent fundamentalist family[9]^:611
Umbanda[6]^:299	Zélio Fernandino de Moraes[98]	1920[98]	Spiritism[98]
Unarius Academy of Science[6]^:300, 302–303	Ernest Norman, Ruth Norman	1954	UFO Religion
Unification Church[6]^:300, 302–303	Sun Myung Moon[7]^:365	1954[7]^:365	Unification Church[7]^:365
Unitarian Universalism[24]^:335	consolidation[21]^:308–310	1961[21]^:308–310	Unitarian Universalism[21]^:308–310
United Holy Church of America[6]^:304	Isaac Cheshier[9]^:487	1900[9]^:487	Black Trinitarian Pentecostal[9]^:487
United House of Prayer for All People[6]^:304–305	Marcelino Manoel de Graca[7]^:371	1925[7]^:371	African American Pentecostal[7]^:371
United Israel World Union[6]^:305	David Horowitz[9]^:959	1944[9]^:959	Other Jewish Groups[9]^:959
United Lodge of Theosophists[6]^:305	Robert Crosbie[9]^:855	1909[9]^:855	Theosophy[9]^:855
United Pentecostal Church International[6]^:287–306	merger[9]^:476	1945[9]^:476	Apostolic Pentecostals[9]^:476
Unity Church[6]^:306–307	Charles Fillmore[7]^:373	1903[7]^:373	New Thought[7]^:373
Universal Great Brotherhood[6]^:310	Serge Raynaud de la Ferriere[9]^:883	late 1940s[9]^:883	Other Theosophical Groups[9]^:883
Universal Life Church[6]^:311	Kirby Hensley[9]^:680	1962[9]^:680	Liberal Family[9]^:680
Universal White Brotherhood[99]	Peter Deunov[9]^:880	1900[9]^:880	Other Theosophical Groups[9]^:880
Urantia Foundation[21]^:319–322	William S. Sadler[21]^:319–322	1934[21]^:319–322	UFO,[21]^:319–322 Spiritualist, Psychic, New Age[9]^:839 and Christian occultist[7]^:380
Vajradhatu[6]^:313	Chögyam Trungpa[9]^:1115	1973[9]^:1115	Tibetan Buddhism[9]^:1115
Vale do Amanhecer[100]	Tia Neiva[100]	1959[100]	Spiritualism[100]
Vedanta Society[6]^:314	Swami Vivekananda[7]^:382	1894[7]^:382	Hinduism[7]^:382
Volunteers of America[6]^:316	Ballington Booth and Maud Booth[9]^:420	1896[9]^:420	Nineteenth Century Holiness[9]^:420
The Way International[6]^:318	Victor Paul Wierwille[9]^:608	1942[9]^:608	Independent fundamentalist family[9]^:608
The Way of the Livingness (Universal Medicine)[101]	Serge Benhayon[101]	1999[101]	Theosophical[102]
White Eagle Lodge[6]^:319	Lady Elizabeth Carey[9]^:884	1943[9]^:884	Other Theosophical Groups[9]^:884
Wicca[103]	Gerald Gardner[21]^:338	c. 1949[21]^:338	Occultist[21]^:338
Women's Federation for World Peace[104]^:203–205	Hak Ja Han[104]^:203–205	1992[104]^:203–205	Unification Church[104]^:203–205
The Word Foundation[6]^:320	Harold W. Percival[9]^:856	c. 1904[9]^:856	Theosophy[9]^:856

See also

• List of religions and spiritual traditions
• Governmental lists of cults and sects
• Hinduism-oriented new religious movements
• List of Neopagan movements
• List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement

Notes

1. Beckford, James A., ed. (1 January 1987). New religious movements and rapid social change. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-8039-8003-7.
2. Nelson, Geoffrey K. (3 December 1987). Cults, new religions and religious creativity. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7102-0855-2.
3. Swenson, Donald S. (15 August 2009). Society, spirituality, and the sacred : a social scientific introduction (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9680-7.
4. Coney, Judith (June 1998). "A Response to: Religious Liberty in Western Europe by Massimo Introvigne, Vol. 5, No. 2". ISKCON Communications Journal. International Society for Krishna Consciousness. 6 (1).
5. Wilson, Bryan R.; Cresswell, Jamie, eds. (5 May 1999). New religious movements : challenge and response. London [u.a.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20049-3.
6. Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (28 December 1992). Rosen, Roger, ed. The illustrated encyclopedia of active new religions, sects, and cults (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-1505-7.
7. Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1 June 1997). The illustrated encyclopedia of active new religions, sects, and cults (Rev. ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-2586-5.
8. Lewis, James R. (July 1998). The encyclopedia of cults, sects, and new religions ([Nachdr.] ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-222-7.
9. Melton, J. Gordon (December 2002). Encyclopedia of American religions (7th ed.). Detroit: Gale. ISBN 978-0-7876-6384-1.
10. Hakl, Hans Thomas (2010). "Franz Sättler (Dr. Musallam) and the Twentieth-Century Cult of Adonism". Pomegranate: the International Journal of Pagan Studies. United Kingdom: Equinox Publishing Ltd. 12 (1). ISSN 1528-0268.
11. Chryssides, George D. (15 November 2001). Historical dictionary of new religious movements. Lanham, Md. [u.a.]: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4095-9.
12. Omoyajowo 1995, pp. xv, 113.
13. Chryssides, George D. (1999). Exploring new religions. London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-3890-4.
14. Strmiska and Sigurvinsson 2005, pp. 127–180.
15. Clark, Elmer T. (June 1940). The Small Sects in America (1st ed.). New York: Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-0-687-38703-8.
16. Partridge, 2004, p. 261.
17. Saliba, 2003, p. 171.
18. Encyclopædia Iranica 1989, "Babism".
19. Fort, Samuel (9 October 2014). Cult of the Great Eleven. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5027-8258-8.
20. Bhugra, Dinesh, ed. (1996). Psychiatry and religion : context, consensus and controversies. London [u.a.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08955-5.
21. Nichols, Larry A.; Mather, George; Schmidt, Alvin J. (13 August 2006). Dictionary of cults, sects, and world religions (Rev. and updated ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-23954-3.
22. Bergman, Gregory (30 May 2006). Isms. Avon, MA: Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-59337-483-9.
23. See:
    • Saliba, John A. Understanding New Religious Movements. Rowman Altamira, 2003, p. 26: "The Christian Science-Metaphysical Family. This family, known also as "New Thought" in academic literature, stresses the need to understand the functioning of the human mind in order to achieve the healing of all human ailments."
    • Lewis, James R. Legitimating New Religions. Rutgers University Press, 2003, p. 94: "Groups in the metaphysical (Christian Science–New Thought) tradition ... usually claim to have discovered spiritual laws which, if properly understood and applied, transform and improve the lives of ordinary individuals, much as technology has transformed society."
24. Chryssides, George D. (17 April 2006). The A to Z of new religious movements (Rev. pbk. ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5588-5.
25. Lewis, James R. (2002). The encyclopedia of cults, sects, and new religions (2nd ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-888-5.
26. Greer, John Michael (8 October 2003). The new encyclopedia of the occult. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 978-1-56718-336-8.
27. Clarke, Peter B., ed. (22 December 2005). Encyclopedia of new religious movements. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-45383-7.
28. http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2014/04/10/thanks-to-a-technicality-pastafarianism-is-now-an-official-religion-in-poland/
29. Pastafarian wins one for the Flying Spaghetti Monster in Texas
30. "In 1955, Reverend Moon established the Collegiate Association for the Research of the Principle (CARP). CARP is now active on many campuses in the United States and has expanded to over eighty nations. This association of students promotes intercultural, interracial, and international cooperation through the Unification world view."
31. Robinson 2005.
32. Ambedkar and the Hindu Culture
33. Van Bruinessen 2007, p. 258.
34. Beckford, James A. (15 September 2003). Social theory and religion. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77336-2.
35. Goodrick-Clarke, p. 17.
36. See:
    • Lewis 2004, p. 187. "These two opposing strategies of new religious movements for delivering compensators I will term 'compensation delivery systems' (CDS). The gradual CDS can best be described as religion as a multi-level marketing (MLM) tactic - a term I take from the business world [...] Exemplars of new religious movements with a gradual CDS are Scientology and Erhard Seminar Training in its various manifestations."
    • Saliba 2003, p. 88. "Many of the new religions attract individuals by the promise of peace of mind, spiritual well-being, gratifying experiences, and material success. In so doing they stress their concern for the individual and highlight one's personal worth and self-development. This is especially so in human growth movements such as Scientology, The Forum (previously known as Erhard Seminar Training [EST]), and qualsi-religious encounter groups."
37. Aupers, Stef (2005). "'We Are All Gods': New Age in the Netherlands 1960–2000". In Sengers, Erik. The Dutch and Their Gods: Secularization and Transformation of Religion in the Netherlands. Studies in Dutch Religious History. 3. Hilversum: Verloren. ISBN 90-6550-867-8.
38. Clarke, Peter; Sutherland, Stewart, eds. (31 December 1991). The study of religion, traditional and new religions (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-06432-3.
39. See"
    • Nelson 1987, p. 177. "Finally his study of EST (Erhard Systems Training) provides an insight into the work of the human potential movement which aims at self realisation."
    • Puttick 2004, p. 406. "est was one of the most successful manifestations of the human potential movement (HPM) ..."
40. See:
    • Ramstedt 2007, p. 6. "How can one find a definition of 'New Age' that will serve to bring so many different features together? One major difficulty in defining 'New Age' is that different writers draw different boundaries. Paul Heelas, for example, includes a significant number of what he calls the 'self religions': groups like Landmark Forum (also known simply as The Forum, formerly est or Erhard Seminar Training) and Programmes Limited (formerly Exegesis). Some writers trace the New Age back to William Blake (1757–1827); others see it as originating in the 'hippie' counter-culture in the USA in the 1960s, while the scholar of the New Age, Wouter Hanegraaff, places it later still, regarding it as beginning in the second half of the 1970s."
41. Introvigne, Massimo, 2000, The Unification Church Studies in Contemporary Religion, Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, ISBN 1-56085-145-7, page 47–52
42. Lewis 2004, p. 195.
43. Melton 2009, p. 676.
44. Ellwood 1971.
45. Peters 2008, pp. 186–187.
46. Lausanne Occasional Papers 1980.
47. Irons 2008, p. 206.
48. Philippine Daily Inquirer 2008.
49. Global Leadership Council
50. Partridge, 2004, p. 406.
51. https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/sadhguru-isha-cult-london/
52. Bouma, Gary (26 March 2007). Australian soul : religion and spirituality in the twenty-first century. Port Melbourne, Vic.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-67389-1.
53. Gallagher 2006, p. 86.
54. Krogh 2004, p. 167.
55. Tucker 2004, pp. 360–362.
56. Omar Ashour, Libyan Islamists Unpacked: Rise, Transformation and Future. Brookings Doha Center, 2012.
57. Mohammad Pervez Bilgrami, Arab Counter-revolution on Threshold of Plummeting. World Bulletin, Sunday, September 21, 2014.
58. ICG Middle East Report N°31. Saudi Arabia Backgrounder: Who Are the Islamists? Amman/Riyadh/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 21 September 2004.
59. Roel Meijer, Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement, pg. 49. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
60. Notes, Whatever Happened to the Islamists?: Salafis, Heavy Metal Muslims and the Lure of Consumerist Islam, pg. 291. Eds. Amel Boubekeur and Olivier Roy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-231-15426-0
61. Hossam Tammam and Patrick Haenni, Islam in the insurrection? Al-Ahram Weekly, 3–9 March 2011, Issue No. 1037.
62. Professor Girma Yohannes Iyassu Menelik, The Emergence and Impacts of Islamic Radicalists, pg. 16. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH, 2009.
63. Omayma Abdel-Latif, "Trends in Salafism." Taken from Islamist Radicalisation: The Challenge for Euro-Mediterranean Relations, pg. 74. Eds. Michael Emerson, Kristina Kausch and Richard Youngs. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2009. ISBN 978-92-9079-865-1
64. Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, Sheikh Rabi' Ibn Haadi 'Umayr Al Madkhali. The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims
65. Nelson Jr., William E. (1998). "Black Church Politics and The Million Man March". In Best, Felton O. Black Religious Leadership from the Slave Community to the Million Man March; flames of fire. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press. p. 245.
66. Marhic 1996, pp. 25–29.
67. Enroth 2005, p. 169.
68. Atkins, Stephen E. (30 August 2002). Encyclopedia of modern American extremists and extremist groups. Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31502-2.
69. Barrett, David V. (2001). The new believers : a survey of sects, cults and alternative religions (Revised ed.). London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35592-1.
70. Roberts, Michael (2011-02-04). "Marshall Vian Summers's latest message from God coming Sunday from Boulder". Westword. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
71. "The Society for the Greater Community Way of Knowledge". Archived from the original on 2008-11-22.
72. "City and Suburban News: New York, Brooklyn, Long Island, Staten Island, New Jersey" (PDF). The New York Times. 1883-11-26. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
73. Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 257.
74. Hayes 2006, pp. 16, 18–19
75. Arweck, Elisabeth (13 January 2006). Researching new religious movements : responses and redefinitions (1st ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27754-9.
76. Walsh 2004, pp. 174, 180–182.
77. Gold 2004, p. 46.
78. >Buxant, Coralie; Vassilis Saroglou (April 2008). "Joining and leaving a new religious movement: A study of ex-members' mental health". Mental Health, Religion & Culture. Center for Psychology of Religion, Department of Psychology, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Routledge. 11 (3): 251–271. doi:10.1080/13674670701247528.
79. Reiterman 1982, pp. 49–52
80. Mayer 2004, pp. 123–143.
81. Dawson 2006, p. 3.
82. Singer 1995, pp. 45, 120.
83. York 2004, p. 105.
84. Partridge 2004, pp. 62–64.
85. Tamura 2001, pp. 203–204.
86. INFORM 2001.
87. Partridge 2003, pp. 188, 263–265.
88. Lewis 2003, p. 42.
89. Reece 2007, pp. 182–186.
90. Raphael 1998, pp. 198–215.
91. Mayer 1993, p. 213.
92. Wilson 1999, p. 10.
93. Roy, Jessica (April 17, 2014). "The Rapture of the Nerds". Newsfeed – Faith. Time Inc. Network. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
94. Barzun, Jacques (2000). From dawn to decadence : 500 years of western cultural life, 1500 to the present. New York: Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-092883-4.
95. Lyon 2000, p. 106.
96. Montreal Religious Sites Project
97. Johnson, Benton in Klass and Weisgrau 1999, p. 377.
98. Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279–280.
99. (Fraternite Blanche Universelle) Mayer 1993, p. 370.
100. Dawson 2007, pp. 48–49.
101. Leser, David (2012-08-25). "The Da Vinci Mode". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
102. UK Government (24 August 2011). "The Way of the Livingness, The Religion of the Soul Trust: Charity Commission decision". UK Gov. Charity Commission. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
103. Hanegraaff 1998, p. 87.
104. Bainbridge, William Sims (1997). The sociology of religious movements. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91202-0.

References

• Bayer, Devin (Aug 5, 2015). "History of Noendism". Retrieved 2015-08-05.
• Coney, J. (1998). "A response to Religious Liberty in Western Europe by Massimo Introvigne". ISKON Communications Journal. 5 (2).
• Dawson, Andrew (2007). New Era, New Religions: Religious Transformation in Contemporary Brazil. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-5433-9.
• Dawson, Lorne L. (2006). Comprehending Cults: The Sociology of New Religious Movements. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-542009-8.
• Ellwood, Robert S. (1971). "Notes on a Neopagan Religious Group in America". History of Religions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. XI (1): 125. doi:10.1086/462645.
• Enroth, Ronald M. (2005). A Guide To New Religious Movements. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 0-8308-2381-6.
• Fort, Samuel (2014). Cult of the Great Eleven. Nisirtu Press. ASIN B00OALI9O4.
• Gallagher, Eugene V. (2006). Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-275-98713-2.
• Gold, Lorna (2004). The Sharing Economy: Solidarity Networks Transforming Globalization. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-3345-4.
• Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (1993). The Occult Roots of Nazism. NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-3060-4.
• Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2002). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-3155-4.
• Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (1998). New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-3854-6.
• Hayes, Michael A. (2006). New Religious Movements in the Catholic Church. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-9357-6.
• INFORM staff (2001). "Information about Sahaja Yoga" (PDF). INFORM. www.staffs.ac.uk. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
• Introvigne, Massimo (June 15, 2001). "The Future of Religion and the Future of New Religions". Retrieved 2006-12-13.
• Irons, Edward A. (2008). Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Encyclopedia of World Religions). New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0-8160-7744-1.
• Ramstedt, Martin (2007). Kemp, Daren; Lewis, James R., eds. Handbook of the New Age. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. 1. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15355-4.
• Klass, Morton; Weisgrau, Maxine K. (1999). Across the Boundaries of Belief: Contemporary Issues in the Anthropology of Religion. Boulder, Colorado and Oxford, U.K.: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-2695-5.
• Krogh, Marilyn; Pillifant, Brooke Ashley (2004). "Kemetic Orthodoxy: Ancient Egyptian Religion on the Internet: A Research Note.". Sociology of Religion. 65 (2): 167–175. doi:10.2307/3712405.
• "Mini-Consultation on Reaching Mystics and Cultists". Lausanne Occasional Paper. 11 (1.e). 1980.
• Lewis, James R. (2002). Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Amherst, NY: Prometheus.
• Lewis, James R. (2003). The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of UFO Religions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-964-6.
• Lewis, James R. (2004). Controversial New Religions. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-515682-9.
• Lewis, James R., ed. (2004). The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of New Age Religions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-040-9.
• Lyon, David (2000). Jesus in Disneyland: Religion in Postmodern Times. Polity. ISBN 0-7456-1489-2.
• MacEoin, Dennis (1989). "Babism". Encyclopædia Iranica.
• Marhic, Renaud; Kerlidou, Alain (1996). Sectes & mouvements initiatiques en Bretagne: du celtisme au nouvel âge. Terre de brume editions. ISBN 2-908021-78-1.
• Mayer, Jean-François (1993). Les nouvelles voies spirituelles, enquête sur la religiosité parallèle en Suisse (in French). Lausanne: L'Age d'Homme. ISBN 2-8251-0412-4.
• Mayer, Jean-François; Kranenborg, Reender (23 August 2004). La naissance des nouvelles religions (in French). Genève: Georg. ISBN 2-8257-0877-1.
• Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0.
• Melton, J. Gordon (2009). Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (8th edition). Gale. p. 676. ISBN 978-0-7876-9696-2.
• Nelson, Geoffrey K. (1987). Cults, New Religions and Religious Creativity. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7102-0855-3.
• Omoyajowo, J. Akinyele. (1995). Makers of the Church in Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria: CSS Bookshops Ltd. (Publishing Unit). ISBN 978-32292-6-5.
• Partridge, Christopher (2004). New Religions: A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-522042-0.
• Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2003). UFO Religions. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26324-7.
• Peters, Shawn Francis (2008). When Prayer Fails: Faith Healing, Children, and the Law. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530635-4.
• "RP to host global peace festivals". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Makati City. 12 December 2008.
• Puttick, Elizabeth (2004). Partridge, Christopher, ed. Encyclopedia of New Religions: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. Oxford: Lion. ISBN 0-7459-5073-6.
• Raphael, Melissa (April 1998). "Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities". Nova Religio. 1 (2).
• Reece, Gregory L. (2007). UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-451-5.
• Reiterman, Tim; John Jacobs (1982). Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-24136-1.
• Robinson, B. A. (2 March 2005). "The Creativity Movement". Retrieved 2013-08-04.
• Saliba, John (2003). Understanding New Religious Movements. AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7591-0356-9.
• Singer, Margaret Thaler; Lalich, Janja (1995). Cults in Our Midst. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-7879-0051-6.
• Smith, Christian; Joshua Prokopy (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. New York, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0.
• Strmiska, M.; Sigurvinsson, B. A. (2005). "Asatru: Nordic Paganism in Iceland and America". In Strmiska, M. Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-608-4.
• Swenson, Donald (2009). Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction. North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9680-7.
• Tamura, Yoshiro (2001). Japanese Buddhism: A Cultural History. Kosei Publishing Company. ISBN 4-333-01684-3.
• Tucker, Ruth A. (2004). Another Gospel: Cults, Alternative Religions, and the New Age Movement. Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-25937-1.
• Van Bruinessen, Martin (2007). Sufism and the 'Modern' in Islam (Library of Modern Middle East Studies). I. B. Tauris. p. 258. ISBN 1-85043-854-4.
• Walsh, Michael (2004). Opus Dei: An Investigation into the Powerful Secretive Society within the Catholic Church. HarperOne. ISBN 0-06-075068-5.
• York, Michael (1995). The Emerging Network. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-8476-8001-0.
• York, Michael (2004). Historical Dictionary of New Age Movements. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow. ISBN 0-8108-4873-2.

External links

• AcademicInfo: Religious Movements Gateway – Directory of Online Resources
• Hartford Institute of Religious Research: New religious movements
• Online texts about NRMs
• SSSR Resolution on New Religious Groups
• Diskus The on-disk journal of international Religious Studies
• Law Encyclopedia
• Hadden, Jeffrey K. and Douglas Cowan The New Religious Movements Homepage @The University of Virginia
• Religious Movements in the United States: An Informal Introduction